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Rashin amfani da yawa

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Talus cones da aka samar ta hanyar motsawa, arewacin Svalbard)" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Isfjord (Svalbard)">Isfjord, Svalbard, Norway
Rashin jama'a a Palo Duro Canyon, Yammacin Texas (2002)
Wani dutse da ya fadi a Grand Canyon National ParkGidan shakatawa na Grand Canyon
Rashin amfani da yawa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Motsi
Yana haddasa Debris flow (Murgang) (en) Fassara

Mass wasting, also known as mass movement, is a general term for the movement of rock or soil down slopes under the force of gravity. It differs from other processes of erosion in that the debris transported by mass wasting is not entrained in a moving medium, such as water, wind, or ice. Types of mass wasting include creep, solifluction, rockfalls, debris flows, and landslides, each with its own characteristic features, and taking place over timescales from seconds to hundreds of years. Mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes, and has been observed on Earth, Mars, Venus, Jupiter's moon Io, and on many other bodies in the Solar System.

Wani lokaci ana ɗaukar subsidence a matsayin nau'in lalacewar taro. Ana yin bambanci tsakanin lalacewar taro ta hanyar raguwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗan motsi na kwance, da lalacewar yawa ta hanyar motsi na gangara.

Abubuwan da ke lalacewa da sauri, kamar rushewar ƙasa, na iya zama masu kisa da lalata. Ƙarin lalacewar taro a hankali, kamar su ɓarkewar ƙasa, yana haifar da ƙalubale ga aikin injiniya, kamar yadda ɓarkewa na iya lalata hanyoyi da gine-gine da kuma karya bututun mai. Hanyoyin ragewa sun haɗa da daidaitawa na gangara, gina ganuwar, madatsar ruwa, ko wasu gine-gine don ƙunsar dutse ko tarkace, gandun daji, ko ingantaccen magudanar wuraren tushe.

Nau'o'in

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Mass wasting wani lokaci ne na gaba ɗaya don duk wani tsari na rushewa wanda ke motsawa ta hanyar nauyi kuma wanda ƙasa da dutse da aka ɗauka ba a cikin matsakaici mai motsi ba, kamar ruwa, iska, ko kankara. Kasancewar ruwa yawanci yana taimakawa wajen lalacewa, amma ruwa ba shi da isasshen abin da za a ɗauka a matsayin matsakaiciyar sufuri. Don haka, bambancin tsakanin lalacewar taro da rushewar rafi yana tsakanin laka (rugujewar taro) da rafi mai laka sosai (rugucewar ruwa), ba tare da layin raba kaifi ba. An gane nau'o'i da yawa na lalacewar taro, kowannensu yana da halaye na kansa, kuma yana faruwa a cikin lokutan daga seconds zuwa daruruwan shekaru.[1]

Dangane da yadda ƙasa, regolith ko dutse ke motsawa gaba ɗaya, ana iya rarraba motsi a matsayin ko dai creps ko landslides. Wani lokaci ana ɗaukar subsidence a matsayin nau'in lalacewar taro. Ana yin bambanci tsakanin lalacewar taro ta hanyar raguwa, wanda ya haɗa da ɗan motsi na kwance, da lalacewar yawa ta hanyar motsi na gangara. [2][3]

Girma

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Tushen bishiyoyi masu lankwasawa a wani yanki na ƙasa a kan Grand Mesa, Colorado, Amurka

Gudun ƙasa motsi ne mai jinkiri da na dogon lokaci. Haɗin ƙananan motsi na ƙasa ko dutse a wurare daban-daban a tsawon lokaci ana jagorantar shi ta hanyar nauyi a hankali. Yayin da gangaren ya fi tsayi, sai ya fi sauri. Gudun yana sa bishiyoyi da shrubs su yi lankwasa don kula da madaidaiciyarsu, kuma suna iya haifar da rushewar ƙasa idan sun rasa tushen tushen su. Ƙasa ta sama na iya ƙaura a ƙarƙashin tasirin sake zagayowar daskarewa da narkewa, ko yanayin zafi da sanyi, yana motsa hanyarsa zuwa kasan gangaren da ke samar da terracettes. Sau da yawa ana gabatar da rushewar ƙasa tare da raguwar ƙasa - ƙasa mai laushi wanda ke fadowa kuma yana tarawa a gindin sassan da suka fi tsayi.[4]

