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Rarrabawar wuyan hannu

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Rarrabawar wuyan hannu
biomedical measurand type (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naanthropometric index (en) Fassara
Bangare nabust/waist/hip measurements (en) Fassara
Amfanibody fat distribution (en) Fassara
Defining formula (en) Fassara
In defining formula (en) Fassara da
Calculated from (en) Fassarawaist circumference (en) Fassara da hip circumference (en) Fassara

Rabon kugu zuwa kugu ko rabon kugu zuwa kugu ( WHR ) shine rabo mara girma na zagayen kugu zuwa na kwatangwalo . Ana ƙididdige wannan a matsayin ma'aunin kugu da aka raba ta hanyar ma'aunin kwatangwalo ( . Misali, mutumin da ke da kugu mai santimita 75 da kugu mai santimita 95 (ko kugu mai inci 30 da kugu mai inci 38) yana da nauyin WHR na kimanin 0.79.

An yi amfani da WHR a matsayin alamar lafiya, haihuwa, da kuma haɗarin kamuwa da mummunan yanayi na lafiya. WHR yana da alaƙa da fahimtar kyawun jiki .

Aunawa

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Misali na 0.7 WHR (hagu) idan aka kwatanta da rabon 0.9 (dama). A cikin mutum mai siriri, ana iya auna kugu a mafi ƙanƙantarsa, yayin da ga mutum mai kiba, ana iya auna shi a kusan 3 cm sama da cibiya. [1] Ana auna kugu a mafi faɗin gindinsa a hagu, da kuma a manyan trochanters a dama.

Yarjejeniyar WHO

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A cewar ka'idar tattara bayanai ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, [2] ya kamata a auna kewayen kugu a tsakiyar tsakanin ƙasan haƙarƙarin ƙarshe da za a iya taɓawa da kuma saman ƙashin iliac, ta amfani da tef mai jure shimfiɗa wanda ke ba da 100 g (3.53 oz) na dindindin tashin hankali . Ya kamata a auna kewayen kugu a kusa da mafi girman ɓangaren duwawu, tare da tef ɗin a layi ɗaya da ƙasa. [3] Wasu ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da ƙa'idodi daban-daban. Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa na Amurka da Binciken Gwajin Lafiya da Abinci Mai Gina Jiki na Ƙasa sun yi amfani da sakamakon da aka samu ta hanyar aunawa a saman layin iliac. [3]

Ga duka ma'aunai biyu, mutum ya kamata ya tsaya da ƙafafuwa kusa da juna, hannayensa a gefe da kuma nauyin jikinsa a daidai gwargwado, kuma ya kamata ya sanya ƙananan tufafi. Ya kamata a sassauta wa wanda ake zargi, kuma a ɗauki ma'aunin a ƙarshen numfashin da aka saba. Kowane ma'auni ya kamata a maimaita shi sau biyu; idan ma'aunin yana cikin 1 cm na juna, ya kamata a ƙididdige matsakaicin. Idan bambanci tsakanin ma'aunin biyu ya wuce 1 cm, ya kamata a maimaita ma'aunin guda biyu. [3]

Aunawa mai amfani

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Ma'aunin kewayen kugu iri ɗaya ne da ka'idar WHO: aunawa a mafi faɗin ɓangaren duwawu ko kwatangwalo.

Akwai wasu ma'anoni daban-daban na kewaye kugu waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don gano wuri:

  1. Yawanci mutane marasa aure ne ke samun ma'aunin kugu ta hanyar aunawa a kusa da kugu a cibiya, amma bincike ya nuna cewa waɗannan ma'aunin na iya yin watsi da ainihin kewayen kugu. [3]
  2. A cikin mutanen da suka yi siriri, ana auna kugu a mafi ƙarancin zagayen kugu na halitta, kamar yadda rahoton WHO ya nuna. [3]
  3. Inda kugunsa ya yi lanƙwasa maimakon ya yi lanƙwasa, kamar a lokacin ciki da kiba, ana iya auna kugu a tsaye 1 inch (2.5 cm) sama da cibiya. [4]
  4. Binciken NIH NHANES ya auna a saman layin iliac, wanda yake ƙasa amma yana da sauƙin samu. [3]

Alamar lafiya

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Mummunan yanayi na rashin lafiya

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An yi amfani da WHR a matsayin alamar lafiya ko ma'auninta, kuma a matsayin abin da ke haifar da haɗari ga ci gaban mummunan yanayin lafiya.

