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Rashin bambancin halittu

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Rashin bambancin halittu
ƙunshiya, Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da reduction (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na canji, external risk (en) Fassara, karewar kwayoyin halitta, biological risk (en) Fassara da Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli
Fuskar Global biodiversity (en) Fassara
Handled, mitigated, or managed by (en) Fassara sustainable development (en) Fassara da restoration ecology (en) Fassara

Rashin bambancin halittu yana faruwa ne lokacin da nau'in shuke-shuke ko dabbobi suka ɓace gaba ɗaya daga Duniya (halaka) ko kuma lokacin da akwai raguwa ko ɓacewar nau'in a cikin takamaiman yanki. Rashin bambancin halittu yana nufin cewa akwai raguwa a cikin bambancin halittukan halittu a cikin wani yanki. Ragewa na iya zama na wucin gadi ko na dindindin. Yana da na wucin gadi idan lalacewar da ta haifar da asarar za a iya juyawa a lokaci, misali ta hanyar Maido da muhalli. Idan wannan ba zai yiwu ba, to raguwar ta dindindin ce. Dalilin mafi yawan asarar halittu shine, gabaɗaya, ayyukan ɗan adam waɗanda ke tura iyakokin duniya da nisa.[1][2][3] Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da lalacewar mazaunin (alal misali sare daji) da kuma karfafa Amfani da ƙasa (alal misali noma monoculture). [4][5][6] Ƙarin wuraren matsala sune gurɓataccen iska da ruwa (ciki har da gurɓatawar abinci mai gina jiki), yawan amfani, nau'o'in mamayewa da Canjin yanayi. [7][4]

Masana kimiyya da yawa, tare da Rahoton Bincike na Duniya kan Biodiversity da Ayyukan Ecosystem, sun ce babban dalilin asarar halittu shine karuwar yawan mutane saboda wannan yana haifar da Yawan jama'a da yawan amfani.[8][9][10][11][12] Sauran ba su yarda ba, suna cewa asarar mazaunin ya samo asali ne daga "ci gaban kayayyaki don fitarwa" kuma yawan jama'a ba su da alaƙa da amfani gaba ɗaya. Mafi mahimmanci shine bambancin dukiya tsakanin da cikin ƙasashe.[13] A kowane hali, duk asarar halittu na zamani an danganta shi da ayyukan ɗan adam.

Canjin yanayi wani barazana ne ga Bambancin halittu na duniya.[14][15] Misali, coral reefs - wanda shine hotspots na biodiversity - za a rasa a shekara ta 2100 idan dumamar duniya ta ci gaba a halin yanzu.[16] Duk da haka, lalacewar mazaunin gaba ɗaya ne (sau da yawa don fadada aikin gona), ba canjin yanayi ba, wanda a halin yanzu shine mafi girman direba na asarar halittu.[17] Dabbobi masu mamayewa da sauran rikice-rikice sun zama ruwan dare a cikin gandun daji a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Wadannan suna da alaƙa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice da canjin yanayi kuma suna iya haifar da lalacewar yanayin gandun daji.[18]

Kungiyoyin da ke kula da muhalli suna aiki na shekaru da yawa don dakatar da raguwar halittu masu yawa. A zamanin yau, manufofi da yawa na duniya sun haɗa da ayyukan don dakatar da asarar halittu masu yawa. Misali, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Bambancin Halitta tana da niyyar hana asarar bambancin halittu da kuma kiyaye wuraren jeji. Koyaya, rahoton Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2020 ya gano cewa yawancin waɗannan ƙoƙarin sun kasa cimma burinsu. Misali, daga cikin burin halittu iri-iri 20 da Aichi Biodiversity Targets ya tsara a cikin 2010, shida ne kawai aka "ƙasa" zuwa shekarar 2020 .[19]

Wannan lalacewar duniya da ke gudana ana kiranta lalacewar holocene ko lalacewar taro ta shida.Kashewa ta shida.

Ƙididdigar duniya a duk nau'o'in

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jerin jerin sunayen IUCN
Mai nuna adawa da asarar halittu masu yawa, a Extinction Rebellion (2018).