Solifluction

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  Solifluction wani nau'i ne na halaye na yanayin arctic ko alpine. Yana faruwa ne a cikin ƙasa da aka cika da danshi wanda ke narkewa a lokacin watanni na rani don sauka daga tudu. Yana faruwa ne a kan gangaren matsakaici, ba tare da ciyayi ba, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin permafrost kuma suna karɓar wadataccen sabon tarkace ta hanyar yanayi. Solifluction yana shafar dukan gangaren maimakon a tsare shi a tashoshi kuma yana iya samar da siffofi masu kama da ƙasa ko koguna na dutse.[5]

Rushewar ƙasa

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Thistle, Utah ƙasa da aka gani daga US Route 6 hutawa yankin

Rugujewar ƙasa, wanda kuma ake kira landslip, wani motsi ne mai saurin gaske na babban taro na ƙasa da duwatsu a kan tudu ko dutse.[2] Za'a iya rarraba rushewar ƙasa ta hanyar muhimmancin ruwa a cikin tsarin lalacewa. A cikin ƙarancin ma'ana, rushewar ƙasa shine saurin motsi na adadi mai yawa na tarkace mai bushewa zuwa matsakaici zuwa gangara. Tare da karuwar abun da ke cikin ruwa, lalacewar taro tana ɗaukar nau'in tarkace, sannan ƙasa tana gudana, sannan laka. Ƙarin ƙaruwa a cikin abun da ke cikin ruwa yana haifar da ambaliyar takarda, wanda shine nau'in lalacewar takarda maimakon lalacewar taro.[5]

Abubuwan da suka faru

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A Duniya, lalacewar taro yana faruwa a kan gangaren ƙasa da na karkashin ruwa. Rashin lalacewar ruwa na ruwa ya zama ruwan dare a kan iyakar bakin teku inda ake janyewa kuma ana fitar da adadi mai yawa na turɓaya. Slides na karkashin ruwa na iya jigilar manyan nau'ikan turɓaya na daruruwan kilomita a cikin 'yan sa'o'i.[6]

Rashin lalacewa wani abu ne na yau da kullun a duk faɗin tsarin hasken rana, yana faruwa inda kayan da ke canzawa suka ɓace daga regolith. An Turai da irin wannan lalacewar taro a kan Mars, Io, Triton, kuma mai yiwuwa Europa da Ganymede.[7] Har ila yau, lalacewar taro yana faruwa a yankunan equatorial na Mars, inda tsayar da sinadarin sulfate mai laushi ke da ƙarfi ta hanyar rushewar iska.[8] Rashin lalacewa a kan Venus yana da alaƙa da tsaunuka masu tsawo na tesserae.[9] Io ya nuna mummunar lalacewar tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta.[10]

Abubuwan da aka ajiye da kuma siffofin ƙasa

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Rashin lalacewa yana shafar ilimin ƙasa, galibi a cikin hanyoyi masu mahimmanci, ƙananan hanyoyi, amma wani lokaci mafi ban mamaki.[5]

Yankin ƙasa yana da wuya a bayyana amma yana iya haifar da irin wannan tasirin da ba a fahimta ba kamar ci gaban gandun daji mai laushi da shinge mai laushi. A wasu lokuta yana samar da ƙananan raguwa da raguwa.[5] Solifluction yana samar da lobed ko takarda mai kama da ajiya, tare da iyakance gefuna, wanda clasts (ƙananan duwatsu) ke daidaitawa a tsaye zuwa tsarin ajiyar.[11]

Rockfall na iya samar da gangaren tuddai a gindin dutsen. Wani bayyanar da ta fi ban mamaki na dutse mai laushi shine dutsen kankara, wanda ya samo asali ne daga dutsen da dutsen kanka ya mamaye.[5]

Rugujewar ƙasa na iya samar da tsaunuka da ƙananan matakai.[5] Ba a tsara ajiyar ƙasa sosai ba. Wadanda ke da wadataccen yumɓu na iya nuna yumbu mai laushi (wani abu da ake kira Boudinage) da kuma yankunan da aka mai da hankali.[11]

Abubuwan da aka adana sun ɗauki nau'i mai tsawo, ƙananan waƙoƙi na kayan da ba a tsara su sosai ba. Wadannan na iya samun raƙuman ruwa na halitta a gefen waƙoƙi, kuma wani lokacin sun ƙunshi ruwan tabarau na raguwar dutse da ke canzawa tare da ruwan tabarau mai kyau.[11] Ruwan tarkace sau da yawa yana samar da yawancin gangaren sama na magoya bayan alluvial.

