Rashin daidaito na gidaje
Rashin daidaituwar na gidaje shine rarrabuwa a cikin ingancin gidaje a cikin al'umma wanda shine nau'i na rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasa da yawa sun amince da 'yancin samun gidaje, kuma rashin isasshen matsuguni na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ga mutum ko dangi. Kalmar tana iya aiki a yanki (a fadin yanki), na ɗan lokaci (tsakanin tsara zuwa na gaba) ko kuma ta al'ada (tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu bambancin launin fata ko zamantakewa).[2] Rashin daidaiton gidaje yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da launin fata, zamantakewa, samun kuɗi da rashin daidaiton dukiya. Sau da yawa yana faruwa ne sakamakon karfin kasuwa, nuna wariya da wariya.
Har ila yau, dalili ne da kuma tasirin talauci. Rashin daidaito na zama ya fi dacewa yayin la'akari da ma'anar Amartya Sen game da talauci a matsayin "rashin ƙarfin asali".
Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bambance-bambance a cikin gidaje yana bayyana bambancin canji na samun kudin shiga zuwa damar ɗan adam a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki kuma masanin falsafa Amartya Sen, 'yancin mutum (ko ikonsa) sune mahimman abubuwan da ke nuna irin rayuwar da suke kima ko kuma suna da dalilin kima[3]. Kamar yadda daidaiton tattalin arziki ya bambanta ta tsarin tattalin arziki, lokacin tarihi da al'umma, haka ma rashin daidaituwar gidaje.
Economic inequality is a primary contributing factor to housing inequality. The distribution of wealth in a region affects who has access to housing, and at what level.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]
Dalilan da suka haifar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masanin ilimin zamantakewa John Milton Yinger[ya bayyana rashin daidaiton mazaunin birane sakamakon karfin kasuwannin gidaje. Yinger ya ba da dalilin cewa, duk daidai yake, gidaje ya zama mafi tsada saboda yana kusa da wuraren aiki. Saboda iyalai marasa galihu galibi ba sa iya biyan kuɗin sufuri, ana iya tilasta musu zama a cikin birni kusa da damar yin aiki. Don lashe gasar sararin samaniya don gidaje kusa da wuraren aiki, iyalai masu karamin karfi dole ne su rama wuri mai tsada ta hanyar karɓar ƙananan gidaje, ƙananan gidaje ko duka biyu.[3] Wadannan sojojin kasuwa suna ƙarƙashin wasu abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki; babu wani dalili da zai iya bayyana rashin daidaiton gidaje. A cikin Amurka, Thomas Shapiro da Jessica Kenty-Drane[4] suna nuni ga gibin arziki tsakanin Ba’amurke Ba’amurke da sauran ƙungiyoyi a matsayin abin da zai iya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Baƙin Amurkawa da sauran ƙasar. A cewar Shapiro da Kenty-Drane, cikas na tarihi da zamantakewa (bautar da wariyar launin fata) sun hana Ba-Amurkawa daga tsarewa da tara kadarori gami da gidaje masu inganci). Yinger[6] kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa nuna wariyar launin fata har yanzu tana taka rawa a cikin gidaje; [Maigidan baƙi da Latino dole ne su biya mafi girman farashin nema, karɓar gidaje marasa inganci kuma su zauna a cikin ƙananan yankuna saboda wariya. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken[8] ya gano cewa kashi 20 cikin 100 na yuwuwar yunƙurin da gidaje na Amurkawa na Afirka suka yi da kuma kashi 17 na yuwuwar yunƙurin da dangin Latino suka yi ya hana su ta hanyar nuna wariya a cikin tsarin bincike. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]
Redlining
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙoƙarin da aka yi na jagorantar kasuwar gidaje da ke lalacewa a cikin Babban Mawuyacin hali, Shugaba Roosevelt ne ya kafa kamfanin (HOLC) 'Home Owners' Loan Corporation' a shekarar 1933.[1] Tsarin tsari na matakai ya kimanta unguwanni bisa ga bayanan da aka samu daga bankunan da masu kimanta dukiya. Tsarin ya kunshi matakai 4, A zuwa D. Yankunan da aka rarraba a matsayin yanayi mai kyau wanda ke ba da ƙananan haɗari ga bankunan. Barin D da aka yanke hukunci a matsayin haɗari da haɗarin saka hannun jari mafi girma.[1]
