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Rashin albarkatun

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

 

Yashi na Tar a Alberta, 2008. Man yana daya dagadaga cikin albarkatun da mutane ke amfani dashda su
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Rashin albarkatun yana faruwa ne adai dai lokacin da aka cinye albarkatun halitta da sauri fiye da yadda za'a iya sake cika su. Darajar hanya ta dogara da kasancewarta a cikin yanayi da farashin cire ta. Ta hanyar dokar samarwa da buƙata, ƙarancin albarkatun ya zama mafi mahimmanci.[1] Akwai nau'ikan albarkatun da yawa, gami da amma ba a iyakance su ba: lalacewar wuri da yanayin halittu, rushewar ƙasa, lalacewar ruwa, da Yawan kamun kifi.[2] Rashin yawan namun daji ana kiransa defaunation.[3]

Yana da batun bincike da muhawara game da yadda za a shafi bil'adama da kuma yadda nan gaba za ta kasance idan amfani da albarkatun ya ci gaba a halin yanzu, kuma lokacin da takamaiman albarkatun za su ƙare gaba ɗaya.

Tarihin lalacewar albarkatu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin albarkatun ya kasance batun tun farkon karni na 19 a cikin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Farko. Cire albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba ya karu sosai, fiye da yadda ake tsammani kafin masana'antu, saboda ci gaban fasaha da ci gaban tattalin arziki wanda ke haifar da karuwar bukatar albarkatun kasa.[4][5]

Ko da yake raguwar albarkatun ta samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka da juyin juya halin masana'antu, abin ya kasance babban damuwa ne kawai tun daga shekarun 1970. [better source needed]  Kafin wannan, mutane da yawa sun yi imani da "tatsuniya na rashin ƙarewa", wanda kuma ya samo asali daga mulkin mallaka.  Ana iya bayyana wannan a matsayin imani cewa duka albarkatun ƙasa masu sabuntawa da waɗanda ba za a iya sabunta su ba ba za su iya ƙarewa ba saboda da alama akwai yalwar waɗannan albarkatun.  Wannan imani ya sa mutane ba su yi tambaya game da raguwar albarkatu da rugujewar yanayin muhalli lokacin da abin ya faru ba, kuma yana ci gaba da jan hankalin al'umma don gano waɗannan albarkatun a wuraren da ba a ƙare ba tukuna..[4][6]

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A kokarin kawar da lalacewar albarkatu, masu ra'ayi sun zo da manufar lissafin lalacewar. Da yake da alaƙa da lissafin kore, lissafin ƙarancin yana da niyyar lissafin ƙimar yanayi daidai da tattalin arzikin kasuwa.[7] Rashin lissafin albarkatun yana amfani da bayanan da kasashe suka bayar don kimanta gyare-gyaren da ake buƙata saboda amfani da su da raguwar babban birnin da suke da shi.[8] Babban birnin halitta yana nufin albarkatun kasa kamar ajiyar ma'adinai ko katako. Abubuwan lissafi na raguwa a cikin tasiri daban-daban kamar yawan shekaru har zuwa gajiyawar albarkatu, farashin cire albarkatu, da buƙatun albarkatun.[8] Masana'antun hakar ma'adanai sun kasance babban bangare na ayyukan tattalin arziki a Kasashe masu tasowa. Wannan, bi da bi, yana haifar da matakan da suka fi girma na lalacewar albarkatu da lalacewar muhalli a kasashe masu tasowa.[8] Masu ra'ayi suna jayayya cewa aiwatar da lissafin ƙarancin albarkatu ya zama dole a kasashe masu tasowa. Rashin lissafi kuma yana neman auna darajar zamantakewar albarkatun kasa da tsarin halittu.[9] Ana neman auna darajar zamantakewa ta hanyar ayyukan muhalli, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin fa'idodin yanayi ga gidaje, al'ummomi da tattalin arziki.[9]

