Rarrabawar Kasashen Duniya na Aiki, Naƙasasshi da Lafiya
 Rarrabawar Kasashen Duniya na Aiki, Naƙasasshi da Lafiya | |
|---|---|
medical classification (en)  da Manazarta | |
| Bayanai | |
| Bangare na |
WHO Family of International Classifications (en) |
| Sunan hukuma | International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health |
| Gajeren suna | ICF |
| Mawallafi | Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya |
| Shafin yanar gizo | icd.who.int…, icd.who.int… da icd.who.int… |
Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya (ICF) ta sami amincewa daga dukkan ƙasashe 191 na ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2001, a lokacin taron lafiya na duniya na 54. [1] Amincewarta ta biyo bayan shekaru tara na ƙoƙarin sake duba lafiyar duniya wanda WHO ta tsara. [2] An ƙirƙiri rarrabuwar farko ta WHO game da illolin cututtuka, wato Rarraba Nakasassu, Nakasassu, da Nakasassu ta Duniya (ICIDH), a shekarar 1980. [2]
Rarraba ICF ta cika Tsarin Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya na WHO -10th Revision (ICD), wanda ya ƙunshi bayanai kan ganewar asali da yanayin lafiya, amma ba kan yanayin aiki ba. ICD da ICF sune manyan rarrabuwa a cikin Iyalin Rarraba Cututtuka na Duniya na WHO (WHO-FIC). :3–4
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An tsara ICF bisa ga waɗannan manyan sassa:
- Ayyukan jiki da tsarinsa
- Ayyuka (da suka shafi ayyuka da ayyukan mutum) da kuma shiga (shiga cikin yanayin rayuwa)
- Ƙarin bayani kan tsanani da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli
Ana kallon aiki da nakasa a matsayin wata mu'amala mai rikitarwa tsakanin yanayin lafiyar mutum da abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli da kuma abubuwan da ke cikinsa. Hoton da wannan haɗin abubuwan da ke cikinsa da girma ya samar yana nufin "mutumin da ke cikin duniyarsa". Rarraba waɗannan girma yana ɗaukar su a matsayin masu hulɗa da masu motsi maimakon layi ko tsayayye. Yana ba da damar kimanta matakin nakasa, kodayake ba kayan aiki bane na aunawa. Yana aiki ga dukkan mutane, komai yanayin lafiyarsu. Harshen ICF ba shi da tsaka tsaki dangane da asalin cutar, yana mai da hankali kan aiki maimakon yanayi ko cuta. Hakanan an tsara shi da kyau don ya dace da al'adu da ƙungiyoyin shekaru da jinsi daban-daban, wanda hakan ya sa ya dace sosai ga al'ummomi daban-daban.
Matsaloli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ICF tana gano nau'ikan matsaloli daban-daban da ka iya tasowa , gami da, amma ba'a iyakance ga:
- Lalacewar Ayyukan Jiki
- Ayyukan Hankali
- Ayyukan Jin Daɗi da Ciwo
- Ayyukan Murya da Jawabi
- Ayyukan Tsarin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jini, Jini, Jijiyoyin Jiki da na Numfashi
- Ayyukan Tsarin narkewar abinci, Tsarin rayuwa da Tsarin endocrine
- Ayyukan Haihuwa da Ayyukan Haihuwa
- Ayyukan da suka shafi Neuromusculoskeletal da Motsi
- Ayyukan Fata da Tsarin da Ya Shafi Su
- Lalacewar Tsarin Jiki
- Tsarin Tsarin Jijiyoyi
- Ido, Kunnuwa da Sifofi Masu Alaƙa
- Tsarin da ke cikin murya da magana
- Tsarin Tsarin Zuciya da Jijiyoyin Jiki, Jijiyoyin Jiki da na Numfashi
- Tsarin da ya shafi tsarin narkewar abinci, metabolism da tsarin endocrine
- Tsarin da ya shafi Motsi
- Fatar jiki da Sifofi Masu Alaƙa
Haka kuma, akwai ƙananan rukunoni da yawa ga waɗannan nakasassu, kamar Ayyukan motsin rai su ne ƙaramin aikin ayyukan kwakwalwa, ko Kula da nauyi su ne ƙaramin aikin Ayyukan Tsarin Narkewar Abinci. Ana auna waɗannan ƙananan rukunoni ko dai ta hanyar girman nakasassu a matakin 0-4 ko kuma kamar Ba a ƙayyade ba ko kuma Ba a Aiwatar da su ba (kamar Haila sau da yawa ba ta shafi Namiji ba.) An ƙididdige matakin nakasassu kamar haka:
Domin fayyace gaskiya, ICF ta ƙara bayyana ayyukan jiki a matsayin na jiki da na tunani, ma'ana cewa nakasa da ke haifar da damuwa ga mutum ɗaya bazai zama nakasa ga wani mutum wanda ba ya fuskantar wata mummunar illa ta hankali daga gare ta ba.