HOLC ta samar da taswirar launi don gano saurin harafin yanki:
| HOLC ta samar da taswirar launi don gano saurin harafin yanki: | ||
|---|---|---|
| Matsayi | Launi | Alamar |
| A | Green | Mafi Kyawun |
| B | Blue | Har yanzu ana son shi |
| C | Yellow | Tabbas Ragewa |
| D | Red | Mai haɗari |
Daga baya aka kirkiro unguwanni na Grade D 'yanki masu ja'. Yankunan aji na A sun sami mafi girman canjin kashi na amincewar rancen, kuma B ya kasance 10 - 15% ƙasa. Raguwar ta kasance mai girma ga yankuna D da C, bankunan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba su dauke su ba.[1] Lokacin da kake neman rance, zama na ka fi muhimmanci fiye da tseren. Tseren da ke da rinjaye ya zama asalin yankin da kuma rinjaye a yankin. Saboda haka kalmar lokacin da mutum mai launi zai koma cikin unguwar, "To akwai unguwar. " [1] Wannan tsarin rarrabawa ya ci gaba da inganta rarrabewa yayin da iyalai da kasuwancin da ke bunƙasa a cikin Grade A yankunan da ke son kiyaye unguwarsu lafiya. Mazauna aji na A da B sun sami kunya suna gaskata mazauna ƙananan yankuna matsala ce. Wannan yaduwar ra'ayi da gwamnati ta ci gaba da karfafa wariyar launin fata.[1]
Renta da Sayarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An nuna Rashin daidaito na samun kudin shiga a cikin yawan matalauta waɗanda ba za su iya siyan gida ba kuma dole ne su juya zuwa hayar gida / gida a maimakon haka. A cikin 2017, an lura cewa kashi 46% na masu haya masu aiki za su yi amfani da fiye da kashi 30% na kuɗin shiga don farashin gidaje.[2] Rage yawan kudin shiga da karuwar farashin haya yana haifar da rashin tsaro sau biyu, wanda ke haifar da rashin aminci ga gidaje da aiki.[3] A farkon 2022, farashin gidaje a Amurka ya karu da kashi 9 cikin dari, yayin da farashin gidaje ya karu tsakanin kashi 12 zuwa 20 cikin dari tun daga shekarar da ta gabata.[4] Hawan farashin gidaje yana sa sabbin masu gidaje su zama masu haya, wanda ke haifar da adadin masu haya ya karu, saboda rashin gidaje masu araha. Adadin masu gidaje yana raguwa tare da hauhawar haya da biyan kuɗi da rashin iya adana isasshen don sauyawa daga mai haya zuwa mai siye.[4]
A cikin 2020, annobar ta bazu a duk faɗin duniya inda ta sa mutane da yawa suka zama marasa aikin yi wanda ya haifar da rikici a kasuwar gidaje. Amurka ta ba da Dokar Kashewa ta Tarayya, wanda ya ba da taimakon tarayya ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata kuma ya ba da tsaro na gidaje a lokacin annobar.[5] Da zarar an ɗaga dakatarwar korar, mutane da yawa sun rasa gidajensu kuma dole ne su koma wurare daban-daban don neman aiki.[6] Kasuwar gidaje ta kasance a kowane lokaci a cikin gini, a cikin 2021 ɗayan iyali guda ɗaya sun kai miliyan 1.1 yayin da ɗayan iyali da yawa suka kai 470,000, wanda ya kai shi ga zama mafi girman adadin ginin gidaje tun 1973.[4] Farashin waɗannan raka'a ba su da kyau kuma sun wuce matsakaicin haya. Saboda annobar, yawan karancin ma'aikata, rashin isasshen kayan aiki da farashi na samfurori kawai yana kara hauhawar farashin gidaje wanda ke haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali ga masu gidaje da masu haya.[4]
Tasirin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sakamakon kai tsaye na rashin daidaito na gidaje shine rashin daidaito ga abubuwan more rayuwa na unguwa, wanda ya haɗa da yanayin gidajen da ke kewaye, kasancewar hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a, yawan gurɓataccen iska, yawan aikata laifuka, da ingancin makarantun gida. Garin da ke da ingancin abubuwan more rayuwa yawanci ya haɗa da mazaunan mutum na ingancin da ya dace. Wadanda ke da karancin kudaden shiga yawanci suna zaune a yankunan da ba su da wadata don lashe Gasar sararin samaniya don gidaje. Abin jin daɗi na unguwa ya haɗa da gamsuwa da aka samo daga rayuwa a cikin kyakkyawan yanki, kuma yawancin binciken sun nuna cewa girma a cikin unguwar da ke fama da talauci yana shafar sakamakon zamantakewa da tattalin arziki daga baya a rayuwa.