Muhimmancinsa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai kungiyoyi daban-daban da ke sha'awar lissafin ƙarancin kuɗi. Masu kula da muhalli suna da sha'awar lissafin ƙarancin kuɗi a matsayin hanyar bin diddigin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a tsawon lokaci, riƙe gwamnatoci da lissafi, ko kwatanta yanayin muhalli da na wata ƙasa.[7] Masana tattalin arziki suna so su auna raguwar albarkatu don fahimtar yadda ƙasashe ko kamfanoni masu dogaro da kudi ke kan albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, ko ana iya ci gaba da wannan amfani da kuma matsalolin kudi na sauyawa zuwa albarkatun sabuntawa dangane da albarkatun.[7]

Tambayoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin lissafi yana da rikitarwa don aiwatarwa saboda yanayi ba a iya ƙididdigewa kamar motoci, gidaje, ko burodi ba.[7] Don ƙarancin lissafi don aiki, dole ne a kafa raka'a masu dacewa na albarkatun ƙasa don albarkatun halitta su iya zama masu aiki a cikin tattalin arzikin kasuwa. Babban batutuwan da ke tasowa yayin ƙoƙarin yin hakan sune, ƙayyade wani asusun da ya dace, yanke shawarar yadda za a magance yanayin "haɗin kai" na cikakken tsarin halittu, tsara iyakar tsarin halittu. [7] Wasu masana tattalin arziki suna so su hada da ma'auni na fa'idodin da ke fitowa daga kayan jama'a da aka bayar ta yanayi, amma a halin yanzu babu alamun kasuwa na darajar.[7] A duniya, Tattalin arzikin muhalli bai iya samar da yarjejeniya game da ma'aunin ma'auni na ayyukan yanayi ba.

Rashin ma'adanai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Page 'Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation' not found

Ana buƙatar Ma'adanai don samar da abinci, tufafi, da gidaje. Binciken Geological na Amurka (USGS) ya gano wani muhimmin yanayin dogon lokaci a cikin karni na 20 don albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba kamar ma'adanai don samar da mafi yawan albarkatun kasa ga wadanda ba man fetur ba, wadanda ba abinci ba ne na tattalin arziki; misali shine mafi yawan amfani da dutse, yashi, da dutse da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin gini.

Babban amfani da ma'adanai ya fara ne a juyin juya halin masana'antu a kusa da 1760 a Ingila kuma ya karu da sauri tun daga lokacin. Ingantaccen fasaha ya ba mutane damar tonowa da zurfi da samun damar samun ƙananan maki da nau'ikan ma'adinai daban-daban a wannan lokacin.[10][11][12] Kusan dukkanin ƙarfe na masana'antu (kofi, baƙin ƙarfe, Bauxite, da dai sauransu), kazalika da ma'adanai na ƙasa da ba a saba gani ba, suna fuskantar iyakancewar samar da kayan aiki daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, saboda wadata ta haɗa da manyan saka hannun jari na gaba kuma saboda haka yana da jinkirin amsawa ga saurin karuwa a cikin buƙata.[11]

Ma'adanai da wasu suka tsara don shiga raguwar samarwa a cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa:

  • Man fetur na al'ada (2005)
  • Man fetur duk ruwa (2017). Tsohon tsammanin: Gasoline (2023)
  • Jan ƙarfe (2017). Tsohon tsammanin: Copper (2024). [13] Bayanai daga Binciken Yanayi na Amurka (USGS) sun nuna cewa ba zai yiwu ba cewa samar da jan ƙarfe zai kai kololuwa kafin 2040 .[12]
  • Coal a kowace KWh (2017). Tsohon tsammanin kowace ton: (2060) [13]
  • Zinc . [14] Ci gaban da aka samu a cikin hydrometallurgy sun canza ajiyar zinc da ba sulfide ba (wanda aka yi watsi da shi har zuwa yanzu) zuwa manyan ajiyar kuɗi.[15][16]

