Rashin adalci na muhalli a Turai

Rashin adalci na muhalli a Turai
Bayanai
Iri	ma'aikata
Ƙasa	Sweden
svemin.se

 

Tsayar da aikin wutar lantarki na Alta a yankunan gargajiya na Sami a Norway. An kammala aikin ne a shekarar 1987.

Rashin adalci na muhalli shine fallasa al'ummomin matalauta da marasa galihu ga rabon da ya dace da cutar muhalli kamar sharar gida mai haɗari, lokacin da ba su sami fa'idodi daga Amfani da ƙasa wanda ke haifar da waɗannan haɗari ba. Nuna bambancin launin fata na muhalli shine rashin adalci na muhallar a cikin yanayin wariyar launin fata. Wadannan batutuwan na iya haifar da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da muhalli. : 252 

Adalci na muhalli ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa don magance waɗannan batutuwan.

A Turai, an nuna wariyar launin fata na muhalli musamman ga al'ummomin Romani. A cewar Trehan da Kocze (2009), "haɗin EU ga ƙasashen bayan zamantakewar al'umma ya haifar da cibiyar da ke kewaye a cikin Turai kanta, don haka ya kara tsananta matsayin tattalin arziki da siyasa na Roma a Turai waɗanda al'ummominsu ke ci gaba da rayuwa a matsayin yankuna na ciki a cikin Turai. " :">: 264  Wannan matsayi na kewaye, wanda aka raba ƙauyuka na Romani da mazaunansu sun zama abin da aka gani a matsayin yankunan da ba bisa ka'ida ba "bayan lalacewar alhakin muhalli" na gwamnatin Turai: sun gano wasu abubuwan da ke kusa da su ba". : 19-20 : 252, 263 : 74-5 An gano wannan aikin dangane da rashin ayyuka na asali kamar ruwa, gidaje, tsaftacewa : 19-20 ): 263 da samun damar ilimi :-9 yana shafar al'ummomin Romani da aka ware.

Central and Eastern Europe

A Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, gwamnatocin gurguzu sun ba da fifiko ga ci gaban masana'antu a kan kare muhalli, duk da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a da na gwamnati a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970.  ci gaba.[1]: 255  Bayan sauyin kasuwa, matsalolin muhalli sun ci gaba, duk da wasu gyare-gyare a farkon matakan sauyi. : 255 

Yammacin Turai

Nuna wariyar launin fata na muhalli lamari ne mai yawa a duk Yammacin Turai wanda ke da tasiri ga mutanen da ke da kabilanci da kabilun kabilanci.

Turkiyya

Akwai tsakanin mutanen Romani tsakanin 500,000 da miliyan 2.5 a Turkiyya.43  Mafi yawan Romani, masu tafiya da tafiya da zama, suna zaune ne a yankunan Trakya (Thrace) da Marmara a arewa maso yammacin kasar,: 43  kuma galibi suna zaune a yankunan da ke da banbancin yanayi da zamantakewar al'umma kuma keɓe daga mafi yawan al'umma.  43  Romani a Turkiyya "suna fama da rashin lafiya da yawa, suna da gidaje mafi talauci, da kuma yawan nuna wariya dangane da kabilanci."

Sulukule

A watan Fabrairun 2010, yawancin al'ummar Romani na Sulukule a Istanbul, tsohuwar unguwar da aka haɗa a cikin Jerin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO da Yankin Tsaro na Birnin Istanbul, : 50 da kuma tsohuwar mazaunin Romani a Turai an rushe su a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sabunta birane. An rushe rushewa da farko a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 kuma a 1982 lokacin da aka rushe tsohuwar Sulukule. : 45 A matsayin tsakiyar yankin Istanbul, Sulukule yana ƙarƙashin hasashen ƙasa, : 45 yayin da ake iya amfani da batutuwan muhalli da muhalli a matsayin wani ɓangare na muhalli don rushewa.  : 49-50 A cewar Aslı Kıyak da Pelin Tan

A cikin shekara ta 2000, Istanbul ta shaida bullar manyan ayyuka na sauye-sauye a birane a karkashin taken "gyara birane / ci gaban birane" wanda ya halatta 'rushewa' da 'sake gine-gine' ta hanyar maganganun tsoro na birane, muhalli, al'adun gargajiya da bala'o'i.  A cikin 2005, manufar Canjin Birane da Sabuntawa na 5366 ya haɓaka gyare-gyare / ci gaban birane kuma ya ba da iko ga gundumomi don ayyana kowace gunduma a matsayin yanki na canjin birane da sarrafa abin da za a iya amfani da haƙƙin mallaka, tsara birane da ayyukan gine-gine.[1]: 49-50 

