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Rashin Holocene

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Rashin Holocene
extinction event (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Holocene da Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli
Fuskar Anthropocene da Great Acceleration (en) Fassara
Mabiyi Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene da Quaternary extinction event (en) Fassara
Lokacin farawa 10,000 years BCE
Has cause (en) Fassara economic growth (en) Fassara, Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a, Yawan amfani da canjin yanayi
Described at URL (mul) Fassara ebsco.com…
Has contributing factor (en) Fassara Tasirin muhalli na noman dabbobi, Gandun daji da Rashin mazaunin
Tarihin maudu'i timeline of Holocene extinctions (en) Fassara
Handled, mitigated, or managed by (en) Fassara sustainability (en) Fassara

Rushewar Holocene, wanda kuma ake kira Anthropocene [1] ko rushewar taro ta shida, wani lamari ne na ci gaba da lalacewa wanda ayyukan ɗan adam suka haifar kawai a lokacin zamanin Holocene.[2][3][4] Wannan taron halaka ya kunshi iyalai da yawa na shuke-shuke da dabbobi, gami da dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe, kifi, da dabbobi marasa rai, suna tasiri ga nau'ikan ƙasa da na Ruwa. Yaduwar lalacewar wurare masu yawa na halittu kamar su coral reefs da gandun daji sun kara rikicin. Yawancin waɗannan halaka ba su da takardun shaida, saboda sau da yawa ba a gano nau'in ba kafin halaka su.

Ana kimanta yawan lalacewa na yanzu a sau 100 zuwa 1,000 sama da yawan lalacewa ta asali[5][6][7] kuma suna hanzarta.[8][9] A cikin shekaru 100-200 da suka gabata, asarar halittu iri-iri ya kai irin wannan matakan tsoro cewa wasu masana kimiyyar kiyayewa yanzu sun yi imanin cewa ayyukan ɗan adam sun haifar da halaka mai yawa, [6] ko kuma suna gab da yin hakan. [10][11][12] Saboda haka, bayan "Big Five" mass extinctions, an kira taron Holocene na shida mass extinction.[13][14][15][16] Koyaya, saboda amincewar kwanan nan game da halakawar jama'a ta Capitanian, an kuma ba da shawarar halakawar taro ta bakwai.[17][18]

Halakar Holocene ta riga ta wuce ta Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions (wanda ya kasance daga shekaru 50,000 zuwa 10,000 da suka gabata), inda manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa - gami da 81% na Megaherbivores - suka ƙare, raguwar da aka danganta aƙalla a wani ɓangare ga ayyukan ɗan adam (anthropogenic). [19][20] Ana ci gaba da muhawara mai ƙarfi game da muhimmancin dangi na abubuwan da suka haifar da mutum da canjin yanayi, amma wani bita na baya-bayan nan ya kammala cewa akwai ƙananan shaidu game da babban rawar da canjin sauyin yanayi ke takawa da shaidar "ƙarfi" ga ayyukan ɗan adam a matsayin babban direba.[21] Misalan daga yankuna kamar New Zealand, Madagascar, da Hawaii sun nuna yadda mulkin mallaka na ɗan adam da lalacewar mazaunin ya haifar da asarar halittu masu yawa.  –  –

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Annotated image/ExtinctionAna nuna lalacewar taro ta hanyar asarar akalla kashi 75% na jinsuna a cikin ɗan gajeren Lokacin (watau, ƙasa da shekaru miliyan 2). [12][22] Har ila yau, an san halakawar Holocene a matsayin "halaka ta shida", saboda mai yiwuwa ne karo na shida na halakawar jama'a, bayan abubuwan halaka na Ordovician-Silurian, halakawar Late Devonian, halaka ta Permian-Triassic, halakawa ta Triassic-Jurassic, da kuma halakawar Cretaceous-Paleogene.[23][24][25] Idan an haɗa taron halaka na Capitanian a cikin halakawar jama'a na farko, halakawar Holocene za a san ta da "halaka ta bakwai".[17][18] Holocene shine zamanin geological na yanzu.

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
moa a New Zealand ya ƙare a tsakiyar karni na 15 saboda yawan farauta da lalata mazaunin da Mutanen Māori suka yi. Kafin zuwan Māori ƙarni daya da suka gabata, New Zealand ba ta da mazauna mutane.