Ma'adanai da wasu suka tsara don shiga raguwar samarwa a cikin karni na yanzu:

Irin waɗannan tsinkaye na iya canzawa, yayin da ake yin sabbin abubuwan da aka gano [13] kuma yawanci ba daidai ba ne game da bayanan da ke akwai akan albarkatun ma'adinai da ma'adanai. [11][12]

  • Phosphorus (2048). Kashi 80% na ƙarshe na ajiyar duniya shine ma'adinai ɗaya kawai. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Man fetur

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kashe daji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Ƙara amfani: A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO), abincin ruwa kamar kifi yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga tsaron abinci da kuma shirye-shiryen kawo karshen yunwa a duniya. Koyaya, amfani da abinci na ruwa a duniya ya karu da sau biyu na yawan yawan jama'a tun daga shekarun 1960, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga raguwar kifi.[17]
  • Canjin yanayi: Saboda canjin yanayi da karuwar yanayin zafi na teku, yawan kifaye da sauran rayuwar ruwa suna da mummunar tasiri. Wadannan canje-canje sun tilasta yawan kifaye su canza hanyoyin ƙaura, kuma ba tare da raguwa a cikin kamun kifi ba, wannan yana haifar da yawan kamun kiɗa da raguwa saboda ana kama adadin kifaye a yankunan da yanzu suna da ƙananan yawan kifaye.[18][19]
  • Kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba tare da rahoto ba, da ba a tsara su ba (IUU): Kifi ba tare da doka ba ya haɗa da gudanar da ayyukan kamun kifi waɗanda ke karya dokoki da ka'idoji a matakin yanki da na duniya game da kamun kiɗa, gami da kamun kariya ba tare da lasisi ko izini ba, kamun kifa a wuraren da aka kare, da / ko kama nau'in kifi masu kariya.[20] Kifi da ba a bayar da rahoton ba ya haɗa da gudanar da aikin kamun kifi wanda ba a bayarwa ba, ko kuma ba a bayar ga hukumomi bisa ga Ƙungiyoyin Gudanar da Kifi na Duniya da na Yankin (RFMOs). Kifi mara tsari ya haɗa da gudanar da ayyukan kamun kifi a yankunan da ba su da matakan kiyayewa, kuma ba za a iya sa ido sosai ba saboda rashin ka'idoji.[21]
  • Taimako na kifi: Taimako shine taimakon kudi da gwamnati ta biya don tallafawa wani aiki, masana'antu, ko rukuni.[22] Sau da yawa ana ba da tallafi don rage farashin farawa, motsa samarwa, ko ƙarfafa amfani. Game da tallafin kamun kifi, yana ba da damar Jiragen kamun kifi su kama ƙarin kifi ta hanyar kamun kifa a cikin ruwa, da kifi na dogon lokaci.[23][24]

Yankunan ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yankunan ruwa sune yanayin halittu waɗanda sau da yawa ana cika su da isasshen ƙasa ko Ruwa na ƙasa don kiyaye ciyayi wanda yawanci ya dace da yanayin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa, kamar cattails, Bulrushes, jan maples, Shinkafa ta daji, blackberries, cranberries, da peat moss.[25] Saboda wasu nau'o'in filayen ruwa suna da wadataccen ma'adanai da abubuwan gina jiki kuma suna samar da fa'idodi da yawa na yanayin ƙasa da ruwa, suna dauke da nau'o-nau'i daban-daban kuma suna ba da tushe na musamman ga jerin abinci. Yankunan da ke da ruwa suna ba da gudummawa ga lafiyar muhalli da bambancin halittu.[25] Yankunan ruwa sune albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba a kan lokacin ɗan adam kuma a wasu mahalli ba za a sake sabunta su ba.[26] Nazarin da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa asarar duniya na filayen ruwa na iya zama sama da 87% tun daga 1700 AD, tare da 64% na asarar filayen da ke faruwa tun daga 1900.[26] Wasu asarar wuraren da ke da ruwa sun samo asali ne daga abubuwan da suka haifar da lalacewa, raguwa, da hauhawar matakin teku.[25] 

Alamar a wani wuri mai laushi a cikin Pilliga National Park wanda ke ƙoƙarin rage raguwar albarkatu da lalacewar wuri mai lauri ta hanyar hana wasu ayyukan.