Wata hanyar da matalauta ke gasa don gidaje ita ce ta hanyar haya gidaje maimakon sayen su, wanda ke bunkasa mummunan tasirin rashin daidaito na gidaje ta hanyar ƙuntata damar samun dukiyar gida.
Gida da Tattara dukiyaƘananan gidaje suna amfana daga mallakar gida, saboda yana ba su damar tara dukiya da wuri a cikin aikin su. Wannan tarin arzikin farko ya dogara ne akan nasa. Daga baya a rayuwa, ana iya amfani da kuɗin da aka tara a gida don kashe kuɗin da ba zato ba tsammani, ba da tallafin ilimin yara, ko kuma taimaka wa yin ritaya.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]2024)">citation needed</span>]
Bambancin launin fata da Rashin Rashin Ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bambance-bambance na launin fata wani muhimmin bangare ne na rashin daidaito na gidaje. Rashin wadatar launin fata yana shafar tsaron tattalin arzikin Amurkawa a duk faɗin Amurka. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna da tasirin tsararraki, suna shafar ba kawai ƙarni na yanzu ba har ma da nan gaba. A cikin 2019, an ga matsakaicin dukiya tsakanin iyalai na baƙar fata a $ 24,000, yayin da aka ga iyalai na fari a $ 190,000, kusan sau 8 fiye da iyalai na baki.[4] Bambancin tsakanin waɗannan lambobi ya sa ya zama da wahala ga 'yan tsiraru su bunkasa da tara dukiya ta hanyar mallakar gida.
Ayyukan Rance na Nuna Bambanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban Mawuyacin tattalin arziki ya fallasa ayyukan bashi na nuna bambanci wanda ya shafi 'yan tsiraru. Wadannan ayyuka sun hana tara dukiya kuma sun haifar da gibin dukiyar launin fata. Magana da rashin daidaito na gidaje yana da mahimmanci don inganta adalci na tattalin arziki da tabbatar da tattalin arziki mai adalci. Sakamakon rashin daidaito na gidaje kai tsaye yana tasiri ga dukiyar tsara, yana rage damar kuɗi da jin daɗi ga iyalai a tsakanin shekaru daban-daban.
Tasirin Nan da Nan akan Ingancin Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daidaita waɗannan abubuwan (bambance-bambance na gidaje) zai inganta ingancin rayuwar Baƙar fata na Amurka kai tsaye. [haɗin da bai dace ba?] [<span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (February 2024)">improper synthesis?</span>]
Kafa bankin gidan waya na tarayya wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da ƙananan sabis na kuɗi, ƙananan haɗari ga gidajen baƙi. Wannan na iya fadada hada-hadar kudi da rage bambance-bambance a cikin samun damar kudi da karatu da rubutu.[7]
Magungunan da aka gabatar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shawarwari don magance mummunan tasirin rashin daidaito na gidaje sun haɗa da:
- Gidaje masu tallafi, wanda aka fi sani da gidaje masu araha. Gidajen da aka ba da tallafi sun haɗa da: Gidajen hadin gwiwa: Irin zaɓin gidaje na zama wanda shine kamfani. Masu mallakar ba su da mallakar raka'a. Gidaje marasa riba: Gidajen da aka yi niyya don mutanen da ba su da isasshen kuɗi ko iyalai, mallakar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Kungiyoyin da ba su da riba na iya karɓar kuɗi daga tallafin gwamnati, gudummawa, ko wasu ƙoƙarin tara kuɗi. Gidaje kai tsaye: Gidaje inda mutane ko iyalai ke karɓar taimakon gidaje kai tsaye daga gwamnati. Taimako na iya zuwa ta hanyar tallafi, takardun shaida, da sauran gidajen jama'a. Gidajen jama'a: Hanyar gidaje inda dukiyar mallakar gwamnati ce. Akwai nau'ikan gidaje daban-daban na jama'a, daga gidajen iyali guda zuwa manyan gidaje. Ƙarin haya: Taimako na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga mutanen da ba za su iya biyan kuɗin gidajensu na yanzu ba.