Ana amfani da WHR a matsayin ma'aunin kiba, wanda hakan ke nuna yiwuwar wasu matsalolin lafiya masu tsanani. WHO ta bayyana cewa kiba a ciki an bayyana shi a matsayin rabon kugu-kugu sama da 0.90 ga maza da sama da 0.85 ga mata, ko kuma ma'aunin nauyin jiki (BMI) sama da 30.0. [3] Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon Suga ta Ƙasa da Cututtukan Narkewar Abinci da Koda (NIDDK) ta bayyana cewa "jimlar matakan cholesterol yawanci sun fi yawa a cikin mutanen da ke da kiba a ciki, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin rabon kewaye tsakanin kugu-zuwa-kugu na ≥ 0.8 ga mata da kuma ≥ 1.0 ga maza.

DGSP WHO [3] NIDDK [5]
Mata Maza Mata Maza Mata Maza
ƙarancin nauyi Samfuri:DunnoSamfuri:Dunno| Samfuri:DunnoSamfuri:Dunno| Samfuri:DunnoSamfuri:Dunno
nauyi na yau da kullun < 0.80 Samfuri:DunnoSamfuri:Dunno| Samfuri:DunnoSamfuri:Dunno
nauyi mai yawa 0.80–0.84 Samfuri:DunnoSamfuri:Dunno| Samfuri:DunnoSamfuri:Dunno
masu kiba > 0.85 > 1.00 > 0.85 > 0.90 > 0.80 > 1.00

An gano cewa WHR shine mafi ingancin hasashen mace-mace a cikin tsofaffi (fiye da shekaru 75) fiye da kewayen kugu ko BMI. Idan aka sake fasalta kiba ta amfani da WHR maimakon BMI, adadin mutanen da aka rarraba a matsayin waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon zuciya a duk duniya yana ƙaruwa sau uku. [6] WHR na iya zama ƙasa da daidaito a cikin mutanen da ke da BMI na 35 ko sama da haka, kuma ya fi rikitarwa a fassara tunda karuwar WHR na iya faruwa ne sakamakon ƙaruwar kitse a ciki ko raguwar tsokar da ke kewaye da kugu. [7] Kashi na kitsen jiki ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ma'auni mafi daidaito na nauyin dangi. Daga cikin waɗannan ma'auni guda uku, rabon kugu-kugu ne kawai ke la'akari da bambance-bambancen tsarin jiki. Saboda haka, yana yiwuwa ga mutane biyu masu jinsi ɗaya su sami ma'aunin nauyin jiki daban-daban amma rabon kugu-kugu iri ɗaya, ko kuma su sami ma'aunin nauyin jiki iri ɗaya amma rabon kugu-kugu daban-daban.

An nuna cewa WHR shine mafi kyawun hasashen cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini fiye da zagayen kugu da ma'aunin nauyin jiki. [8] Binciken da American Heart Association ta gudanar ya nuna cewa auna layin kugu da kwatanta shi da girman kugu na iya zama hanya mafi kyau don hango haɗarin cututtukan zuciya fiye da ma'aunin nauyin jiki da ake amfani da shi sosai. [9] Duk da haka, wasu bincike sun gano cewa zagayen kugu (musamman rabon kugu zuwa tsayi ) a matsayin mafi kyawun alamar abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini fiye da rabon kugu – kwatangwalo, [10] rarraba kitsen jiki, [11] da hauhawar jini a cikin ciwon suga na nau'in 2. [12]

Damuwa

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Ana sarrafa sinadarin cortisol ta hanyar tsarin hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) kuma an danganta shi da yawan kitsen ciki da kuma yawan WHR. [13] Kitsen ciki alama ce ta kitsen visceral (wanda aka adana a kusa da muhimman gabobin ciki kamar hanta, pancreas da hanji) kuma yana da yawan kwararar jini da kuma ƙarin masu karɓar cortisol fiye da kitsen gefe. Mafi yawan masu karɓar cortisol, haka nan kitsen visceral ke da saurin kamuwa da cortisol. Wannan ƙaruwar saurin kamuwa da cortisol yana ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin kitse don ƙara girma. [14] Mata waɗanda ke da haɗin BMI na yau da kullun da babban WHR suna fuskantar ƙaruwar amsawar cortisol ga masu damuwa mai tsanani da kuma gazawar saba da masu damuwa akai-akai, idan aka kwatanta da mata masu WHR na yau da kullun. [15] Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan WHR na iya nuna rashin daidaituwar axis na HPA da kuma yawan fallasa cortisol.