Yankunan ruwa suna ba da sabis na muhalli ga:

  1. Abinci da mazaunin
  2. Inganta ingancin ruwa
  3. Kifi na kasuwanci
  4. Rage Ruwan Ambaliyar ruwa
  5. Tsayawa a bakin teku
  6. Wasanni

Wasu daga cikin yankunan noma mafi nasara a duniya sune wuraren da aka zubar da su kuma an canza su zuwa gonar gona don noma mai girma.[25] Babban zubar da ruwa na filayen ruwa yana faruwa don ci gaban ƙasa da birni. Sabanin haka, a wasu lokuta ana ambaliya wuraren da ake ruwa don a canza su zuwa tabkuna na nishaɗi ko samar da wutar lantarki.[25] A wasu ƙasashe masu kiwon dabbobi sun kuma motsa dukiyarsu zuwa wuraren da ake kiwo saboda wadatattun kayan abinci.[27] Yankunan ruwa a Kudancin Amurka suma sun tabbatar da albarkatun da ke da amfani ga masu farauta, kamar yadda dabbobi masu fata masu daraja kamar Jaguars, kyarketai, Caimans, da macizai ke janyewa zuwa wuraren da ke da ruwa.[27] Har yanzu ba a san tasirin cire manyan masu cin nama ba a cikin wuraren da ke cikin Afirka ta Kudu.[27]

Mutane suna amfana daga wuraren da ke da ruwa a hanyoyi masu kai tsaye. Yankunan ruwa suna aiki ne a matsayin matattarar ruwa na halitta, lokacin da runoff daga ko dai tsarin halitta ko na mutum ya wuce, yankunan ruwa na iya samun sakamako mai hanawa. Idan wuri mai laushi yana tsakanin yankin noma da Tsarin halittu na ruwa mai laushi, ruwan da ke cikin taki zai shawo kan shi kuma ya yi amfani da shi don ciyar da jinkirin matakai da ke faruwa, a lokacin da ruwa ya kai tsarin halittu mai laushi ba za a sami isasshen taki don haifar da fashewar algae mai lalacewa wanda ke lalata yanayin halittu na ruwan sha ba.[28]

Yankunan ruwa na Bramiana

Abubuwan da ba na halitta ba ne na lalacewar wuri mai laushi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Canjin ruwa zubar da ruwa ruwa ruwa ruwa zubar da ruwan ruwa zubar ruwa zubar
    • Rashin ruwa
    • hawan ruwa
    • Gudanar da ruwa
    • Rashin ruwa
    • raƙuman ruwa
    • zubar da kayan cikawacika kayan aiki
    • raƙuman ruwa
    • Rashin ruwa na ƙasa
    • ajiya
  • Birane da ci gaban birane
  • Marinas / jiragen Ruwa
  • Masana'antu da Ci gaban masana'antu
  • Aikin noma
  • Silviculture / Girbi na katako
  • Ma'adinai
  • Rashin sararin samaniya

Don adana albarkatun da aka cire daga wuraren da ake amfani da su, dabarun yanzu sune sanya wuraren da ake da su kuma ba da fifiko ga kiyaye wuraren da ake kira tare da ƙarin ayyukan muhalli, ƙirƙirar ingantaccen ban ruwa ga wuraren da ake yi amfani da su don noma, da kuma ƙuntata damar zuwa wuraren da ake ciki ta masu yawon bude ido.