Takamaiman lokacin da Holocene ya faru ya kasance ana muhawara, ba tare da wata yarjejeniya ba game da lokacin da ya fara ko kuma ya kamata a dauke shi daban daga Quaternary.[26][27] Koyaya, yawancin masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa ayyukan ɗan adam sune babban abin da ke haifar da halakawar Holocene.[28][29][30] Wani binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 1998 ta Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Amirka ya gano cewa kashi 70% na masana kimiyyar halittu sun amince da wani lamari na lalacewar ɗan adam.[31] Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa ayyukan Mutanen da suka gabata na iya ba da gudummawa ga lalacewar da ta gabata, musamman a Australia, New Zealand, da Madagascar.[32][33] Ko da matsin farauta mai sauƙi, haɗe da rauni na manyan dabbobi a tsibirai masu nisa, ana zaton sun isa su shafe dukkan jinsuna.[34][35] Sai kawai a cikin matakan kwanan nan na Holocene ne tsire-tsire suka sha wahala sosai, wanda kuma yana da alaƙa da ayyukan ɗan adam kamar sare daji da juyin ƙasa.[36]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Wagler, Ron (2011). "The Anthropocene Mass Extinction: An Emerging Curriculum Theme for Science Educators". The American Biology Teacher. 73 (2): 78–83. doi:10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.5. S2CID 86352610. Archived from the original on 2022-02-05.
  2. ↑ Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (2022). "The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?". Biological Reviews. 97 (2): 640–663. doi:10.1111/brv.12816. PMC 9786292 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35014169 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. ↑ Barnosky, Anthony D.; Matzke, Nicholas; Tomiya, Susumu; Wogan, Guinevere O. U.; Swartz, Brian; Quental, Tiago B.; Marshall, Charles; McGuire, Jenny L.; Lindsey, Emily L.; Maguire, Kaitlin C.; Mersey, Ben; Ferrer, Elizabeth A. (3 March 2011). "Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?". Nature. 471 (7336): 51–57. Bibcode:2011Natur.471...51B. doi:10.1038/nature09678. PMID 21368823.
  4. ↑ Keck, François; Peller, Tianna; et al. (2025). "The global human impact on biodiversity". Nature. 641 (8062): 395–400. Bibcode:2025Natur.641..395K. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08752-2. PMC 12058524 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 40140566 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. ↑ Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (8 June 2018). "The misunderstood sixth mass extinction". Science. 360 (6393): 1080–1081. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1080C. doi:10.1126/science.aau0191. OCLC 7673137938. PMID 29880679. S2CID 46984172.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO (30 May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" (PDF). Science. 344 (6187): 1246752-1–1246752-10. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. S2CID 206552746. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2016. The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.
  7. ↑ Pimm, Stuart L.; Russell, Gareth J.; Gittleman, John L.; Brooks, Thomas M. (1995). "The Future of Biodiversity". Science. 269 (5222): 347–350. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..347P. doi:10.1126/science.269.5222.347. PMID 17841251. S2CID 35154695.
  8. ↑ De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (2014-08-26). "Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction" (PDF). Conservation Biology (in Sifaniyanci). 29 (2): 452–462. Bibcode:2015ConBi..29..452D. doi:10.1111/cobi.12380. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 25159086. S2CID 19121609. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
  9. ↑ Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (19 June 2015). "Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0253C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. PMC 4640606. PMID 26601195. All of these are related to human population size and growth, which increases consumption (especially among the rich), and economic inequity.
  10. ↑ Raven, Peter H.; Chase, Jonathan M.; Pires, J. Chris (2011). "Introduction to special issue on biodiversity". American Journal of Botany. 98 (3): 333–335. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100055. PMID 21613129.
  11. ↑ Rosenberg KV, Dokter AM, Blancher PJ, Sauer JR, Smith AC, Smith PA, Stanton JC, Panjabi A, Helft L, Parr M, Marra PP (2019). "Decline of the North American avifauna". Science. 366 (6461): 120–124. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..120R. doi:10.1126/science.aaw1313. PMID 31604313. S2CID 203719982.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Barnosky, Anthony D.; Matzke, Nicholas; Tomiya, Susumu; Wogan, Guinevere O. U.; Swartz, Brian; Quental, Tiago B.; Marshall, Charles; McGuire, Jenny L.; Lindsey, Emily L.; Maguire, Kaitlin C.; Mersey, Ben; Ferrer, Elizabeth A. (3 March 2011). "Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?". Nature. 471 (7336): 51–57. Bibcode:2011Natur.471...51B. doi:10.1038/nature09678. PMID 21368823. S2CID 4424650. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Barnosky2011" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ Briggs, John C (October 2017). "Emergence of a sixth mass extinction?". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (in Turanci). 122 (2): 243–248. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx063. ISSN 0024-4066. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  14. ↑ Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (2022). "The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?". Biological Reviews. 97 (2): 640–663. doi:10.1111/brv.12816. PMC 9786292 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35014169 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 245889833 Check |s2cid= value (help). Our review lays out arguments clearly demonstrating that there is a biodiversity crisis, quite probably the start of the Sixth Mass Extinction.