An yi nazari kan shaidar alaƙar da ke tsakanin cortisol da rarraba kitse na tsakiya a cikin mutanen da ke da cutar Cushing . [16] Wannan yana da alaƙa da yawan fallasa ga cortisol saboda yawan aikin da HPA ke yi. Babban abin da ke haifar da cutar Cushing shine tarin kitse a yankin ciki, kuma ana hasashen cewa matakan cortisol masu yawa suna taimakawa wajen wannan tarin. Duk da haka, wannan hasashe yana ci gaba da jayayya yayin da matakan cortisol ke bayyana bambancin rarraba kitse na tsakiya kawai. Yana da yuwuwar cewa hadaddun hanyoyin halittu da neuroendocrine da ke da alaƙa da fitar da cortisol suna taimakawa wajen haifar da kitse na tsakiya, kamar leptin, neuropeptide y, corticotropin release factor da tsarin juyayi mai tausayi. [16]

Ci gaba da ci gaba

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Gabaɗaya, manya da ke da ƙarancin hormone na girma suma sun ƙara yawan WHRs. [17] [18] Manya da ke da ƙarancin hormone na girma wanda aka keɓe ba tare da magani ba sun ƙara yawan WHRs, wataƙila daga ƙaruwar rabon cortisone – cortisol da kuma tasirin insulin . [18] Tunda waɗannan mutane sun ƙara yawan kiba a cikin jiki, an ba da shawarar cewa ƙaramin sinadarin hormone na girma zai ƙara juriyar insulin a ka'ida. [18] Duk da haka, saboda ƙarancin hormone na girma, ba za a iya isa ga wannan matakin juriyar insulin ba kuma waɗannan mutane sun fi saurin kamuwa da insulin. Saboda haka, ƙaruwar ajiyar adipose yana da yuwuwar samuwa a cikin waɗannan mutane, wanda ke haifar da babban WHR. An kuma danganta ƙarancin hormone na girma da WHRs a cikin yara da ba su kai shekara ba; takamaiman ƙididdigar jiki, kamar WHRs, na yaran da ba su kai shekara ba tare da ƙarancin hormone na girma na iya hasashen tasirin amsawar girma ga magungunan hormone na girma na wucin gadi, kamar maganin rhGH. [19]

Halayen jinsi

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Maza masu fama da cutar adrenal hyperplasia ta haihuwa, wadda aka gano ta hanyar maye gurbi na CYP21A2, sun sami ƙaruwar WHRs. [20]

Haihuwa

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Mata masu yawan WHR (0.80 ko sama da haka) suna da ƙarancin yawan ɗaukar ciki fiye da mata masu ƙarancin WHR (0.70–0.79), ba tare da la'akari da BMI ɗinsu ba. [21] Hakazalika, an nuna cewa maza masu WHR kusan 0.9 suna da lafiya da haihuwa tare da ƙarancin ciwon daji na prostate da ciwon daji na ƙwai . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ]

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke shafar rabon kugu da kugu na mace shine rarraba kitsen gynoid ɗinta, tarin kuzarin da za a kashe wajen renon 'ya'ya, duka don samar da isasshen makamashi a lokacin daukar ciki da kuma ga jariri a lokacin da yake shayarwa . A cikin yanayin kakanni inda abinci yake da ƙarancin abinci, mace mai yawan kitsen gynoid zai nuna cewa tana cikin yanayi mafi kyau don haihuwa da renon 'ya'ya. Ana iya ganin hakan a gaskiyar cewa rabon kugu da kugu na mace yana cikin mafi ƙarancin lokacin haihuwa - ƙarshen samartaka da farkon girma, kafin ƙaruwa a rayuwa.