Yawan asarar halittu na duniya a halin yanzu an kiyasta ya zama sau 100 zuwa 1000 mafi girma fiye da (na halitta) ƙimar lalacewar baya, da sauri fiye da kowane lokaci a tarihin ɗan adam, [20] kuma ana sa ran girma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. [21] [22][23] Hanyoyin halaka da sauri na kungiyoyin dabbobi daban-daban kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe, amphibians, da kifi sun jagoranci masana kimiyya su ayyana rikicin halittu na yanzu a cikin yanayin ƙasa da na teku.[24]

A shekara ta 2006, an rarraba wasu nau'o'in halittu da yawa a matsayin masu wuya ko masu haɗari ko barazanar; Bugu da Rare, masana kimiyya sun kiyasta cewa miliyoyin nau'o-in halittu Yana cikin haɗari waɗanda ba a san su ba.[25]

Har ila yau, sare daji yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin asarar halittu masu yawa. Fiye da rabin halittu masu yawa a duniya an shirya su a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi.[26] Yankunan da ke fuskantar asarar halittu masu yawa ana kiransu wuraren da ke cike da halittu masu ban sha'awa. Tun daga shekara ta 1988 hotspots sun karu daga 10 zuwa 34. Daga cikin jimlar wurare masu zafi 34 a halin yanzu, 16 daga cikinsu suna cikin yankuna masu zafi (kamar yadda na 2006). [27] Masu bincike sun lura a shekara ta 2006 cewa kashi 2.3% ne kawai na duniya ke rufe da wuraren asarar halittu, kuma kodayake ƙananan kashi ne kawai na duniyar ke rufe da hotspots, yana karɓar bakuncin babban kashi (50%) na nau'in tsire-tsire.[27]

A cikin 2021, kusan kashi 28 cikin 100 na nau'in 134,400 da aka tantance ta amfani da ka'idodin IUCN Red List yanzu an jera su a matsayin masu barazanar halaka - jimlar nau'in 37,400 idan aka kwatanta da nau'in 16,119 da ke fuskantar barazana a cikin 2006.[28]

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2022 wanda ya binciki masana sama da 3,000 ya gano cewa "hasarar halittu da tasirinsa na iya zama mafi girma fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya", kuma ya kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 30% na jinsunan "an yi barazana a duniya ko kuma an fitar da su tun daga shekara ta 1500." [29]

Binciken da aka buga a 2023 ya gano cewa, daga cikin nau'in 70,000, kusan kashi 48% suna fuskantar raguwar yawan jama'a saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, yayin da kashi 3% kawai ke ganin karuwar yawan jama'ar.[30]

Hanyoyi don ƙididdige asarar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masana ilimin halittu sun bayyana bambancin halittu a matsayin "dukkanin kwayoyin halitta, jinsuna da yanayin halittu na yanki". Don auna yawan asarar halittu don wani wuri, masana kimiyya sun yi rikodin wadatar jinsuna da bambancin sa a tsawon lokaci a wannan yanki. A cikin ilimin muhalli, yalwar gida shine wakilcin dangi na jinsin a cikin wani tsarin halittu.[31] Yawancin lokaci ana auna shi azaman yawan mutanen da aka samu a kowane samfurin. Rabin yalwar jinsin daya zuwa daya ko wasu jinsunan da ke zaune a cikin yanayin halittu ana kiransa yalwar jinsunan dangi.[31] Dukkanin alamun suna da dacewa don lissafin bambancin halittu.

Akwai nau'ikan halittu daban-daban.[32] Wadannan suna binciken ma'auni daban-daban da kuma tsawon lokaci. Biodiversity yana da ma'auni daban-daban da ƙananan fannoni (misali bambancin phylogenetic, bambancin jinsuna, Bambancin kwayoyin halitta, Bambancin nucleotide). [33]

Tambayar asarar kuɗi a yankuna masu iyaka sau da yawa batun muhawara ne.[34]

Bincike ta hanyar rayuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dabbobin daji gabaɗaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rahoton Rayuwa na Duniya na 2022 ya gano cewa yawan namun daji ya ragu da matsakaicin kashi 69% tun daga shekara ta 1970. [35] [36][37]

Wani bincike na Oktoba 2020 da Swiss Re ya gano cewa kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na dukkan ƙasashe suna cikin haɗarin Rushewar yanayin halittu sakamakon lalacewar mazaunin ɗan adam da ƙaruwar asarar namun daji. Idan ba a juyar da waɗannan asarar ba, cikakkiyar rushewar yanayin halittu na iya biyo baya.