Ruwun kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hanyoyin kwararar ruwan karkashin kasa sun bambanta sosai a tsayi, zurfin da lokacin tafiya daga wuraren caji zuwa wuraren fitarwa a cikin tsarin ruwan karkashin kasa.

Ruwa muhimmiyar hanya ce da ake buƙata don rayuwa. Samun ruwa yana da tasiri sosai a kan wadata da nasara a cikin al'umma.[29] Ruwa mai zurfi ruwa ne wanda ke cikin yankuna masu cike da ƙasa, saman yankin da ke cike da ruwa ana kiransa teburin ruwa.[30] Ana gudanar da ruwa a cikin pores da karyewar kayan karkashin kasa kamar yashi, dutse da sauran dutse, ana kiran waɗannan kayan dutse aquifers.[30] Ruwan ƙasa na iya gudana ta halitta daga kayan dutse ko kuma ana iya fitar da shi. Ruwan ƙasa yana samar da rijiyoyi da aquifers don masu zaman kansu, noma, da amfani da jama'a kuma fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'ar duniya suna amfani da shi kowace rana don ruwan sha. A duniya akwai cubic kilomita miliyan 22.6 na ruwan kasa; daga cikin wannan, kawai 0.35 miliyan na wannan ne mai sabuntawa.[31]

Ruwa mai zurfi a matsayin hanyar da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa a matsayin albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba saboda ƙasa da kashi shida cikin ɗari na ruwa a duniya ana sake cikawa kuma ana sabunta shi a cikin lokacin ɗan adam na shekaru 50.[32] Mutane sun riga sun yi amfani da ruwan da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba wanda ya kai dubban shekaru, a yankuna kamar Masar suna amfani da ruwan wanda watakila an sabunta shi shekaru miliyan daya da suka gabata wanda ba za a sake sabuntawa a kan lokutan ɗan adam ba.[31] Daga cikin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi don noma, 16-33% ba za a iya sabuntawa ba.[33] An kiyasta cewa tun daga shekarun 1960s hakar ruwan kasa ya ninka fiye da sau biyu, wanda ya kara raguwar ruwan kasa.[33] Saboda wannan karuwar raguwa, a wasu yankunan da suka fi lalacewa amfani da ruwan kasa don ban ruwa ya zama ba zai yiwu ba ko kuma ya zama mai hanawa.[34]

Tasirin muhalli

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yin amfani da ruwa mai zurfi, tsofaffi ko matasa, na iya rage matakan ruwa na ƙasa da kuma bushe koguna, wanda zai iya samun babban tasiri a kan yanayin halittu a farfajiya.[31] Lokacin da aka cire ruwan da ya fi sauƙin dawo da shi wannan ya bar raguwa tare da ingancin ruwa mara kyau. Wannan wani bangare ne daga zubar da ruwa daga farfajiyar ƙasa, ƙuntata yadudduka ko aquifers da ke kusa da su waɗanda ke ƙunshe da saline ko ruwa mai gurbatawa.[34] A duk duniya girman raguwar ruwan kasa daga ajiya na iya zama babba don zama mai ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar matakin teku.[33]

A halin yanzu, al'ummomi suna amsawa ga raguwar albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar canza manufofin gudanarwa daga wuri da haɓaka sabbin kayayyaki zuwa haɓaka kiyayewa da sake rarraba kayayyaki na yanzu.[34] Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban guda biyu game da raguwar ruwan kasa, na farko shi ne cewa ana ɗaukar raguwa a zahiri kuma kawai a matsayin raguwa a cikin ƙarar ruwa a cikin yankin da aka cika, ba tare da la'akari da ingancin ruwa ba.[34] Wani hangen nesa na biyu yana kallon raguwa a matsayin raguwa a cikin yawan ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi a ajiya.[34]

Ƙara kayan aiki na iya nufin inganta ingancin ruwa ko ƙara yawan ruwa. Rashin jin daɗi saboda la'akari da inganci za a iya shawo kan magani, yayin da za'a iya rage raguwar ma'auni mai yawa kawai ta hanyar rage fitarwa ko ƙara caji.[34] Sake caji na wucin gadi na guguwa da kuma tsabtace ruwan shara na gari, ya sami nasarar juyar da raguwar ruwan kasa.[34] A nan gaba za a yi amfani da ingantaccen shigarwa da sake caji don kara yawan kama runoff da tsabtace ruwa.