Yayin da ƙarfin mace na haihuwa ya ƙare, rarraba kitse a cikin jikin mace yana fara sauyawa daga nau'in gynoid zuwa ƙarin rarraba nau'in android. Wannan yana nuna ta hanyar kaso na kitsen android yana da yawa a cikin mata masu bayan haila fiye da mata masu kafin haila. [22] [23]

Shaida ta nuna cewa WHR daidai ne alamar yanayin haihuwa da haɗarin lafiya na dogon lokaci. Daga cikin 'yan mata masu nauyin jiki iri ɗaya, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin WHRs suna nuna aikin endocrine na farkon lokacin balaga, kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar yawan matakan hormone na lutenizing da hormone mai motsa follicle, da kuma aikin steroid na jima'i (estradiol). Wani bincike na gaba na Dutch kan sakamako a cikin shirin haihuwa na wucin gadi ya ba da shaida ga rawar da WHR da haihuwa ke takawa. [24] Waɗannan masu binciken sun ba da rahoton cewa ƙaruwar raka'a 0.1 a cikin WHR yana rage yuwuwar ɗaukar ciki a kowace zagaye da kashi 30% bayan daidaitawa ga shekaru, kiba, dalilan yin haihuwa ta wucin gadi, tsawon zagayowar da daidaituwa, shan taba, da daidaito. [25] [26]

Menopause, dakatarwar al'ada ta halitta ko ta tiyata, ya faru ne saboda raguwar samar da hormones estradiol da progesterone na ovarian. Waɗannan canje-canjen hormones kuma suna da alaƙa da ƙaruwar WHR ba tare da la'akari da ƙaruwar nauyin jiki ba. [27] Abin lura, bincike ya gano cewa manyan WHRs kafin menopause suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin matakan estradiol da bambancin shekarun fara menopause. [28] Estrogen mai yawo yana adana ajiyar lipid a yankin gluteofemoral, gami da gindi da cinyoyi, kuma shaidu sun nuna cewa ƙarancin estrogen da ke da alaƙa da menopause yana haifar da tarin adipose a kusa da ciki. Waɗannan canje-canjen da menopause ke haifarwa a rarraba kitsen jiki za a iya magance su ta hanyar maganin maye gurbin hormones . [29] Sabanin haka, mazan da suka tsufa suna tara kitsen ciki a hankali, don haka suna ƙaruwa da WHR, a layi ɗaya da raguwar matakan androgen . [16]

Ƙwarewar fahimta ga zuriya

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Ta hanyar amfani da bayanai daga Cibiyar Kididdiga ta Kasa ta Amurka, William Lassek a Jami'ar Pittsburgh da ke Pennsylvania da Steven Gaulin na Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara sun gano cewa aikin yaro a gwaje-gwajen fahimta yana da alaƙa da rabon kugu da kugu na mahaifiyarsu, wanda ke nuna yawan kitsen da take adanawa a kugunta. [30]

Yaran da iyayensu mata suka fi girma da kuma ƙarancin kugu da kuma kwatangwalo sun fi samun maki mafi girma, wanda hakan ya sa Lassek da Gaulin suka nuna cewa tayi suna amfana da kitsen kwatangwalo, wanda ke ɗauke da dogayen sarƙoƙi na polyunsaturated fatty acids, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga ci gaban kwakwalwar tayin. [30] Bugu da ƙari, shaidu sun nuna cewa yaran da ba su kai shekarun WHR ba sun sami kariya daga raunin fahimta da ke tattare da haihuwar yara ƙanana.

Girman jarirai

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WHR mai girma ya yi daidai da jariri mai nauyi mai tsayin jiki da kuma babban kai lokacin haihuwa. [4]

Tsarin halittar ɗan adam

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Nazarin da aka yi wa tagwaye ya nuna cewa tsakanin kashi 22% zuwa 61% na bambancin da ke tsakanin kugu zuwa kugu na iya faruwa ne sakamakon kwayoyin halitta. [31]

A matsayin alamar jan hankali

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Mace

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Venus na Willendorf . Wakilan farko da aka sani na siffofi mata sun samo asali ne daga shekaru 23,000 zuwa 25,000 da suka gabata [32] kuma suna da jikuna masu kai da gaɓoɓi marasa aiki, waɗanda aka san su da babban kugunsu – rabon kwatangwalo na 1:1 ko fiye. [32] Wataƙila "zanen mata masu ƙarfin hali, masu matsakaicin shekaru ba 'Venus' ba ne a kowace ma'ana ta al'ada. Wataƙila, maimakon haka, sun nuna begen rayuwa da tsawon rai, a cikin al'ummomin da ke da abinci mai kyau da nasara a haihuwa." [32]