  15. ↑ Strona, Giovanni; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (2022). "Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change". Science Advances. 8 (50): eabn4345. Bibcode:2022SciA....8N4345S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4345. PMC 9757742 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36525487 Check |pmid= value (help). The planet has entered the sixth mass extinction.
  16. ↑ Rull, Valentí (2022). "Biodiversity crisis or sixth mass extinction?". EMBO Reports. 23 (1): e54193. doi:10.15252/embr.202154193.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Rampino, Michael R.; Shen, Shu-Zhong (5 September 2019). "The end-Guadalupian (259.8 Ma) biodiversity crisis: the sixth major mass extinction?". Historical Biology. 33 (5): 716–722. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1658096. S2CID 202858078. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Rampino-2019" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Seventh Mass Extinction? Severe and Deadly Event 260 Million Years Ago Discovered by Scientists". Newsweek. 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Newsweek-2019" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Faurby, Søren; Svenning, Jens-Christian (2015). "Historic and prehistoric human-driven extinctions have reshaped global mammal diversity patterns". Diversity and Distributions. 21 (10): 1155–1166. Bibcode:2015DivDi..21.1155F. doi:10.1111/ddi.12369. S2CID 196689979. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  20. ↑ Svenning, Jens-Christian; Lemoine, Rhys T.; Bergman, Juraj; Buitenwerf, Robert; Le Roux, Elizabeth; Lundgren, Erick; Mungi, Ninad; Pedersen, Rasmus Ø. (2024). "The late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions: Patterns, causes, ecological consequences and implications for ecosystem management in the Anthropocene". Cambridge Prisms: Extinction (in Turanci). 2. doi:10.1017/ext.2024.4. ISSN 2755-0958. PMC 11895740 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 40078803 Check |pmid= value (help).
  21. ↑ Svenning, Jens-Christian; Lemoine, Rhys T.; Bergman, Juraj; Buitenwerf, Robert; Le Roux, Elizabeth; Lundgren, Erick; Mungi, Ninad; Pedersen, Rasmus Ø. (2024). "The late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions: Patterns, causes, ecological consequences and implications for ecosystem management in the Anthropocene ta". Cambridge Prisms: Extinction. 2. doi:10.1017/ext.2024.4. PMC 11895740 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 40078803 Check |pmid= value (help).
  22. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  23. ↑ Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-12-16. In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth’s history
  24. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  25. ↑ Williams, Mark; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Haff, P. K.; Schwägerl, Christian; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Ellis, Erle C. (2015). "The Anthropocene Biosphere". The Anthropocene Review. 2 (3): 196–219. Bibcode:2015AntRv...2..196W. doi:10.1177/2053019615591020. S2CID 7771527.
  26. ↑ Doughty, C. E.; Wolf, A.; Field, C. B. (2010). "Biophysical feedbacks between the Pleistocene megafauna extinction and climate: The first human-induced global warming?". Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (15): n/a. Bibcode:2010GeoRL..3715703D. doi:10.1029/2010GL043985. S2CID 54849882.
  27. ↑ Grayson, Donald K.; Meltzer, David J. (December 2012). "Clovis Hunting and Large Mammal Extinction: A Critical Review of the Evidence". Journal of World Prehistory. 16 (4): 313–359. doi:10.1023/A:1022912030020. S2CID 162794300.
  28. ↑ Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-12-16. In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth’s history
  29. ↑ Williams, Mark; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Haff, P. K.; Schwägerl, Christian; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Ellis, Erle C. (2015). "The Anthropocene Biosphere". The Anthropocene Review. 2 (3): 196–219. Bibcode:2015AntRv...2..196W. doi:10.1177/2053019615591020. S2CID 7771527.
  30. ↑ Vignieri, S. (25 July 2014). "Vanishing fauna (Special issue)". Science. 345 (6195): 392–412. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..392V. doi:10.1126/science.345.6195.392. PMID 25061199.
  31. ↑ "National Survey Reveals Biodiversity Crisis – Scientific Experts Believe We are in Midst of Fastest Mass Extinction in Earth's History". American Museum of Natural History Press Release. 1998. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  32. ↑ Faith, J. Tyler; Rowan, John; Du, Andrew; Barr, W. Andrew (July 2020). "The uncertain case for human-driven extinctions prior to Homo sapiens". Quaternary Research (in Turanci). 96: 88–104. Bibcode:2020QuRes..96...88F. doi:10.1017/qua.2020.51. ISSN 0033-5894.
  33. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  34. ↑ Perry, George L. W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.; Wilmshurst, Janet M. (2014-12-01). "A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 105: 126–135. Bibcode:2014QSRv..105..126P. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025.
  35. ↑ Crowley, Brooke E. (2010-09-01). "A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna". Quaternary Science Reviews. Special Theme: Case Studies of Neodymium Isotopes in Paleoceanography. 29 (19–20): 2591–2603. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2591C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.030.
  36. ↑ Li, Sophia (2012-09-20). "Has Plant Life Reached Its Limits?". Green Blog. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
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