Dalilan da suka haifar

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Za'a iya raba abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar taro zuwa abubuwan da ba su da amfani da su (farawa). Abubuwan da ke haifar da su sun hada da:[5]

  • Dutsen dutse da ƙasa. Rashin ƙarfi ko raguwa mai rauni sun fi saukin lalacewa, kamar yadda kayan da ke rasa haɗin kai lokacin da aka yi ruwa.
  • Stratigraphy, kamar dutse mai laushi ko gadaje masu sauyawa na rauni da ƙarfi ko impermeable ko permeable dutse lithologies.
  • Kuskuren ko wasu tsarin ilimin ƙasa waɗanda ke raunana dutsen.
  • Yanayin ƙasa, kamar gangaren da ke da tsaunuka ko tsaunuka.
  • Yanayi, tare da babban canjin zafin jiki, daskarewa da narkewa akai-akai, ko ruwan sama mai yawa
  • Rashin shuke-shuke

Dalilan kunnawa sun hada da:[5]

  • Rage gangaren ta hanyar tonowa ko rushewa
  • Ƙarin nauyin da aka yi daga gine-gine
  • Ƙarin danshi na ƙasa
  • Girgizar ƙasa[12]

Hadari da ragewa

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Rashin lalacewa yana haifar da matsaloli ga aikin injiniya, musamman gina babbar hanya. Zai iya kawar da hanyoyi, gine-gine, da sauran gine-gine kuma zai iya karya bututun mai. A tarihi, rage haɗarin rushewar ƙasa a kan Gaillard na Canal na Panama ya kai mita 55,860,400 (73,062,600 yd) na mita 128,648,530 cu yd (168,265,924 cu yd) daga kayan da aka cire yayin tono yankan.[5]

Rockslides ko landslides na iya haifar da mummunar sakamako, nan take da jinkiri. Bala'in Oso na watan Maris na shekara ta 2014 ya kasance rushewar ƙasa wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 43 a Oso, Washington, Amurka.[13] Sakamakon jinkirin rushewar ƙasa na iya tasowa daga kafa madatsar ruwa, kamar a Thistle, Utah, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1983.[14]

Yankunan dutsen wuta na iya zama masu tsayi wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa da lalacewar taro. Wannan yanzu wani bangare ne na ci gaban dukkan tsaunuka masu aiki.[15] Ana ganinsa a kan tsaunuka masu fashewa da ke karkashin ruwa da kuma tsaunuka na sama: Kama'ehuakanaloa (tsohon Loihi) a cikin jerin tsaunuka da ke cikin Hawaiian-Emperor [16] da Kick 'em Jenny a cikin Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc [17] sune tsaunuka biyu masu fashewar fashewa waɗanda aka sani suna fuskantar lalacewa mai yawa.[18] Rashin nasarar gefen arewacin Dutsen St. Helens a cikin 1980 ya nuna yadda saurin dutsen wuta zai iya lalacewa kuma ya kasa.[19]