- Gidaje masu hadin gwiwa: Irin zaɓin gidaje na zama wanda shine kamfani. Masu mallakar ba su da mallakar raka'a.
- Gidaje marasa riba: Gidajen da aka yi niyya don mutanen da ba su da isasshen kuɗi ko iyalai, mallakar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Kungiyoyin da ba su da riba na iya karɓar kuɗi daga tallafin gwamnati, gudummawa, ko wasu ƙoƙarin tara kuɗi.
- Gidaje kai tsaye: Gidaje inda mutane ko iyalai ke karɓar taimakon gidaje kai tsaye daga gwamnati. Taimako na iya zuwa ta hanyar tallafi, takardun shaida, da sauran gidajen jama'a.
- Gidajen jama'a: Hanyar gidaje inda dukiyar mallakar gwamnati ce. Akwai nau'ikan gidaje daban-daban na jama'a, daga gidajen iyali guda zuwa manyan gidaje.
- Ƙarin haya: Taimako na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga mutanen da ba za su iya biyan kuɗin gidajensu na yanzu ba.
- Gidaje masu zaman kansu - Masu mallakar Amurka waɗanda ke ba da isasshen gidaje
- Tilasta ba da rance mai kyau - Ana sa ran masu ba da ranta ba za su nuna bambanci ga masu ba da bashi ba saboda matsayin iyali, launin fata, asali, jinsi, da launi
- Gidaje masu rarraba - Tsarin gidaje inda haya ya dogara da kudin shiga na gida [8] Wannan tsarin ya shahara a Philadelphia a Amurka.
- Zuba jari a cikin tsarin makarantun gida - A cewar Ruel Hamilton, tallafawa makarantu a yankunan da ke talauci yana da tasiri wanda ke inganta ƙididdigar makaranta da ƙimar dukiya ga masu mallakar ayyukan gidaje na cikin gari.[9]
- Harajin darajar ƙasa - haraji mai ci gaba akan mallakar ƙasa
Me ya sa ya kamata ma'aikata su kula da gidaje?
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kudin gidaje masu yawa na iya sa ya zama da wahala ga ma'aikata su janyo hankalin ma'aikata da riƙe ma'aikata, musamman ga matsayi na albashi. Wannan yana rage yawan aiki da gasa.[10] Ma'aikata na iya jan hankalin mutane daban-daban a kowane mataki. Rashin kwanciyar hankali na gidaje na iya hana yawan ma'aikata, jin daɗi, da riƙewa. Tsawon tafiye-tafiye na iya haifar da damuwa, baƙin ciki, da matsalolin kudi ga ma'aikata.[10] Ya kamata ma'aikata su san, su kula, kuma su samar da gidaje masu araha. Ma'aikata na iya amfana daga bayar da shawarwari da saka hannun jari a cikin manufofi da shirye-shiryen gidaje masu araha, wanda zai iya zama da fa'ida ga ma'aikatansu da tattalin arzikin yankin. Gidaje masu araha na iya inganta ingancin rayuwa, samun damar aiki, da ci gaban tattalin arziki.[10]
A cewar Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, kusan kashi 63% na manya na Amurka [11] da ke zaune a cikin birane sun bayyana cewa raguwar samun gidaje masu araha babbar matsala ce a cikin al'ummarsu. Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 46% na manya da aka bincika a cikin mazaunan kewayen birni da kashi 40% na mazauna manya daga yankunan karkara waɗanda ke da ra'ayi iri ɗaya game da rashin gidaje masu araha.[11]
Dalilan da suka sa kasuwancin ke cikin wurare masu tsada
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Kwarewar Kwarewa da Tsayawa [12] Yankunan tsada suna da yawan ƙwararrun ma'aikata saboda dalilai kamar jami'o'i, cibiyoyin bincike, da wuraren al'adu. Ma'aikata suna so su sami damar yin amfani da wannan tafkin baiwa kuma suna shirye su yi aiki a kasuwannin gidaje masu tsada don jawo hankalin ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa.
- Yankunan da ke da tsada suna da yawan ƙwararrun ma'aikata saboda dalilai kamar jami'o'i, cibiyoyin bincike, da wuraren al'adu. Ma'aikata suna so su sami damar yin amfani da wannan tafkin baiwa kuma suna shirye su yi aiki a kasuwannin gidaje masu tsada don jawo hankalin ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa.