Iyakokin Ayyuka da Takaita Shiga
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shiga ciki shine shiga cikin yanayin rayuwa, ma'ana cewa takaita shiga ciki zai zama kowace matsala da mutum ke fuskanta a cikin yanayin rayuwa. Haka nan, aiki shine aiwatar da aiki ko aiki daga mutum, ma'ana cewa iyakance aiki zai zama duk wani abu da zai sa aiwatar da irin waɗannan ayyuka ya fi wahala. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan fannoni na aiki da shiga ciki sune kamar haka:
- Koyo da Amfani da Ilimi
- Ayyuka da Bukatu na Gabaɗaya
- Sadarwa
- Motsi
- Kula da kai
- Rayuwar Gida
- Hulɗar Mutane da Alaƙa
- Manyan Yankunan Rayuwa
- Al'umma, Zamantakewa da Rayuwar Al'umma
An ƙididdige waɗannan da maki biyu na Ƙimar Aiki da Ƙarfin Aiki (ba tare da taimako ba). Ƙimar Ayyuka a ma'auni ɗaya da nakasa.
Abubuwan da suka shafi Muhalli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙarshe, ana la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli dangane da yuwuwar sauƙaƙe nakasa da kuma duk wani shinge da nakasa za ta iya fuskanta,
- Kayayyaki da Fasaha
- Muhalli na Halitta da ɗan adam sun kawo sauye-sauye ga muhalli
- Tallafi da Hulɗa
- Halaye
- Ayyuka, Tsarin da Manufofi
Misali, wata matsala mai tsanani ta damuwa ta zamantakewa ko kuma schizophrenia na iya zama cikas ga neman tallafi ko ayyuka, haka kuma wataƙila fasaha da alaƙar mutum da shi wajen amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa masu cutarwa za su iya taimakawa. Waɗannan an ƙayyade su a matakin daga 0-4 kamar haka,
| Mai cancanta | Bayanin Shamaki | Bayanin Mai Gudanarwa |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Babu shingaye | Babu mai taimakawa |
| 1 | Shimfidu masu sauƙi | Mai sauƙin gyarawa |
| 2 | Shinge-shingaye masu matsakaici | Mai gudanarwa matsakaici |
| 3 | Shimfidu masu tsanani | Mai taimako mai tsanani |
| 4 | Cikakkun shingayen | Cikakken mai gudanarwa |
Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli sune dukkan yanayin jiki, zamantakewa da kuma yanayin da mutane ke rayuwa da kuma gudanar da rayuwarsu, gami da waɗanda suka shafi mutum ɗaya. Ta wannan hanyar, wasu nakasa na iya wanzuwa ta hanyar abubuwan zamantakewa kawai, waɗanda suka zama abin da ke sauƙaƙa wa nakasa, da kuma toshe wasu abubuwan muhalli. Abin lura ne mai ban sha'awa cewa ana iya ɗaukar ƙungiyar asiri a matsayin wani nau'in ƙungiyar nakasa wanda ba shi da ƙarfi a cikin muhallinsa.
fa'idodi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai fa'idodin amfani da ICF ga majiyyaci da kuma ƙwararren likita. Babban fa'ida ga majiyyaci shine haɗakar ɓangarorin jiki, tunani, da zamantakewa na yanayin lafiyarsa. Duk fannoni na rayuwar mutum (ci gaba, shiga da muhalli) an haɗa su cikin ICF maimakon kawai mai da hankali kan ganewar asali. Ganewar asali ba ta bayyana komai game da iyawar aiki ba. Ganewar asali tana da mahimmanci don bayyana dalili da hasashen, amma gano iyakokin aiki galibi shine bayanin da ake amfani da shi don tsara da aiwatar da hanyoyin magancewa. [3] Da zarar ƙungiyar gyara ta san ayyukan yau da kullun da ake buƙatar abokin ciniki ya shiga, ana iya amfani da jerin hanyoyin magance matsaloli da ICF ta tsara. Misali, mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na sana'a zai lura da majiyyaci yana gudanar da ayyukansa na yau da kullun kuma ya lura da iyawar aikin majiyyaci. Sannan za a yi amfani da wannan bayanin don tantance yadda za a iya inganta iyawar mutum ta hanyar magani da kuma yadda za a iya canza yanayin don sauƙaƙe aikin mutum. [4] Shiga tsakani a mataki ɗaya (ƙwarewa na yanzu) yana da yuwuwar hana ko gyara abubuwan da suka faru a matakin da ke tafe (halartar). Misali, koyar da yara kurma alamun hannu zai haɓaka hulɗa mai inganci da kuma ƙara yawan shiga tare da iyalansu. [4]
Masu ilimin gyaran hali za su sami ƙarfin gwiwa tare da ICF ba kawai a cikin ayyukansu na yau da kullun tare da marasa lafiyarsu ba, har ma lokacin da suke aiki tare da wasu fannoni na likitanci; asibitoci da sauran hukumomin kula da lafiya; hukumomin lafiya da masu tsara manufofi. [5] Duk abubuwan an bayyana su ta hanyar aiki tare da bayyanannun bayanai waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ga kimantawa na rayuwa ta ainihi cikin sauƙi da haske. [6] Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ICF yana taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin mutane.