  • Kasuwanci[20]
  • Gina shinge, ganuwa, ko ramuka don ƙunshe da dutse
  • Gina madatsar ruwa don ƙunshe da tarkace.[21]
  • Inganta magudanar ruwa na wuraren tushe [21]
  • Tsayawa da gangara[22]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Jackson1997
  2. 1 2 Jackson 1997.
  3. ↑ Fleming, Robert W.; Varnes, David J. (1991). "Slope movements". The Heritage of Engineering Geology; the First Hundred Years: 201–218. doi:10.1130/DNAG-CENT-v3.201. ISBN 0813753031.
  4. ↑ "Indicators of potentially unstable slopes" (PDF). Sound Native Plants. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thornbury 1969.
  6. ↑ Elverhøi, Anders; de Blasio, Fabio V.; Butt, Faisal A.; Issler, Dieter; Harbitz, Carl; Engvik, Lars; Solheim, Anders; Marr, Jeffrey (2002). "Submarine mass-wasting on glacially-influenced continental slopes: processes and dynamics". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 203 (1): 73–87. Bibcode:2002GSLSP.203...73E. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.203.01.05. S2CID 129761985.
  7. ↑ Moore, Jeffrey M.; Mellon, Michael T.; Zent, Aaron P. (July 1996). "Mass Wasting and Ground Collapse in Terrains of Volatile-Rich Deposits as a Solar System-Wide Geological Process: The Pre-Galileo View". Icarus. 122 (1): 63–78. Bibcode:1996Icar..122...63M. doi:10.1006/icar.1996.0109.
  8. ↑ Thomas, M.F.; McEwen, A.S.; Dundas, C.M. (May 2020). "Present-day mass wasting in sulfate-rich sediments in the equatorial regions of Mars". Icarus. 342: 113566. Bibcode:2020Icar..34213566T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113566. S2CID 213058440.
  9. ↑ Bindschadler, D. L.; Head, J. W. (August 1988). "Diffuse scattering of radar on the surface of Venus: Origin and implications for the distribution of soils". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 42 (2): 133–149. Bibcode:1988EM&P...42..133B. doi:10.1007/BF00054542. S2CID 120272183.
  10. ↑ Turtle, Elizabeth P.; Keszthelyi, Laszlo P.; McEwen, Alfred S.; Radebaugh, Jani; Milazzo, Moses; Simonelli, Damon P.; Geissler, Paul; Williams, David A.; Perry, Jason; Jaeger, Windy L. (May 2004). "The final Galileo SSI observations of Io: orbits G28-I33". Icarus. 169 (1): 3–28. Bibcode:2004Icar..169....3T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.014.
  11. 1 2 3 Mücher, Herman; van Steijn, Henk; Kwaad, Frans (2018). "Colluvial and Mass Wasting Deposits". Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths: 21–36. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63522-8.00002-4. ISBN 9780444635228.
  12. ↑ Parker, Robert N.; Densmore, Alexander L.; Rosser, Nicholas J.; de Michele, Marcello; Li, Yong; Huang, Runqiu; Whadcoat, Siobhan; Petley, David N. (July 2011). "Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is greater than orogenic growth" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 4 (7): 449–452. Bibcode:2011NatGe...4..449P. doi:10.1038/ngeo1154. S2CID 140541040.
  13. ↑ Iverson, R.M.; George, D.L.; Allstadt, K.; Reid, M.E.; Collins, B.D.; Vallance, J.W.; Schilling, S.P.; Godt, J.W.; Cannon, C.M.; Magirl, C.S.; Baum, R.L.; Coe, J.A.; Schulz, W.H.; Bower, J.B. (February 2015). "Landslide mobility and hazards: implications of the 2014 Oso disaster". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 412: 197–208. Bibcode:2015E&PSL.412..197I. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.020.
  14. ↑ Milligan, Mark (May 2005). "Thistle Landslide Revisited, Utah County, Utah". Survey Notes. 37 (2). Retrieved October 28, 2009.
  15. ↑ Moon, Vicki; Simpson, Christine J (April 2002). "Large-scale mass wasting in ancient volcanic materials". Engineering Geology. 64 (1): 41–64. Bibcode:2002EngGe..64...41M. doi:10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00092-8.
  16. ↑ Hildenbrand, A.; Marques, F. O.; Catalão, J. (December 2018). "Large-scale mass wasting on small volcanic islands revealed by the study of Flores Island (Azores)". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13898. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813898H. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32253-0. PMC 6141455. PMID 30224744.
  17. ↑ Fornari, Daniel J.; Garcia, Michael O.; Tyce, Robert C.; Gallo, David G. (10 December 1988). "Morphology and structure of Loihi Seamount based on Seabeam Sonar Mapping". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 93 (B12): 15227–15238. Bibcode:1988JGR....9315227F. doi:10.1029/JB093iB12p15227.
  18. ↑ Carey, Steven; Ballard, Robert; Bell, Katherine L.C.; Bell, Richard J.; Connally, Patrick; Dondin, Frederic; Fuller, Sarah; Gobin, Judith; Miloslavich, Patricia; Phillips, Brennan; Roman, Chris; Seibel, Brad; Siu, Nam; Smart, Clara (November 2014). "Cold seeps associated with a submarine debris avalanche deposit at Kick'em Jenny volcano, Grenada (Lesser Antilles)". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 93: 156–160. Bibcode:2014DSRI...93..156C. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.08.002.
  19. ↑ Glicken, Harry (1996). "Rockslide-debris Avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington". U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report. Open-File Report. 96-677. doi:10.3133/ofr96677. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  20. ↑ Adu-Boahen, K.; Dadson, I.Y.; Yike, P (2020). "Geomorphic Assessment of Residence Knowledge of Mass Wasting in the Weija Catchment of Ghana". ADRRI Journal (Multidisciplinary). 29: 89–112. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  21. 1 2 van Beek et al. 2008.
  22. ↑ Mulyono, A; Subardja, A; Ekasari, I; Lailati, M; Sudirja, R; Ningrum, W (February 2018). "The Hydromechanics of Vegetation for Slope Stabilization". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 118 (1): 012038. Bibcode:2018E&ES..118a2038M. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/118/1/012038. ISSN 1755-1307. S2CID 134151880.
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