A cikin 2022, Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya ya ba da rahoton [38] matsakaicin raguwar yawan jama'a na 68% tsakanin 1970 da 2016 don nau'in dabbobi 4,400 a duk duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan yawan mutanen da aka sa ido 21,000. [39]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine (2021). "Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future". Frontiers in Conservation Science. 1. Bibcode:2021FrCS....1.5419B. doi:10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419.
  2. ↑ Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice". BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  3. ↑ Cowie RH, Bouchet P, Fontaine B (April 2022). "The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 97 (2): 640–663. doi:10.1111/brv.12816. PMC 9786292 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35014169 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 245889833 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  4. 1 2 "Global Biodiversity Outlook 3". Convention on Biological Diversity. 2010. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  5. ↑ Kehoe L, Romero-Muñoz A, Polaina E, Estes L, Kreft H, Kuemmerle T (August 2017). "Biodiversity at risk under future cropland expansion and intensification". Nature Ecology & Evolution (in Turanci). 1 (8): 1129–1135. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1.1129K. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0234-3. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 29046577. S2CID 3642597. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
  6. ↑ Allan E, Manning P, Alt F, Binkenstein J, Blaser S, Blüthgen N, Böhm S, Grassein F, Hölzel N, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Morris EK, Oelmann Y, Prati D, Renner SC, Rillig MC, Schaefer M, Schloter M, Schmitt B, Schöning I, Schrumpf M, Solly E, Sorkau E, Steckel J, Steffen-Dewenter I, Stempfhuber B, Tschapka M, Weiner CN, Weisser WW, Werner M, Westphal C, Wilcke W, Fischer M (August 2015). "Land use intensification alters ecosystem multifunctionality via loss of biodiversity and changes to functional composition". Ecology Letters. 18 (8): 834–843. Bibcode:2015EcolL..18..834A. doi:10.1111/ele.12469. PMC 4744976. PMID 26096863.
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  8. ↑ Stokstad, Erik (6 May 2019). "Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aax9287. For the first time at a global scale, the report has ranked the causes of damage. Topping the list, changes in land use—principally agriculture—that have destroyed habitat. Second, hunting and other kinds of exploitation. These are followed by climate change, pollution, and invasive species, which are being spread by trade and other activities. Climate change will likely overtake the other threats in the next decades, the authors note. Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades.)
  9. ↑ Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO (May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection". Science. 344 (6187): 1246752. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. S2CID 206552746. The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.
  10. ↑ Cafaro, Philip; Hansson, Pernilla; Götmark, Frank (August 2022). "Overpopulation is a major cause of biodiversity loss and smaller human populations are necessary to preserve what is left" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 272. Bibcode:2022BCons.27209646C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109646. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 250185617 Check |s2cid= value (help). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2022. Conservation biologists standardly list five main direct drivers of biodiversity loss: habitat loss, overexploitation of species, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services found that in recent decades habitat loss was the leading cause of terrestrial biodiversity loss, while overexploitation (overfishing) was the most important cause of marine losses (IPBES, 2019). All five direct drivers are important, on land and at sea, and all are made worse by larger and denser human populations.
  11. ↑ Crist, Eileen; Mora, Camilo; Engelman, Robert (21 April 2017). "The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection". Science. 356 (6335): 260–264. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..260C. doi:10.1126/science.aal2011. PMID 28428391. S2CID 12770178. Retrieved 2 January 2023. Research suggests that the scale of human population and the current pace of its growth contribute substantially to the loss of biological diversity. Although technological change and unequal consumption inextricably mingle with demographic impacts on the environment, the needs of all human beings—especially for food—imply that projected population growth will undermine protection of the natural world.
  12. ↑ Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2023). "Mutilation of the tree of life via mass extinction of animal genera". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (39): e2306987120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12006987C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2306987120. PMC 10523489 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37722053 Check |pmid= value (help). Current generic extinction rates will likely greatly accelerate in the next few decades due to drivers accompanying the growth and consumption of the human enterprise such as habitat destruction, illegal trade, and climate disruption.