Ana ɗaukar WHR a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa uku da ke tantance kyawun mace, sauran biyun sune ma'aunin nauyin jiki (BMI), da kuma lanƙwasa . [33] Masanin ilimin halayyar juyin halitta Devendra Singh a Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin ne ya fara hasashen ra'ayi da mahimmancin WHR a matsayin alamar kyawunta a shekarar 1993. [34] Singh ya yi jayayya cewa WHR alama ce ta estrogen fiye da rabon ƙirji-kugu (BWR) da Glenn Wilson ya yi karatu a Kwalejin King, London a shekarun 1970. [35] [36]

Wasu masu bincike sun gano cewa rabon kugu da kugu wani muhimmin ma'auni ne na kyawun mace . Maza daga al'adu daban-daban galibi ana kimanta mata masu 0.7 WHR a matsayin mafi kyau. [37] Sha'awar na iya bambanta, a cewar wasu bincike, [33] ya kama daga 0.6 a China, Kudancin Amurka, da wasu daga Afirka [38] zuwa 0.8 a Kamaru da kuma tsakanin kabilar Hadza ta Tanzania, [39] [40] [41] tare da fifiko daban-daban dangane da ƙabilar da aka lura da ita. [42] [43] A cikin tsoffin sassaka na Girka da Masar, wakilcin mata da aka tsara yawanci suna nuna rabo na 0.7, yayin da a cikin zane-zane na Indiya da Afirka, WHRs na mutum-mutumin mata sun fi ƙanƙanta, a 0.6 da 0.5 bi da bi. [44]

Da alama maza a cikin al'ummomin yammacin duniya sun fi tasiri ga girman kugu na mata fiye da girman kugu : "Girman kugu yana nuna girman ƙugu da adadin ƙarin ajiyar kitse da za a iya amfani da shi azaman tushen kuzari. Girman kugu yana isar da bayanai kamar yanayin haihuwa ko yanayin lafiya na yanzu ... a cikin al'ummomin yammacin duniya waɗanda ba su da haɗarin rashin abinci na yanayi, kugu, wanda ke isar da bayanai game da haihuwa da yanayin lafiya, zai fi mahimmanci fiye da girman ƙugu don tantance kyawun mace". [45]

A ƙa'idodin ƙasashen yamma, mata a cikin al'ummar da ke neman abinci suna da yawan ɗaukar ciki, yawan ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma yawan dogaro da kalori ga abinci mai ɗauke da sinadarin fiber. Waɗannan canje-canjen suna canzawa a cikin al'adu daban-daban, suna nuna cewa:

  1. Matsakaicin adadin mata na WHR yawanci ya fi girma fiye da na al'adun yamma,
  2. abin da ya ƙunshi "WHR" na gida ya bambanta, kuma
  3. Matsakaicin WHR na mata masu haihuwa da kuma mata masu haihuwa ya bambanta.

Saboda haka, WHR wanda ke nuna farkon balaga, jima'i, haihuwa, rashin daidaituwar hormonal, da/ko bambanta namiji da mace a cikin al'umma ɗaya ba zai iya yin hakan a wata al'umma ba.

A cikin jerin nazarin da Singh ya yi a shekarar 1993, maza sun yi amfani da WHR da kuma kitsen jiki gaba ɗaya don tantance kyawun mace. A cikin bincikensa na farko, an nuna wa maza jerin zane-zane 12 na mata masu nau'ikan WHR da kitsen jiki daban-daban. Zane-zane masu nauyin al'ada da ƙarancin WHR an danganta su da halaye mafi kyau (watau kyau, sha'awa, wayo da lafiya). Zane-zanen siraran siffofi na mata ba su da alaƙa da kowace irin halaye masu kyau sai dai ƙuruciya. [46]

Ta hanyar wannan binciken, Singh ya nuna cewa maza da mata na iya ƙirƙirar hanyoyin da suka samo asali waɗanda ke gano da amfani da WHR don tantance lafiyar mutum da kuma (musamman ga maza), don fahimtar ƙimar abokin zama. Samun abokin zama mai lafiya yana inganta damar haifar da 'ya'ya tare da kariyar kwayoyin halitta daga cututtuka daban-daban kuma abokin zama mai lafiya yana da yuwuwar zama iyaye nagari (Hamilton & Zuk, 1982; Thornhill, 1993). [37]