A cewar masanin gine-gine Neyran Turan, ra'ayoyin "sabunta birni" a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na dorewar muhalli sun sami matsayi a cikin jawabin tsara birane a Istanbul. :-227 A cikin kalmomin Turan, "'yanayin muhalli' na Istanbul a halin yanzu an iyakance shi ga takamaiman ra'ayoyin gudanarwa game da mulkin birni - kamar 'gwamnatin albarkatu,' 'hadarin muhalli,' ko 'sabunta birni da canji.'" : 227 Babban gardama don rushewa da "sabuntawa birni" na Sulukule shine maye gurbin gidaje da ake tsammani da ake zaton sun fi tsayayya da girgizar ƙasa;  : 17 Wasu masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa Manufar Sabuntawa 5366 galibi ana amfani da ita ga unguwanni masu rinjaye ko yawan mutanen Romani. : 18-19 A cikin wata hira da aka yi da ita a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2008, Mustafa Ciftci, Sulukule Renewal Project Coordinator, ya bayyana

Sulukule kafin rushewa

Ba abu ne mai sauƙi a haɗa waɗannan [Romani] mutane cikin al'umma ba, amma dole ne mu cika shi, a ƙarshe waɗannan su ne mutanenmu; dole ne mu cece su. Idan ya kasance a gare ni, a matsayin manufofin jihar, zan dauki dukkan yara a karkashin shekaru goma daga iyayensu, in sanya su a makarantun kwana, in ilimantar da su kuma in sanya su membobin al'umma. Wannan ita ce kawai hanyar.

An ba da masu haya da aka kori gidaje mai nisan kilomita 48 a Taşoluk, inda manyan kudaden jinginar gida ba su da aiki ga yawancin mazauna, mafi yawansu suna da ƙarancin kuɗi. : 50 A cewar Kıyak da Tan, "Tsarin sabuntawa gabaɗaya ya haifar da rushewar al'umma ta hanyar watsar da masana'antar zamantakewar da ke akwai, rashin iyawarsu na ci gaba da ayyukan al'adunsu, tsananin su daga hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa na hadin kai, har ma da matsalolin rayuwa masu tsanani. " : 50 Ba tare da samun damar kula da kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ko sufuri zuwa tsakiyar gari ba, mazauna da suka sake komawa Taşoluk . Mutane da yawa sun koma tsohon gundumar Sulukule, a halin yanzu ana kiranta "Karagümrük", inda daga baya suka gina gidaje "a kan rushewar tsoffin gidajensu", a cewar Demirovski da Marsh.

1970 Bayramiç rikicin gandun daji

A cewar Rahmi Ozel, tsohon lauyan Bayramiç, jerin hare-haren tashin hankali a kan al'ummar Romani sun faru tsakanin Janairu 18 da Fabrairu 22, 1970.  : Wani ɓangare na babban rikici game da samun damar samun albarkatun gandun daji, : 57 hare-haren sun haifar da rikici game le mallaka na motar katako. : Duk da yake babu wanda aka kashe a cikin hare-haren, abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da tsoro tsakanin 'yan Romani da wadanda ba 'yan Romaniin ba, : kuma sun haifar da korar Bayramiç Romani. : 3 Masanin kimiyyar zamantakewa da halayyar Gül zateşler ya yi jayayya cewa hare-haren, wanda lokacinsa ya danganta da muhimman ranakun a lokacin masana'antar katako : 57 sun nuna rashin tsaro game da asarar ikon kabilun Turkiyya ga mutanen Romani, waɗanda ke samun tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki saboda rawar da suka taka a bangaren sufuri : 169-170 na masana'antar gandun daji. , 157 

A cikin shekarun 1960, gandun daji ya zama masana'antu mai riba a Turkiyya, yayin da amfani da katako ya karu da sauri. : 56 Saboda karuwar saka hannun jari a cikin kula da gandun daji da samarwa, Turkiyya ta zama sananne ga masana'antar katako, har zuwa inda ake kallon kayan aikinta a matsayin gasa a cikin yanayin duniya. : 56 A cikin 1963-1964, an halicci sabbin hanyoyin dutse kusa da Bayramiç don ba da damar cire katako, tare da inganta hanyoyin sadarwa. : 57 A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta, 1967, an kafa Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Yankin a birnin Bayramiç da ke kewaye da ita. : 56 A lokacin, kashi 53.8% na yankin lardin an rufe shi da katako. : 56 A sakamakon wadannan ci gaba, aiki a bangaren sufuri na gandun daji ya karu daga mutane 30 zuwa 200 a Bayramiç a wannan lokacin. : 57 

Mural yana kwatanta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turkiyya, 2009. Ginin waje na ilimi na jama'a, Bayramiç

A Bayramiç, rikice-rikice game da sarrafawa, sarrafawa, da jigilar katako sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin mazauna yankin. : 57 A cewar Sãzateşler, "Gasar ta kasance mai tsanani, kamar yadda a wannan lokacin gandun daji ya ba da ayyukan mafi kyau ga mazauna ƙauyuka da mazauna gari da yawa. Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa hare-haren kan Gypsies sun fara a watan Janairu kuma sun tsaya a ƙarshen Fabrairu, kafin ranar farawar shekara-shekara na kasuwancin gandun daji a garin, a watan Maris. "

