Rashin amincewa da siyasa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran
 Rashin amincewa da siyasa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Fuskar | Matsalar siyasa |
| Ƙasa | Iran |
Tun bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci na shekara ta 1979 ne ake ci gaba da danne siyasa a kasar Iran, wanda ya jagoranci Ayatullah Khumaini kan karagar mulki, kuma ta haka ne ya kafa daular musulunci ta tsarin tsarin siyasa wanda ya hada ka'idojin Musulunci da ikon kama-karya. Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran a tarihinta ta yi amfani da kisa, kisa da azabtarwa ga wadanda ake ganin za su iya adawa da ita, kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki wasu ayyuka kamar kisan kiyashin 1981-1982 da na 1988 a matsayin laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama.
Kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci da Farko (1979-1989)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Juyin Juya Halin 1979 da Tashin Jamhuriyar Musulunci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci na 1979, wanda ya haifar da hambarar da mulkin mallaka na Pahlavi, ya nuna farkon sabon zamanin mulki a Iran.[1] Bayan juyin juya halin, jagorancin malamai na Ayatollah Khomeini ne ke riƙe da ikon siyasa, [1] wanda ya nemi kafa wata jiha ta Islama bisa ga Wilayat al-Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist), koyarwar da ke ba da iko mafi girma na siyasa ga babban malamin.
Shekaru na 1980: Tsarkakewar Juyin Juya Halin da Karfafawa na Mulki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kashe-kashen 'yan adawa na siyasa a shekarar 1988
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Matsalar siyasa a karkashin Ali Khamenei (1989-Yanzu)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Canjin zuwa Jagorancin Khamenei
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1989, bayan mutuwar Ayatollah Khomeini, Ali Khamenei ya ɗauki matsayin Babban Jagora na Iran. Tsohon shugaban kasa kuma abokin tarayya na Khomeini, Khamenei ya ci gaba da manufofin Jamhuriyar Musulunci. A cewar The Guardian, ya yi aiki ta hanyar "kawar da abokan adawar da kuma ba da lada ga waɗanda ke da aminci a gare shi". Daga cikin wadanda Khamenei ya yi niyya akwai mawaƙa.[2]
Kaddamar da zanga-zangar 2009
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayan sanarwar Mahmoud Ahmadinejad a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa a cikin zarge-zargen da 'yan adawar Iran suka yi na cin hanci da rashawa, akwai zanga-zangar da aka sani da Green Movement. Masu zanga-zangar sun bukaci a soke sakamakon zaben da kuma murabus din gwamnati, suna zargin gwamnatin da yin magudi a zaben.[3][4]
A mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar, gwamnatin Iran ta yi amfani da 'yan sanda, IRGC da' yan bindiga na Basij. Membobin Basij sun kai hare-hare da dare da kuma hare-hare kan gidajen 'yan Iran a lokacin zanga-zangar.[5][6] A cewar Los Angeles Times, 'yan bindiga daga Ansar-e Hezbollah sun yi gargadin cewa za su yi sintiri a kan tituna don aiwatar da doka da oda.
An kama dubban mutane, an kashe daruruwan, kuma an azabtar da wasu da yawa ko kuma an tilasta musu yin ikirarin talabijin.[4]
zanga-zangar jama'a ta tashi a birane da yawa a Iran tun daga ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2017, kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa farkon 2018, galibi ana kiranta zanga-zambe na Dey.[7] An fara zanga-zangar ne a Mashhad, birni na biyu mafi girma a Iran, yana mai da hankali kan batutuwan tattalin arziki, amma da sauri ya fadada ya hada da adawa da siyasa ga gwamnatin tauhidi da Babban Jagora Ali Khamenei. Masu zanga-zangar sun nuna fushin su ta hanyar waƙoƙi iri-iri da aka yi wa gwamnatin da shugabancinta, gami da "Mutuwa ga mai mulkin kama-karya!" [7] wanda aka yi wa Khamenei. A cewar The Washington Post, wadannan zanga-zangar, tare da hare-hare kan gine-ginen gwamnati, sun rushe gwamnatin da ba ta da haƙuri ga rashin amincewa, tare da wasu masu zanga-zambe har ma da roƙon jami'an tsaro su shiga cikinsu.[8]
A cikin wani rahoto na 2020 na Human Rights Watch (HRW), an gano cewa hukumomin Iran sun ci gaba da hana gwagwarmayar zaman lafiya, suna mai da hankali ga masu kare hakkin dan adam, lauyoyi, da fursunonin siyasa waɗanda suka yi magana game da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, rashin kulawa, da zalunci. Amsar gwamnatin ga zanga-zangar, gami da wadanda a watan Nuwamba na 2019, sun hada da karfi mai yawa da kisa bisa ga HRW. Sojojin tsaro sun kashe akalla mutane 230, bisa ga kididdigar hukuma. Iran kuma ta saukar da intanet a duk fadin kasar don hana yaduwar rashin amincewa.[9]
A cewar HRW, gwamnatin Iran ita ce jagora a duniya wajen aiwatar da kisan kai, inda ta yi kisan kai 233 a shekarar 2020. Daga cikin wadanda aka kashe akwai mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci kan laifuka lokacin da suke yara. Masu kare hakkin dan adam, 'yan tsiraru, da masu gwagwarmayar siyasa suna fuskantar ɗaurin kurkuku, azabtarwa, da gwaji mara adalci bisa ga HRW. Ayyukan gwamnati, gami da ɗaure masu adawa da zaman lafiya da kuma gazawar ɗaukar alhakin jami'an tsaro, an ce sun zurfafa takaici ga jama'a game da mulkin.[9]