Wasu bincike sun gano cewa WHR alama ce ta kyau, ba wai kawai ta duba kitsen jiki da haihuwa ba. Barnaby Dixson, Gina Grimshaw, Wayne Linklater, da Alan Dixson sun gudanar da wani bincike ta amfani da dabarun bin diddigin ido don tantance yadda maza ke kallon hotunan da aka canza ta hanyar dijital na mace ɗaya, da kuma roƙon mazan su kimanta hotunan bisa ga kyau. Abin da suka gano shi ne yayin da maza ke bin ƙirjin matar a kowane hoto, sun zaɓi hotunan da matar ke da 0.7 WHR a matsayin mafi kyau, ba tare da la'akari da girman nono ba. [47] Pazhoohi et al. (2019) ta amfani da bin diddigin ido sun tabbatar da cewa ƙananan WHRs mafi kyau lokacin da suke yin amfani da contrapposto, wanda ke sa gefe ɗaya na jiki ya sami WHR ƙasa da mafi kyau wanda ya dogara da gani, ana ɗaukar su mafi kyau kuma sune abubuwan motsa jiki na al'ada . [48]

Bugu da ƙari, suna ambaton wani bincike na 2005 da Johnson da Tassinary suka gudanar suna duba abubuwan motsa jiki na tafiya ta ɗan adam, Farid Pazhoohi da James R. Liddle sun ba da shawarar cewa maza ba sa amfani da WHR kawai don kimanta kyau, har ma da hanyar bambance jinsi, inda ake ɗaukar WHR mafi girma a matsayin mafi yawan maza da kuma ƙarancin WHR a matsayin alamar mace. Pazhoohi da Liddle sun yi amfani da wannan ra'ayin a matsayin ƙarin bayani game da dalilin da yasa maza ke ɗaukar ƙaramin WHR a matsayin mafi kyau - saboda yana da alaƙa da bayyanar mace, sabanin namiji da kuma mafi girman WHR. [49] Dangane da wannan, an nuna cewa maza masu ƙarancin mata, WHRs suna jin rashin jin daɗi kuma suna ba da rahoton ƙarancin girma da ingancin jiki fiye da maza masu girman maza da yawa. [50]

Domin ƙara kyawun da suke da shi, wasu mata na iya canza yanayin WHR ɗinsu ta hanyar wucin gadi. Hanyoyin sun haɗa da amfani da corset don rage girman kugu da kuma kushin kwatangwalo da duwawu don ƙara girman kwatangwalo da duwawu. A wani yunƙuri na farko na ƙididdige kyau, masana'antun corset da bel na ƙarni na 20 sun yi amfani da lissafi da ake kira hip spring [51] (ko hip-spring ko hipspring ), wanda aka ƙididdige ta hanyar cire ma'aunin kugu daga ma'aunin kwatangwalo. Duk da haka, wannan lissafin ya ɓace saboda ba shi da wata alama ta kyau; misali, ruwan kwatangwalo na 250 mm zai iya zama abin sha'awa ga mace mai matsakaicin girma, amma yarinya ko ƙaramar mace mai irin wannan adadi za a iya ganin ta a matsayin mai rashin abinci mai gina jiki.

Sha'awar WHR idan aka kwatanta da BMI tana da alaƙa da haihuwa, ba yawan kitse ba. Wani bincike da Holliday ta yi ya yi amfani da kwamfuta wajen ƙirƙirar siffofi na jikin mace don gina hotuna waɗanda suka yi daidai da ainihin girman jikin mace (wanda aka yi wa alama da BMI) ba tare da siffar jiki ba (wanda aka yi wa alama da WHR), da kuma akasin haka. Masu lura goma sha biyu (maza 6 da mata 6) sun kimanta waɗannan hotunan don kyawun gani yayin wani bincike na fMRI. Ƙimar kyawun gani tana da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin BMI ba WHR ba. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ban da kunnawa a wuraren gani mafi girma, canje-canje ga BMI yana da tasiri kai tsaye kan aiki a cikin tsarin lada na kwakwalwa. Wannan ya nuna cewa BMI, ba WHR ba, yana daidaita hanyoyin lada a cikin kwakwalwa kuma wannan na iya samun mahimman tasiri ga yanke hukunci game da girman jiki mai kyau a cikin mutanen da ke fama da rashin cin abinci . [52]