Muhimmancin asibiti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sanin yadda cuta ke shafar aikin mutum yana ba da damar tsara ayyuka, magani, da kuma gyara ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ta dogon lokaci ko kuma cututtuka na yau da kullun. ICF na yanzu yana ƙirƙirar fahimtar lafiya mai haɗaka wanda ke samar da cikakken bayanin mutum maimakon mai da hankali kan cutar, rashin lafiya, ko nakasa. [7] Abubuwan da ke tattare da amfani da ICF sun haɗa da ƙarfafa ƙarfin mutane, taimaka wa mutane su shiga cikin al'umma sosai ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da aka yi niyya don haɓaka iyawarsu, da kuma la'akari da abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli da na mutum waɗanda za su iya kawo cikas ga shiga cikin su. [4] Masu Cancanta: Masu Cancanta na ICF "za a iya fassara su a asibiti a matsayin matakan aiki da ake gani a cikin yanayin asibiti ko na yau da kullun". [8] Masu Cancanta suna tallafawa daidaito da fahimtar aiki a cikin kimantawa da yawa. Suna ba wa duk membobin ƙungiyar damar auna girman matsalolin, har ma a fannoni na aiki inda mutum ba ƙwararre ba ne. [9] Ba tare da masu cancanta ba, lambobin cancanta ba su da ma'ana ta asali. An ƙayyade nakasa, ƙuntatawa ko ƙuntatawa daga 0 (Babu matsala; 0-4%), 1 (Matsala mai sauƙi: 5-24%), 2 (Matsala matsakaici: 25-49%), 3 (Matsala mai tsanani: 50-95%) zuwa 4 (Cikakken matsala: 96-100%). Ana ƙididdige abubuwan muhalli da sikelin mara kyau da mai kyau wanda ke nuna girman yadda muhalli ke aiki a matsayin shinge ko mai gudanarwa. Don dalilan inshora, masu cancantar za su iya bayyana ingancin magani. Mutum zai iya fassara raguwar maki na cancanta a matsayin ƙaruwa a cikin ikon aiki na majiyyaci.
Amfani da yara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yayin da likitoci da masu bincike ke amfani da ICF, sun fahimci iyakokinsa. ICF ba ta da ikon rarraba halayen aiki na yaro mai tasowa. Ana buƙatar lambobin ICF daban-daban a cikin shekarun farko na rayuwar yaro don gano girma da ci gaban nakasa koda lokacin da ganewar yaron bai canza ba. [10] Tsarin lambar na iya samar da muhimman bayanai game da tsananin yanayin lafiya dangane da tasirinsa ga aiki. Wannan na iya zama muhimmiyar rawa ga masu ba da kulawa ga yara masu fama da cututtukan bakan gizo kamar autism ko cerebral palsy. [11] Yara masu waɗannan yanayin na iya samun irin wannan ganewar, amma iyawarsu da matakan aikinsu sun bambanta sosai a cikin mutane da kuma a cikin lokaci.
An kammala daftarin farko na Rarraba Aiki, Nakasa, da Lafiya ga Yara da Matasa (ICF-CY) a shekara ta 2003 kuma an buga shi a shekara ta 2007. An haɓaka ICF-CY don ya yi daidai da tsarin ICF ga manya. Babban bambanci tsakanin ICF-CY da ICF shine cewa cancantar gabaɗaya daga ICF na manya yanzu sun haɗa da ɓangarorin ci gaba ga yara da matasa a cikin ICF-CY. An sake duba kuma an faɗaɗa bayanin lambobin a cikin ICF-CY kuma an ƙara sabon abun ciki zuwa lambobin da ba a yi amfani da su ba a baya. An ƙara lambobin zuwa halayen takardu kamar daidaitawa, amsawa, hasashen abubuwa, juriya, da kusanci. An faɗaɗa lambobin "jin" da "binciken abubuwa" da kuma "muhimmancin koyo". [3] Tunda babban aikin yaro shine wasa, yana da mahimmanci a haɗa da ƙarin lambobi a wannan fanni. Matakan wasa daban-daban suna da lambobi daban-daban a cikin ICF-CY (keɓewa, mai kallo, layi ɗaya). Wannan ya bambanta da ICF na manya domin akwai lamba ɗaya kawai dangane da nishaɗi ko nishaɗi.