- Networking [12] Kasuwanci Samun Kasuwanci da Visibility suna da alaƙa da kusanci ga Abokan ciniki da Abokan hulɗa: Kasuwanci masu yawa, musamman a cikin kudi, fasaha, da shawarwari, suna amfana daga kasancewa kusa da abokan cinikin su, masu samarwa, da abokan tarayya. Sau da yawa ana kafa dangantakar haɗin gwiwa a cikin birane tare da farashin gidaje mafi girma. Kasuwanci suna so su kasance wani ɓangare na waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa don inganta haɗin gwiwa da ci gaba. Babban wurare a cikin kasuwannin gidaje masu tsada suna ba da kyakkyawar ganuwa da kuma samun dama ga abokan ciniki. Kasancewa a tsakiyar birni na iya inganta alamar kamfani kuma ya jawo hankalin abokan ciniki, wanda kuma ke gayyatar dama ga abubuwan sadarwar, taro, da tarurrukan masana'antu. Hanyoyin sadarwar suna da fa'ida don kafa haɗin gwiwa da ci gaba.
- Samun Kasuwanci da Visibility suna daidai da kusanci ga Abokan ciniki da Abokan hulɗa:
- Kasuwanci da yawa, musamman a cikin kudi, fasaha, da shawarwari, suna amfana daga kasancewa kusa da abokan cinikin su, masu samarwa, da abokan tarayya.
- Sau da yawa ana kafa dangantakar haɗin gwiwa a cikin birane tare da farashin gidaje mafi girma. Kasuwanci suna so su kasance wani ɓangare na waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa don inganta haɗin gwiwa da ci gaba.
- Babban wurare a cikin kasuwannin gidaje masu tsada suna ba da kyakkyawar ganuwa da kuma samun dama ga abokan ciniki.
- Kasancewa a tsakiyar birni na iya inganta alamar kamfani kuma ya jawo hankalin abokan ciniki, wanda kuma ke gayyatar dama ga abubuwan sadarwar, taro, da tarurrukan masana'antu. Hanyoyin sadarwar suna da fa'ida don kafa haɗin gwiwa da ci gaba.
- Kasuwancin Kasuwanci: [12] Ƙungiyoyin kasuwancin da ke da alaƙa galibi suna faruwa a yankuna masu tsada. Kasancewa wani ɓangare na irin wannan yanayin halittu na iya haifar da haɗin kai, haɗin gwiwa, da kirkire-kirkire. Infrastructure and Amenities: Cibiyoyin birane tare da gidaje masu tsada yawanci suna da kyawawan ababen more rayuwa, kamar sufuri, sadarwa, da kayan aiki.
- Ƙungiyoyin kasuwancin da ke da alaƙa galibi suna faruwa a yankuna masu tsada.
- Kasancewa wani ɓangare na irin wannan yanayin halittu na iya haifar da haɗin kai, haɗin gwiwa, da kirkire-kirkire.
- Infrastructure da abubuwan more rayuwa:
- Cibiyoyin birane tare da gidaje masu tsada yawanci suna da kyawawan ababen more rayuwa, kamar sufuri, sadarwa, da kayan aiki.
It is advantageous to access amenities such as restaurants, entertainment, and cultural events.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]
Rashin daidaito
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kodayake mayar da hankali ga rashin daidaito na gidaje ya canza tare da lokaci, nazarin kasa da kasa na zamani yana mai da hankali kan birni da kuma ƙaura zuwa yankunan birni. Rashin daidaito na gidaje na kasa da kasa ya fi dacewa da bambancin birane. Wani rahoto na UN-HABITAT na 2007 ya kiyasta cewa sama da mutane biliyan daya a duk duniya suna zaune a cikin unguwanni a lokacin, adadi da ake sa ran ninka sau biyu nan da 2030.