  13. ↑ Hughes, Alice C.; Tougeron, Kévin; Martin, Dominic A.; Menga, Filippo; Rosado, Bruno H. P.; Villasante, Sebastian; Madgulkar, Shweta; Gonçalves, Fernando; Geneletti, Davide; Diele-Viegas, Luisa Maria; Berger, Sebastian; Colla, Sheila R.; de Andrade Kamimura, Vitor; Caggiano, Holly; Melo, Felipe (2023-01-01). "Smaller human populations are neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for biodiversity conservation". Biological Conservation (in Turanci). 277. Bibcode:2023BCons.27709841H. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109841. ISSN 0006-3207. Through examining the drivers of biodiversity loss in highly biodiverse countries, we show that it is not population driving the loss of habitats, but rather the growth of commodities for export, particularly soybean and oil-palm, primarily for livestock feed or biofuel consumption in higher income economies.
  14. ↑ "Climate change and biodiversity" (PDF). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
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  16. ↑ "Climate change, reefs and the Coral Triangle". wwf.panda.org. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
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  18. ↑ (Toral ed.). Invalid |url-access=Miniat (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  20. ↑ "The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline Messages" (PDF). UK government. 2021. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2021. Biodiversity is declining faster than at any time in human history. Current extinction rates, for example, are around 100 to 1,000 times higher than the baseline rate, and they are increasing.
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  25. ↑ Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Gonzalez, Andrew; Hooper, David U.; Perrings, Charles; Venail, Patrick; Narwani, Anita; Mace, Georgina M.; Tilman, David; Wardle, David A.; Kinzig, Ann P. (2012-06-06). "Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity". Nature. 486 (7401): 59–67. Bibcode:2012Natur.486...59C. doi:10.1038/nature11148. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 22678280. S2CID 4333166.
  26. ↑ Giam, Xingli (2017-06-06). "Global biodiversity loss from tropical deforestation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 114 (23): 5775–5777. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.5775G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1706264114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5468656. PMID 28550105.
  27. 1 2 Jha, S.; Bawa, K. S. (June 2006). "Population Growth, Human Development, and Deforestation in Biodiversity Hotspots". Conservation Biology (in Turanci). 20 (3): 906–912. Bibcode:2006ConBi..20..906J. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00398.x. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 16909582. Archived from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
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  29. ↑ Isbell, Forest; Balvanera, Patricia (2022). "Expert perspectives on global biodiversity loss and its drivers and impacts on people". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 21 (2): 94–103. doi:10.1002/fee.2536. S2CID 250659953 Check |s2cid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  30. ↑ Finn, Catherine; Grattarola, Florencia; Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel (2023). "More losers than winners: investigating Anthropocene defaunation through the diversity of population trends". Biological Reviews. 98 (5): 1732–1748. doi:10.1111/brv.12974. PMID 37189305 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 258717720 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  31. 1 2 Preston, F.W. (July 1948). "The Commonness, and Rarity, of Species" (PDF). Ecology. 29 (3): 254–283. Bibcode:1948Ecol...29..254P. doi:10.2307/1930989. JSTOR 1930989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2019-02-12 – via Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
  32. ↑ Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A, Hooper DU, Perrings C, Venail P, Narwani A, Mace GM, Tilman D, Wardle DA, Kinzig AP, Daily GC, Loreau M, Grace JB, Larigauderie A, Srivastava DS, Naeem S (June 2012). "Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity" (PDF). Nature. 486 (7401): 59–67. Bibcode:2012Natur.486...59C. doi:10.1038/nature11148. PMID 22678280. S2CID 4333166. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "tagliapietra".
  34. ↑ Gonzalez A, Cardinale BJ, Allington GR, Byrnes J, Arthur Endsley K, Brown DG, Hooper DU, Isbell F, O'Connor MI, Loreau M (August 2016). "Estimating local biodiversity change: a critique of papers claiming no net loss of local diversity". Ecology. 97 (8): 1949–1960. Bibcode:2016Ecol...97.1949G. doi:10.1890/15-1759.1. PMID 27859190. S2CID 5920426. two recent data meta-analyses have found that species richness is decreasing in some locations and is increasing in others. When these trends are combined, these papers argued there has been no net change in species richness, and suggested this pattern is globally representative of biodiversity change at local scales |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  35. ↑ "Living Planet Index, World". Our World in Data. 13 October 2022. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Data source: World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Zoological Society of London
  36. ↑ Whiting, Kate (17 October 2022). "6 charts that show the state of biodiversity and nature loss – and how we can go 'nature positive'". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023.
  37. ↑ Regional data from "How does the Living Planet Index vary by region?". Our World in Data. 13 October 2022. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Data source: Living Planet Report (2022). World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Zoological Society of London. -
  38. ↑ "The 2022 Living Planet Report". livingplanet.panda.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  39. ↑ Lewis, Sophie (September 10, 2020). "Animal populations worldwide have declined nearly 70% in just 50 years, new report says" (in Turanci). CBS News. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
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