Wani bincike, wanda Adrian Furnham ya gudanar, an yi amfani da shi a matsayin ƙarin bayani game da binciken Singh da Young a shekarar 1995. Jimillar mahalarta 137 ne suka shiga cikin binciken. Akwai mata 98 da suka halarci. Shekarun tsakanin 16 zuwa 67 ne. Yawancin mahalarta sun kasance ɗaliban jami'a, kuma kashi 90% fararen fata ne 'yan Birtaniya, sauran kuma 'yan Asiya ne ('yan Indiya ta Gabas) da kuma 'yan Afirka. Tarihin iliminsu da tattalin arzikinsu (kusan dukkansu na matsakaicin aji) sun kasance iri ɗaya, kuma babu wanda ya taɓa shiga cikin wani bincike da ya shafi siffar jikin mace ko kyawunta. An annabta cewa tasirin girman nono akan yanke hukunci game da kyau da kuma kimanta shekaru zai dogara ne akan kitsen jiki gaba ɗaya da girman rabon kugu zuwa kugu. [53]

An bai wa dukkan mahalarta ƙaramin littafi mai hotuna takwas jimilla. An gano kowanne mutum a matsayin mai nauyi ko siriri, mai siffar WHR ta mata ko mai siffar maza, da kuma mai girman nono ko ƙarami. Mahalarta sun kimanta siffofin don halaye huɗu na mutum (kyakkyawa, lafiya, mace, da kirki/fahimta). [53]

Lokacin da aka yi kimantawa game da kyawun siffofin, gabaɗaya ya bayyana cewa girman ƙirji, WHR, da nauyinsu duk muhimman abubuwan da suka taimaka. Mahalarta mata sun kimanta siffofin da ƙarancin WHR a matsayin mafi kyau, lafiya, kama da mace, kuma a yanayin girman mai nauyi, ya fi kyau da fahimta fiye da mahalarta maza. Wannan wani bincike ne mai ban sha'awa, kamar yadda yawancin binciken da suka gabata suka ba da rahoton cewa matasa mata suna kwatanta jikin mata ne kawai bisa ga siriri. Dangane da girman ƙirjin siririn siffofin, ko suna da manyan ko ƙananan ƙirji bai yi wani tasiri ga ƙimar kyau ko kirki ko fahimta ba, kuma samun manyan ƙirji ya ƙara matsakaicin ƙimar lafiya da mace kaɗan. Duk da haka, an ƙididdige girman mai babban WHR da babban ƙirji a matsayin mafi ƙarancin kyau da lafiya ga duk mahalarta. [53]

Rabon kugu da kugu shi ma abin dogaro ne ga jinsin mutum kuma ana hasashen cewa "mutanen da ke wakiltar rashin daidaito bisa ga alamar da WHR ta bayar (misali, mata masu ƙimar WHR mai yawa ko maza masu ƙarancin ƙimar WHR) wataƙila za a ɗauke su a matsayin marasa kyau ga jinsi akasin haka." [49]

Wani bincike da Jami'ar Wroclaw ta gudanar a shekarar 2017 kan mata kusan dubu ɗaya a cikin al'adu daban-daban — wanda aka tsara don magance ka'idoji masu karo da juna — ya kammala da cewa WHR mai kyau ba shine mai hasashen kololuwar haihuwa ba, amma a zahiri shine mai hasashen farkon haihuwa kuma saboda haka shine mai hasashen matsakaicin damar haihuwa na dogon lokaci da ƙarancin damar renon 'ya'yan maza masu fafatawa. Marubutan binciken sun kammala da cewa "Saboda haka, ana iya annabta cewa fifikon ƙarancin WHR yana faruwa ne daga fifikon maza ga mata a mafi girman ƙimar haihuwa, jim kaɗan kafin zagayowar haihuwa ta farko mai yiwuwa (kuma ba tare da 'ya'ya da suka gabata ba). [54]

Namiji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bincike ya gano cewa rabon kugu zuwa ƙirji shine mafi girman abin da ke tantance kyawun namiji, tare da ƙimar nauyin jiki da rabon kugu zuwa ƙirji ba su da mahimmanci kamar haka. [55]

Abinci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gudanar da bincike da dama tare da mai da hankali kan tsarin abincin da ke tattare da canje-canje a cikin kewayen kugu da aka daidaita don ma'aunin nauyin jiki.