Rashin albarkatun da makomar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ranar Duniya (EOD) ita ce ranar da bukatar bil'adama don albarkatun muhalli ta wuce ikon Duniya na sake farfado da waɗannan albarkatun a cikin shekara guda. EOD ana lissafa shi ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya, da kuma kungiyar da ke haɓaka rahotanni na tasirin shekara-shekara, bisa ga amfani da albarkatun bayanai a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Ana sanar da EOD a kowace shekara a ranar 5 ga Yuni, wanda shine Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya, kuma yana ci gaba da samun farkon kowace shekara. Misali, Ranar Duniya ta 2023 ta kasance Agusta 2, idan aka kwatanta da a 2010 inda ta fadi a ranar 10 ga Agusta kuma a 2000 inda ta fadi ranar 17 ga Satumba.[35] Cibiyar Sadarwar Duniya tana lissafin Ranar Kasuwancin Duniya ta hanyar raba ƙarfin halittu ta duniya ta hanyar sawun muhalli na duniya da ninka wannan da kwanaki 365 (kwana 366 a lokacin shekara mai tsalle). [35] World biocapacity yana nufin jimlar albarkatun halitta da Duniya za ta iya sake farfadowa a cikin shekara guda. Saurin muhalli na duniya yana nufin jimlar albarkatun da al'umma ke amfani da su a cikin shekara guda, gami da abubuwa kamar makamashi, abinci, ruwa, gonar noma, ƙasar daji, da dai sauransu. Ranar Duniya ta Duniya za a iya lissafawa ga Duniya gaba ɗaya, amma kuma ga kowace ƙasa ɗai-ɗai. Misali, a cikin ƙasa mai matsakaicin kuɗi kamar Maroko, takamaiman ranar fitar da ƙasarsu ta 2023 ita ce 22 ga Disamba, idan aka kwatanta da ƙasar da ke da babbar riba kamar Amurka wacce ke cinye ƙarin albarkatu, takamaicin ranar fitar da ƙasa ta 2023 ita ta kasance Maris 14.[35] Manufar ita ce tura Ranar Duniya ta baya da nisa zuwa inda bil'adama za su rayu a cikin yanayin muhalli na Duniya kuma ba za su wuce abin da za su iya samarwa ba kowace shekara.[35]

Ƙididdigar Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar The World Counts, wata majiya da ke tattara bayanai daga kungiyoyi da dama, cibiyoyin bincike, da sabis na labarai, da kuma samar da agogon ƙidayar ƙididdiga waɗanda ke nuna munanan halaye da ke da alaƙa da muhalli da sauran ƙalubalen duniya, ɗan adam yana cikin matsala idan yanayin cin abinci na yanzu ya ci gaba.  A halin yanzu da al'umma ke amfani da su, ana buƙatar kusan ƙasa 1.8 don samar da albarkatu cikin ƙarfi mai ɗorewa, kuma akwai ƙasa da shekaru 26 har sai albarkatun sun ƙare har zuwa wani matsayi da ƙarfin duniya don tallafawa rayuwa zai iya rushewa.  An kuma kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 29% na dukkan nau'o'in halittu a duniya a halin yanzu suna cikin hadarin bacewa.  Kazalika, an hako ton biliyan 25 na albarkatu a bana kadai, wannan ya hada da amma bai takaita ga albarkatun kasa kamar kifi, itace, karafa, ma'adanai, ruwa, da makamashi ba.  Kididdigar Duniya ta nuna cewa akwai shekaru 15 har sai duniya ta kare da ruwa mai dadi, kuma shekaru 23 har sai babu sauran kifi a cikin teku.[36] Akwai shekaru 75 kawai har sai da gandun daji suka tafi gaba ɗaya.[37]

