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Rashin amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto

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Rashin amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto
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Fuskar Yarjejeniyar Kyoto

Kodayake yarjejeniya ce ta duniya, Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta sami zargi.

Rashin amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto

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Wasu kuma suna jayayya cewa yarjejeniyar ba ta isa ta hana hayaki mai guje wa canjin yanayi mai haɗari (Niue, Tsibirin Cook, da Nauru sun kara bayanin kula ga wannan sakamako yayin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar). [1]

Wasu Masana tattalin arzikin muhalli sun kasance masu sukar Yarjejeniyar Kyoto.[2][3] Mutane da yawa suna ganin farashin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto kamar yadda ya fi fa'idodi, wasu suna gaskata ka'idodin da Kyoto ta saita su zama masu kyakkyawan fata, wasu suna ganin yarjejeniyar da ba ta dace ba kuma ba ta da inganci wanda ba zai yi kadan don hana hayakin gas.[4] Har ila yau, akwai masana tattalin arziki waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ana buƙatar bin tsarin da ya bambanta da tsarin da Kyoto Protocol ya ba da shawarar.[5]

A Rasha, Andrey Illarionov, wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan manufofin tattalin arziki ga Shugaban Rasha, Vladimir Putin, ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa tunda wayewar ɗan adam ta dogara ne akan amfani da hydrocarbons, amincewa da yarjejeniyar Kyoto na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga tattalin arzikin Rasha. Ya ɗauki yarjejeniyar Kyoto a matsayin nuna bambanci kuma ba na duniya ba, tunda manyan hanyoyin fitar da hayakin carbon dioxide kamar Amurka, China, Indiya, Brazil, Mexico da Koriya, da kuma kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, ba su sanya wani hani a kansu ba. Andrei Illarionov ya kuma yi nuni da yawan ayyukan da suka jefa shakku game da ainihin ra'ayin tasirin "greenhouse" wanda ya haifar da tarin carbon dioxide.

Shekarar tushe a matsayin jayayya ta 1990

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Bugu da ari, akwai takaddama game da amfani da 1990 a matsayin shekara ta tushe, da kuma rashin amfani da hayaƙin kowane mutum a matsayin tushe. Kasashe sun samu nasarori daban-daban a fannin samar da makamashi a shekarar 1990. Misali, tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet da kasashen gabashin Turai ba su yi wani abu ba wajen shawo kan matsalar kuma karfin makamashin da suke da shi ya kai matsayin mafi muni a shekara ta 1990, wato shekara ta gabatowar gwamnatinsu ta gurguzu. A daya hannun kuma, kasar Japan, a matsayinta na babbar mai shigo da albarkatun kasa, dole ne ta inganta ingancinta bayan rikicin man fetur na shekarar 1973, kuma yawan hayakin da take fitarwa a shekarar 1990 ya fi na kasashen da suka ci gaba. Duk da haka, an yi watsi da irin wannan yunƙurin, kuma an yi watsi da rashin aiki na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet kuma yana iya haifar da babban kudin shiga saboda cinikin hayaki. Akwai wata hujjar cewa yin amfani da hayaki mai guba a matsayin madogara a cikin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin irin na Kyoto na iya rage ma'anar rashin daidaito tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa, kamar yadda hakan zai iya bayyana a ayyuka da nauyi a tsakanin kasashe.

Tattaunawar James Hansen

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James E. Hansen, darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Sararin samaniya ta NASA kuma fitaccen masanin kimiyyar yanayi, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke gudana a Cibiyar Bella a Copenhagen, Denmark, tsakanin Disamba 7-18, 2009 (wanda ya haɗa da Taron 15 na Jam'iyyun (COP 15) zuwa Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Turai kan Canjin Yanayin Yanayi da Taron Yanayi ta 5 ga Yarjejeniyar Kyoto) 'farki' ne kuma yana shirin kaura shi saboda yana neman yarjejeniyar Kasuwanci da ke da ƙuntata shi ta hanyar ƙuntataccen aiki don iyakance shi saboda yana buƙatar yarjejeniyar cinikayya da kuma yana neman yarjejeniya ta hanyar cinikayya ta hanyar cinikin fitarwa da kuma yana da ƙuntatawa. "Suna sayar da gafara a can" in ji Hansen. "Ƙasashe masu tasowa suna so su ci gaba da kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba don haka ana sa ran su sayi indulgences don ba da ɗan kuɗi ga ƙasashe masu taswira. Suna yin hakan ta hanyar biyan kuɗi da kudaden daidaitawa. " Hansen ya fi son ci gaba da " harajin carbon", ba tsarin Kyoto Protocol "cap da kasuwanci" ba; wannan harajin zai fara daidai da kusan $ 1 a kowace galan na man fetur kuma duk za a mayar da su kai tsaye ga membobin jama'a a matsayin rabon da ya dace da sawun carbon.  