Motoci kaɗan ne suka wanzu a yankin Bayramiç a shekarun 1950 da 1960;  Misali, akwai jeep guda biyar kacal a cikin garin a karshen shekarun 1950, kuma ana amfani da dabbobi a matsayin hanyoyin sufuri na farko.157  A karshen shekarun 1950, katako shi ne samfurin tattalin arziki na farko da ake fitarwa daga garin, 157  kuma a shekarar 1960, akwai manyan motoci guda takwas da aka ajiye a cikin garin 1950s.[1]: 157  A cewar Ӧzateşler, mutanen Romani "sun zama masu karfi a matsayi mai daraja" ta hanyar zama direbobin manyan motoci.  ƙwararrun direba don haka suna da matsayi mai ƙarfi, gami da babban matsayi na zamantakewa, an ce sun fi nasu daraja fiye da nasu shugabannin.  Ya ce, "Suna aikin datti ne kawai a wancan lokacin; saboda yana da matukar gajiya kuma yana da haɗari saboda rashin ingantattun hanyoyin zuwa dutsen ... ya kamata mutum ya zama ɗan hauka don zama direba saboda haɗarin yana da yawa." 157 . "

A shekara ta 1970, dangin Romani sun sayi motar Leyland tare da haɗin gwiwar direban kabilanci na Turkiyya (wanda daga baya ya taimaka wajen fara hare-haren), kuma ya zama batun babban sha'awa. :">: 160  A matsayin alama ce ta wadata, ya kuma zama tushen fushi game da nasarar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na al'ummar Romani. :">: 160  A cewar Sashen, "Dukan Gypsies sun ambaci motar a matsayin abin da ya haifar da hare-haren. " : 161 Daya daga cikin mutanen da ke da alhakin shirya hare-harun, Huseyin Kiltas, ya bayyana cewa "Abin da ya sauka shi ne Leyland [moto mai katako]. " :

Bayan zarge-zargen da aka yi wa direbobin motocin Romani na cin zarafin jima'i ga 'yan matan makarantar sakandare na Turkiyya wadanda ba Romani ba, : 126-127 jerin hare-haren tashin hankali sun faru a kan al'ummar Romani na Bayramiç. : Harin farko ya yi niyya ga ƙungiyar muhacir ta Romani, waɗanda ke cikin masana'antar tuki ta katako. : gidaje 3 38 sun lalace. : Wannan harin ya zama hari na biyu a kan dukkan mutanen Romani a yankin, wanda ya hada da mutane 3,000 da suka jajjefe gidajen Romani : 3 kuma suka doke mazaunan Romani. : Taron ya yi tafiya a kan ginin birni, wanda ke kan babbar hanyar da ke kaiwa ga "birane inda Gypsies ke zaune". : Lokacin da lauyan birnin ya yi ƙoƙari ya dakatar da taron, : 140 wani rukuni na mutane 30-40 ya kusan yi masa duka har ya mutu. : tilasta wa Romani barin birnin. : 3 Yawancin Romani sun shiga ɓoye, yayin da mutanen da suka yi amfani da Romani suka fuskanci barazanar. : Wasu ma'aikata sun zaɓi yin hadari ga lafiyarsu da matsayi na zamantakewa ta hanyar kare mutanen Romani daga tashin hankali. : An yi barazanar cin zarafin jima'i da aka yi wa matan Romani. : 132-133 A cewar Sashen

A lokuta na rikice-rikice da yaƙi, ana bi da jikin mace a matsayin filin wasa don girmamawa da daraja tare da ikirarin yankin ƙasa ... Gypsies da ke wucewa ga 'yan mata na Turkiyya an gan su a matsayin keta iyakar ƙasa da yankin maza na Turkiyya ... Hukumar mata ba ta da komai a cikin wannan yanayin. Gaskiyar maharan maza ne kuma matan da ake zaton an zalunta sun kasance ba a san su ba; babu wanda ya san komai game da su ko ma sun wanzu ko a'a. : 169–170 

Ta fuskar Rana Kocayar, babbar ‘yar gidan Romani da ta sayi motar saren, da Bidon Hilmi, direban babbar motar Romani a lokacin da aka lakada masa duka a lokacin tashin hankalin, zargin cin zarafi wata hanya ce ta rufe dalilan farko na hare-haren, wanda wani yunkuri ne na hana mutanen Romani shiga cikin rikicin dazuzzuka, a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, [16]  1970 lokacin da labari ya bazu cewa daya daga cikin wadanda suka aikata laifin, direban babbar mota mai suna Halit Er, yana cikin mawuyacin hali.  ba: 113  Har ya zuwa yau, babu wanda aka gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya saboda tada zaune tsaye ko kuma tada zaune tsaye.174 . : 174 

Dubi kuma

• Yarjejeniyar Aarhus
• Kula da muhalli
• 'Yan asalin ƙasar
• Bala'in Kyshtym
• Binciken aiki
• Nuna wariyar launin fata a Turai
• Rashin daidaito na zamantakewa
• Rashin daidaito na gandun daji