zanga-zangar 2022
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin].svg)
A watan Satumbar 2022, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa zanga-zangar da aka yi a Iran sun haɗu da karfi mai yawa daga jami'an tsaro, gami da kisan kai ba bisa ka'ida ba, azabtarwa, cin zarafin jima'i, da kuma tilasta bacewar masu zanga-zambe, gami na mata da yara. HRW ta ba da rahoton aƙalla mutuwar mutane 500, gami da na yara 68. [10][11] Jami'an tsaro sun bayar da rahoton cewa sun yi amfani da nau'ikan harsashi daban-daban don harbe wadanda abin ya shafa. HRW ta kuma ba da rahoton cewa an yi wa wani yaro dan shekara 17 dalibi na makarantar sakandare fyade, kuma an tura wani zuwa wani gas mai haske kuma an azabtar da shi yayin kama ta. HRW ta gano cewa masu tambayoyin Iran suna amfani da allurai don azabtar da yaro.[10]
Kafin ranar tunawa da Mutuwar Mahsa Amini ta kusanci a 2023, [11] HRW ta ba da rahoton cewa hukumomin Iran sun kara tsanantawa da su ga masu adawa, suna mai da hankali ga masu fafutuka, dalibai, da iyalai na wadanda aka kashe a cikin zanga-zangar 2022. HRW ta ba da rahoton cewa kokarin gwamnati na tilasta dokokin hijabi ya karu, tare da kama masu kare hakkin mata, masu zane-zane, da lauyoyi.[11]
.jpg)
A lokacin yakin Iran da Isra'ila
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan farawar yakin Iran-Isra'ila, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa hukumomin Iran sun kara tsanantawa ta siyasa ta hanyar kai farmaki ga mutanen da ake zargi da leken asiri ko hadin gwiwa da Isra'ila. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da kira don hanzarta gwaji da kisa, yana mai da hankali ga wadanda gwamnatin Iran ke zargin "ƙiyayya da Allah" da "cin hanci da rashawa a duniya, wanda za'a iya hukunta shi da mutuwa a Iran.[12][13] Amnesty International ta nuna damuwa mai tsanani game da abin da ta kira cin zarafin hukuncin kisa. Amnesty ta yi gargadin cewa ana amfani da waɗannan zarge-zargen don azabtar da mutane don yin amfani da haƙƙoƙinsu na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Har ila yau, gwamnatin Iran ta yi niyya ga dangin wadanda aka tsare da wadanda suka riga sun kasance a kan layi. Amnesty ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai haɗarin kisa ga mutane kamar masanin kimiyya na Sweden-Iranian Ahmadreza Djalali da sauransu da aka yanke musu hukunci bayan shari'o'i marasa adalci da tilasta ikirarin.[12][13]
A kokarin kara yawan amfani da hukuncin kisa, Majalisar dokokin Iran ta hanzarta bin doka don sanya hukuncin kisa ta atomatik don leken asiri ko hadin gwiwa tare da gwamnatocin adawa. A cikin rahotonta, Amnesty International ta ce lissafin yana da niyyar sauƙaƙe kisa don tuhumar tsaro na ƙasa, gami da waɗanda ba su da kisan kai. Amnesty International ta ce wannan keta ka'idojin shari'a na kasa da kasa ne.[14] Amnesty ta ruwaito cewa gwamnatin Iran a lokacin yakin tana murkushe rashin amincewa ta hanyar kamawa, tilasta ikirari, da kisa, wanda ke haifar da tsoro da ci gaba da iko akan mutanen Iran a lokacin rikici [12][13]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 "Iranian Revolution | EBSCO Research Starters". www.ebsco.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-06-21.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:3 - 1 2 "Iran: Election contested, repression compounded". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 2009-12-10. Retrieved 2025-06-20. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "amnesty.org" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Iran: Stop using Basij militia to police demonstrations". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
- ↑ "Iran: Night Raids Terrorize Civilians | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
- 1 2 Fathollah-Nejad, Ali (29 September 2022). "Can the Iranian System Survive?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:4 - 1 2 "Iran: Relentless Repression of Dissent | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2021-01-13. Retrieved 2025-06-20. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:6 - 1 2 3 "Iran: Crackdown on Dissent Ahead of Protest Anniversary | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2023-09-15. Retrieved 2025-06-20. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 "Iran: Growing fears over torture and executions of individuals accused of 'espionage' for Israel". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2025-06-21.
- 1 2 3 "Human Rights Council hears alarming updates on executions in Iran and global civic space crackdown | UN News". news.un.org (in Turanci). 2025-06-18. Retrieved 2025-06-21. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":13" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Iran: Growing fears over torture and executions of individuals accused of 'espionage' for Israel". Amnesty International (in Turanci). 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2025-06-21.