Abincin hatsi cikakke, wanda aka shirya don ci, da kuma hatsin hatsi yana rage cholesterol mai ƙarancin yawa na lipoprotein da kewayen kugu a cikin manya masu kiba ko masu kiba fiye da abincin da ke da ƙarancin fiber. Rage nauyi bai bambanta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi ba. [56]

A cikin wani samfurin Amurka na maza da mata 459 masu lafiya da suka shiga cikin 'Binciken Tsawon Tsufa na Baltimore', matsakaicin karuwar da ke tsakanin kugu a kowace shekara [tare da shekaru] ya fi kyau ga mahalarta a cikin rukunin burodin fari sau 3 idan aka kwatanta da mahalarta da ke amfani da abincin da ke ɗauke da 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, madara mai ƙarancin kitse da hatsi cikakke kuma yana da ƙarancin nama ja ko nama da aka sarrafa, abinci mai sauri da abin sha mai laushi . [57]

Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2011 ya nuna cewa tsarin abinci mai yawan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kiwo da kuma karancin burodi fari, nama da aka sarrafa, margarine, da abubuwan sha masu laushi na iya taimakawa wajen hana taruwar kitse a ciki. [58]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Brown JE, Potter JD, Jacobs DR, Kopher RA, Rourke MJ, Barosso GM, Hannan PJ, Schmid LA (January 1996). "Maternal waist-to-hip ratio as a predictor of newborn size: Results of the Diana Project". Epidemiology. 7 (1): 62–66. doi:10.1097/00001648-199601000-00011. JSTOR 3702758. PMID 8664403. S2CID 24471765.
  2. ↑ "STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS)". World Health Organization. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio, Report of a WHO Expert Consultation" (PDF). World Health Organization. 8–11 December 2008. Retrieved 2024-08-06. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "whoreport" defined multiple times with different content.
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  5. ↑ "Waist to Hip Ratio". freedieting.com.
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  7. ↑ "Measuring Obesity". Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2021. [Waist-to-Hip Ratio:] * More complex to interpret than waist circumference, since increased waist-to-hip ratio can be caused by increased abdominal fat or decrease in lean muscle mass around the hips. * May be difficult to measure and less accurate in individuals with a BMI of 35 or higher.
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  51. ↑ "Bald". Corsetiere.net.
  52. ↑ Holliday IE, Longe OA, Thai NJ, Hancock PJ, Tovée MJ (2011). "BMI not WHR modulates BOLD fMRI responses in a sub-cortical reward network when participants judge the attractiveness of human female bodies". PLOS ONE. 6 (11). Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627255H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027255. PMC 3216937. PMID 22102883.
  53. 1 2 3 Furnham A, Dias M, McClelland A (1998). "The Role of Body Weight, Waist-to-Hip Ratio, and Breast Size in Judgments of Female Attractiveness". Sex Roles. Springer. 39 (3–4): 311–326. doi:10.1023/A:1018810723493. S2CID 148208789. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Furnham" defined multiple times with different content.
  54. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Wrocklaw".
  55. ↑ Fan J, Dai W, Liu F, Wu J (February 2005). "Visual perception of male body attractiveness". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 272 (1560): 219–226. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2922. PMC 1634963. PMID 15705545.
  56. ↑ Maki KC, Beiseigel JM, Jonnalagadda SS, Gugger CK, Reeves MS, Farmer MV, Kaden VN, Rains TM (February 2010). "Whole-grain ready-to-eat oat cereal, as part of a dietary program for weight loss, reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults with overweight and obesity more than a dietary program including low-fiber control foods". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 110 (2): 205–214. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.10.037. PMID 20102847.
  57. ↑ Newby PK, Muller D, Hallfrisch J, Qiao N, Andres R, Tucker KL (June 2003). "Dietary patterns and changes in body mass index and waist circumference in adults". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 77 (6): 1417–1425. doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1417. PMID 12791618.
  58. ↑ Romaguera D, Ängquist L, Du H, Jakobsen MU, Forouhi NG, Halkjær J, Feskens EJ, van der A DL, Masala G, Steffen A, Palli D, Wareham NJ, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Boeing H, Riboli E, Sørensen TI (2011). "Food composition of the diet in relation to changes in waist circumference adjusted for body mass index". PLOS ONE. 6 (8). Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623384R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023384. PMC 3157378. PMID 21858094.
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