Canje-canje a cikin lambobin ICF-CY akan lokaci suna nuna tasirin ci gaba wanda ya danganta da hulɗar yaron da muhalli. Abubuwan muhalli suna shafar aiki da ci gaba kuma ana iya rubuta su azaman shinge ko masu sauƙaƙewa ta amfani da ICF-CY. Muhimmin yanayin yara da matasa sun haɗa da gidajensu, cibiyoyin kula da yara, makarantu da wuraren nishaɗi na filin wasa, wuraren shakatawa, da filayen ƙwallo. [12] Yara za su canza tsakanin yanayi daban-daban sau da yawa yayin da suke girma. Misali, yaro zai canza zuwa makarantar firamare ko sakandare ko daga wani wurin sabis ko hukuma zuwa wani. An gano kula da waɗannan sauye-sauyen yara masu nakasa a matsayin muhimmiyar rawa ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya. [12] Sauyawa yana buƙatar shiri da shiri don nemo wuri mai dacewa da dacewa don buƙatun yaro. Tare da tsarin lambar kamar ICF-CY, sauyin zai yi sauƙi kuma tsoma baki na iya farawa inda mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na baya ya tsaya.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)". World Health Organization. 22 July 2016.
- 1 2 "International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)". National Center for Health Statistics. 24 January 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2009.
- 1 2 Lollar, Donald J.; Simeonsson, Rune J. (August 2005). "Diagnosis to function: classification for children and youths". Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 26 (4): 323–330. doi:10.1097/00004703-200508000-00012. PMID 16100508. S2CID 37136446. Archived from the original on Oct 25, 2023 – via Zenodo. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Lollar" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 3 Bornman, J. (4 February 2004). "The World Health Organization's terminology and classification: application to severe disability". Disability and Rehabilitation. 26 (3): 182–188. doi:10.1080/09595230020029365. PMID 14754630. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Bornman" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Stucki, G.; Ewert, T.; Cieza, A. (20 November 2002). "Value and application of the ICF in rehabilitation medicine". Disability and Rehabilitation. 24 (17): 932–938. doi:10.1080/09638280210148594. PMID 12523361. S2CID 19946846.
- ↑ Üstün, T. B.; Chatterji, S.; Bickenbach, J.; Kostanjsek, N.; Schneider, M. (3 June 2003). "The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: A new tool for understanding disability and health". Disability and Rehabilitation. 25 (11–12): 565–571. doi:10.1080/0963828031000137063. PMID 12959329. S2CID 29134879.
- ↑ Hemmingsson, Helena; Jonsson, Hans (September 2005). "An occupational perspective on the concept of participation in the international classification of functioning, disability and health – some critical remarks". The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 59 (5): 569–576. doi:10.5014/ajot.59.5.569. PMID 16268024.
- ↑ Reed, Geoffrey M.; Lux, Jayne B.; Bufka, Lynn F.; Trask, Christine; Peterson, David B.; Stark, Susan; Threats, Travis T.; Jacobson, John W.; Hawley, Judy A. (May 2005). "Operationalizing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in Clinical Settings" (PDF). Rehabilitation Psychology. 50 (2): 122–131. doi:10.1037/0090-5550.50.2.122.
The Capacity and Performance qualifiers as outlined in the ICF Activities and Participation section may be best translated clinically as the levels of functioning seen in a standardized or clinic setting (Capacity) and in everyday environments (Performance).
[dead link] - ↑ Rauch, A.; Cieza, A.; Stucki, G. (September 2008). "How to apply the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) for rehabilitation management in clinical practice". European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 44 (3): 329–342. PMID 18762742.
- ↑ Simeonsson, R. J.; Scarborough, A. A.; Hebbeler, K. M. (April 2006). "ICF and ICD codes provide a standard language of disability in young children". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 59 (4): 365–373. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.09.009. PMID 16549258.
- ↑ Ogonowski, J.; Kronk, R.; Rice, C.; Feldman, H. (18 March 2004). "Inter-rater reliability in assigning ICF codes to children with disabilities". Disability and Rehabilitation. 26 (6): 353–361. doi:10.1080/09638280410001658658. PMID 15204487. S2CID 36534370.
- 1 2 Simeonsson, Rune J.; Lollar, Donald; Hollowell, Joseph; Adams, Mike (February 2000). "Revision of the international classification of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps: Developmental issues". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 53 (2): 113–124. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00133-X. PMID 10729683.