"Don haka, alal misali, a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, wannan ba shi da tasiri sosai. Ko da ƙasashen da suka ɗauki abin da ake zaton mafi karfi, kamar Japan misali - idan ka kalli ainihin hayakinsa, ainihin amfani da man fetur, ka ga cewa hayakin su na CO2 ya karu duk da cewa ya kamata su ragu. Saboda amfani da kwal ya karu kuma sun yi amfani da shi don saduwa da manufar su.

Tattaunawar kungiyoyin kore

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Rising Tide North America ya yi iƙirarin cewa: "Ƙayyadaddun fitarwa ba su haɗa da fitarwa ta jirgin sama da jigilar kaya na duniya ba, amma sun haɗa da iskar gas ta masana'antu, chlorofluorocarbons, ko CFCs, waɗanda aka ma'amala da su a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Montreal ta 1987 a kan Abubuwan da ke Deplete Ozone Layer. Taron Jam'iyyun UNFCCC (shirin 2 / C.3) ya karɓi matakan fitarwa na 1990.

Rashin Kasashe Masu Ci Gaban

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An yi zargi (musamman daga Amurka) game da cirewa daga kasashe masu tasowa, kamar China da Indiya, daga rage fitar da iskar gas a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Gwamnatin Bush ta soki Yarjejeniyar Kyoto bisa la'akari da cewa kashi 80 cikin 100 na duniya ba su da ka'idojin rage hayaki da kuma yiwuwar cutar tattalin arziki ga Amurka.[6] Ƙarin jayayya ita ce ƙasashe masu tasowa a lokacin da aka kirkiro yarjejeniyar kuma yanzu sun kasance manyan masu fitar da iskar gas. Gas din ba ya kasancewa a yankin da aka fitar da su, amma suna motsawa a duk yanayin duniya. Sabili da haka, wasu suna cewa ko da mafi girman mai fitar da iskar gas a duniya ya magance batun canjin yanayi, za a sami ƙaramin tasiri a cikin yanayi idan wasu ƙasashe a duniya ba su yi aiki don rage matakan fitar da su ba.[7] Har ila yau, akwai zargi game da tasirin gaske na Yarjejeniyar Kyoto a cikin dogon lokaci kan rage fitar da iskar gas saboda ana tambaya game da yadda kasashe masu tasowa zasu iya rage fitar da su yayin da kasashe masu ci gaba ke ci gaba da fitar da waɗannan iskar gas.[8]

Tasirin dogon lokaci

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Akwai zargi cewa Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba ta isa ba don magance batun canjin yanayi da gurɓataccen yanayi a cikin dogon lokaci. Ɗaya daga cikin zargi shi ne cewa canjin yanayi lamari ne na muhalli na musamman, amma Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta bi tsarin sauran yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa (ba lallai ba ne da amfani ga batutuwan muhalli) maimakon inganta kirkire-kirkire wajen kusantar batun dumamar duniya. Wani zargi shi ne cewa Yarjejeniyar Kyoto tana mai da hankali sosai kan hayakin carbon kuma ba ya magance wasu gurɓataccen abubuwa, kamar sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxides, waɗanda ko dai suna cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam kai tsaye kuma / ko ana iya magance su ta amfani da fasaha. Wasu kuma suna da'awar cewa Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba ta inganta mafita na dogon lokaci don rage hayakin gas, amma mafita na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin samun ƙasashe suna ƙoƙarin saduwa da ƙa'idodin rage hayaki (ko dai ta hanyar rage hayaki ko neman hanyoyin samun ƙididdigar kasuwanci). Hakazalika, an yi zargi cewa Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba ta magance yawan iskar gas mai tsabtace yanayi ba, amma a maimakon haka iskar gas, tana mai da hankali kan gajeren lokaci na dogon lokaci.

Karin da aka yi a Oregon

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The Global Warming Petition Project, wanda aka fi sani da Oregon Petition, wata takarda ce da ke roƙon gwamnatin Amurka da ta ƙi Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta warming ta duniya ta 1997 da makamantansu manufofi. Shafin yanar gizon karar ya ce, "Lista na yanzu na masu sanya hannu 31,487 sun hada da 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD da DVM; da 12,715 BS ko kwatankwacin digiri na ilimi.