Rashin albarkatun a matsayin matsala ta ɗabi'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masu zanga-zangar suna ɗauke da alamar da ke cewa "Haɗayi ba kore ba ne, Duniya ba don sayarwa ba ce" game da ƙarancin albarkatu da canjin yanayi

Rashin albarkatun yana haifar da babbar matsala ta ɗabi'a game da rarraba da rarraba albarkatun ƙasa. Gasar tana nufin cewa mafi ci gaba suna samun mafi yawan albarkatu, wanda sau da yawa yana nufin Yammaci mai ci gaba. Matsalar a nan ita ce Yamma ta bunkasa wani bangare ta hanyar aikin bayi da tashin hankali na mulkin mallaka, kuma wani bangare na hanyar manufofin kariya, wanda tare ya bar wasu kasashe da yawa, wadanda ba na Yamma ba su ci gaba ba.

A nan gaba, hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa wajen raba albarkatun kasa za su kara zama muhimmi.  Inda aka maida hankali kan albarkatun da ba za a iya sabunta su ba waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen biyan buƙatu, muhimmin abu don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam shine isasshe kuma daidaitaccen rabo na ƙarancin.  Rashin daidaito, wanda aka ɗauka a cikinsa, yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi, wanda zai iya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin al'umma har ma da rikici na makamai.  Masana da dama na ganin cewa tabbatar da samun ci gaba cikin adalci ita ce hanya daya tilo tabbatacciyar hanyar rarraba karanci cikin lumana.][ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span>]

Wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita wajen rage albarkatun ita ce hadin gwiwar de-resourcification da resourcification. Inda mutum ke ƙoƙari ya kawo ƙarshen hanyoyin zamantakewa na juya abubuwan da ba za a iya jurewa ba zuwa albarkatun, alal misali, albarkatun kasa marasa sabuntawa, ɗayan kuma yana ƙoƙari ya haɓaka hanyoyin juya abubuwa masu ɗorewa zuwa albarkatuna, alal misali.[38]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 "Major Causes of Wetland Loss and Degradation". NCSU. Archived from the original on 2018-07-27. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
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  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :12
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :13
  29. ↑ Peterson, Erik; Posner, Rachel (January 2010). "The World's Water Challenge". Current History. 109 (723): 31–34. doi:10.1525/curh.2010.109.723.31.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "What is groundwater?" (in Turanci). USGS. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Chung, Emily. "Most Groundwater is Effectively a Non-renewable Resource, Study Finds". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2017-07-08.
  32. ↑ "Most groundwater is effectively a non-renewable resource, study finds". Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2020-03-19.
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  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 Konikow, Leonard F.; Kendy, Eloise (2005-03-01). "Groundwater depletion: A global problem". Hydrogeology Journal (in Turanci). 13 (1): 317–320. Bibcode:2005HydJ...13..317K. doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0411-8. ISSN 1435-0157. S2CID 21715061.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 "About Earth Overshoot Day - #MoveTheDate of Earth Overshoot Day". Earth Overshoot Day (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  36. ↑ "The World Counts". theworldcounts.com. Archived from the original on 2023-08-19. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  37. ↑ Kilgore, Georgette (2022-07-19). "How Many Trees Are Planted Each Year? Full List By Country, Type, Year". 8 Billion Trees: Carbon Offset Projects & Ecological Footprint Calculators (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2024-04-22. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  38. ↑ Corvellec, Hervé; Paulsson, Alexander (2023-03-01). "Resource shifting: Resourcification and de-resourcification for degrowth". Ecological Economics (in Turanci). 205: 107703. Bibcode:2023EcoEc.20507703C. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107703. ISSN 0921-8009. S2CID 254388285 Check |s2cid= value (help).
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