Rubutun aikin ƙarar ƙarar duniya ya karanta:

Muna roƙon gwamnatin Amurka da ta ƙi yarjejeniyar dumamar yanayi da aka rubuta a Kyoto, Japan a watan Disamba, 1997... Ƙayyadaddun da aka tsara akan iskar gas zai cutar da muhalli, ya hana ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, kuma ya lalata lafiyar da jin daɗin ɗan adam. Babu tabbacin kimiyya mai gamsarwa cewa sakin mutum na carbon dioxide, methane, ko wasu iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli yana haifar ko zai, a nan gaba, haifar da mummunan dumama yanayi na duniya da rushe yanayin duniya. Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidar kimiyya mai mahimmanci cewa karuwa a cikin carbon dioxide na yanayi yana haifar da sakamako masu amfani da yawa a kan shuke-shuke na halitta da yanayin dabbobi na Duniya.[9]

Rashin amincewa da cinikin carbon

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Masu gwagwarmayar Shari'ar Yanayi na Chicago suna zanga-zanga da dokar kasuwanci a gaban ginin Chicago Climate Exchange a Chicago Loop

Akwai masu sukar cinikin carbon da yawa a matsayin hanyar sarrafawa. Masu sukar sun hada da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na adalci na muhalli, masana tattalin arziki, kungiyoyin ma'aikata da wadanda suka damu da samar da makamashi da haraji mai yawa. Wasu suna ganin cinikin carbon a matsayin karɓar gwamnati na kasuwar kyauta. Sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a guje wa izinin gurɓataccen kasuwanci saboda suna haifar da gazawar lissafi, kimiyya mai shakka da tasirin lalacewar ayyukan a kan mutanen yankin da mahalli.[10] Maimakon haka, suna ba da shawarar yin raguwa a tushen gurɓataccen yanayi da manufofin makamashi waɗanda ke da tushe na adalci da al'umma.[11] Mutane da yawa suna jayayya cewa tsarin kasuwancin hayaki wanda ya dogara da ƙwanƙwasawa da kasuwanci zai rage ayyukan yi da kudaden shiga.[12] Yawancin zarge-zarge sun mayar da hankali kan kasuwar carbon da aka kirkira ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin Kyoto Mechanisms. Rashin amincewa da cinikin hayaki da kasuwanci gabaɗaya ya fi iyakance ga rashin amintacce a matakin farko na EU ETS . [13]

Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa cinikin hayaki ba ya da komai don magance matsalolin gurɓata gabaɗaya, tunda kungiyoyin da ba sa gurɓata suna sayar da kiyaye su ga wanda ya fi girma. Ragewa gabaɗaya zai buƙaci ya zo daga isasshen raguwar alawus da ke cikin tsarin.

Hukumomin da ke kula da su suna da haɗarin bayar da ƙididdigar fitarwa da yawa, rage tasirin ka'idoji, da kuma kusan cire murfin. A wannan yanayin, maimakon raguwar hayaki na carbon dioxide, masu cin gajiyar kasuwancin hayaki kawai suna gurɓata ƙarin.[14] An soki Shirye-shiryen Rarraba na Kasa ta gwamnatocin membobin Tarayyar Turai na Shirin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci saboda wannan lokacin da ya zama bayyananne cewa ainihin hayakin zai zama ƙasa da alawus na carbon da gwamnati ta bayar a ƙarshen Mataki na I na shirin. An soki wasu tsare-tsaren kasuwancin hayaki saboda aikin kakanni, inda gwamnatoci ke ba masu gurbatawa kyauta, maimakon a sa su biya su.[15] Masu sukar a maimakon haka suna ba da shawara don siyar da ƙididdigar. Ana iya amfani da kuɗin don bincike da ci gaban fasaha mai ɗorewa.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Kyoto protocol status(pdf)" (PDF). UNFCCC. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  2. ↑ Mendelsohn, Robert O. (2005-02-18). "An Economist's View of the Kyoto Climate Treaty". NPR. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
  3. ↑ Nature (2007). "Gwyn Prins and Steve Rayner calling for radical rethink of Kyoto-protocol approach". Nature. 449 (7165): 973–975. doi:10.1038/449973a. PMID 17960215. S2CID 4310170.
  4. ↑ "The Impact of the Kyoto Protocol on U.S. Economic Growth and Projected Budget Surpluses". Archived from the original on 2004-12-16. Retrieved 2005-11-15.
  5. ↑ "Radical rethinking of approach needed says Steve Rayner and Gwyn Prins". Lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
  6. ↑ "George W. Bush: Letter to Members of the Senate on the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
  7. ↑ "IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change". www.ipcc.ch. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
  8. ↑ Coon, Charli. "Why President Bush Is Right to Abandon the Kyoto Protocol". The Heritage Foundation (in Turanci). Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved 2017-08-06.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  9. ↑ "Global Warming Petition Project". Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
  10. ↑ Lohmann, Larry (2006-12-02). "Carry on polluting (The Corner House)". The Corner House. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
  11. ↑ Lohmann, Larry. "Ways forward (The Corner House)". The Corner House. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
  12. ↑ Don Fullerton and Gilbert E. Metcalf (2002). "Cap and trade policies in the presence of monopoly and distortionary taxation". National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
  13. ↑ "Search results".
  14. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.cnri.co.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2022.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. ↑ "CAN Europe" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
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