In developing countries, housing inequality is increasingly caused by rural-to-urban migration, increasing urban poverty and inequality, insecure tenure and globalization. All these factors contribute to the creation and continuation of slums in poorer areas of the world. One proposed solution is slum upgrading.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]
Matsalolin Gidaje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da farko, Baƙar fata da Hispanic Amurkawa sun sami mafi girman wahalar gidaje fiye da fararen mutane. Daga cikin 'yan tsiraru masu amsawa, haɗarin fitarwa / rufewa da jinkirin biyan kuɗin haya / jinginar gida sun fi yawa.[13] Koyaya, rashin daidaito na gidaje ya ragu, ba saboda yanayin kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru ya inganta sosai ba, amma saboda kowa ya zama mafi talauci. Masu amsa fararen yanzu suna fuskantar rashin kwanciyar hankali na gidaje.[13] A halin yanzu, kashi 61 cikin 100 na duk masu amsa sun fuskanci matsalolin gidaje a wani lokaci a lokacin annobar, tare da wasu sun zama "masu tafiya mai tsawo" a cikin wannan yanayin.[13]
Masu Tsawon Lokaci da Rashin daidaito na Gidaje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar "masu tafiya mai tsawo" tana nufin mutanen da ke fuskantar matsalolin gidaje akai-akai na dogon lokaci.[13] Duk da raguwar rashin daidaito da ke da alaƙa da gidaje, halin da ake ciki gabaɗaya bai tabbata ba ga iyalai da yawa.[13]
Ƙaddamar da Ƙaddamarwa ta ƘaddamarAmincewa da Gidaje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Binciken dukiya shine kimanta dukiya a cikin kasuwar gidaje ta yanzu. Darajar dukiya ta dogara sosai da wurin gidan da yanayin da aka samu a ciki. A cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, an sami raguwar farashin gidajen baƙar fata da unguwanni idan aka kwatanta da gidajen da baƙar fata ba. A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2018, an gano cewa gidaje a cikin unguwanni na Amurka inda yawan mutanen da aka raba kashi 50 cikin dari na Black suna da farashi kusan kashi 50 cikin 100 ƙasa da gidaje a unguwanni ba tare da wani mazaunin Black ba.[14] Rashin son kai ga gidajen baƙi da unguwanni ya ci gaba a matakin kashi 4.4 wanda ya sa waɗannan gidajen su kasance marasa daraja. Kazalika, gidajen baƙi suna da sau 1.9 da za a iya farashi a ƙarƙashin darajar kwangila fiye da unguwanni masu fari.[15] Garin da yawancin jama'a suka kasance Latino da mazaunan Asiya na Amurka za su iya samun ƙididdigar ƙididdiga idan aka kwatanta da unguwanni na fari.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "From Redlining to Gentrification: The Policy of the Past that Affects Health Outcomes Today". info.primarycare.hms.harvard.edu (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
- ↑ "Expanding the Supply of Affordable Housing for Low-Wage Workers". Center for American Progress (in Turanci). 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
- ↑ Desmond, Matthew; Gershenson, Carl (February 2016). "Housing and Employment Insecurity among the Working Poor". Social Problems (in Turanci). 63 (1): 46–67. doi:10.1093/socpro/spv025. ISSN 0037-7791.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "The State of the Nation's Housing 2022 | Joint Center for Housing Studies". www.jchs.harvard.edu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-02-26.
- ↑ "National Eviction Moratorium | National Low Income Housing Coalition". nlihc.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-02-26.
- ↑ "The economic impact of housing insecurity in the United States". Equitable Growth (in Turanci). 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
- ↑ "Creating a Postal Banking System Would Help Address Structural Inequality". Center for American Progress (in Turanci). 2020-10-15. Archived from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
- ↑ Stergiopoulos, Vicky; Hwang, Stephen W.; Gozdzik, Agnes; Nisenbaum, Rosane; Latimer, Eric; Rabouin, Daniel; Adair, Carol E.; Bourque, Jimmy; Connelly, Jo (2015-03-03). "Effect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults With Mental Illness". JAMA (in Turanci). 313 (9): 905–15. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.1163. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 25734732.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Ruel Hamilton (3 April 2017). "Affordable Housing Only Part of Revitalizing Urban Communities". Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Four Reasons Why Employers Should Care about Housing | Housing Matters". housingmatters.urban.org (in Turanci). 2019-09-11. Archived from the original on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Schaeffer, Katherine (18 January 2022). "A growing share of Americans say affordable housing is a major problem where they live". Pew Research Center (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Market Access 101: Understanding the Basics". MMITNetwork (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 "Inequalities in housing hardship declined because everybody is now worse off". Brookings (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-02-25. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Biased appraisals and the devaluation of housing in Black neighborhoods". Brookings (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-02-26.
- ↑ "How racial bias in appraisals affects the devaluation of homes in majority-Black neighborhoods". Brookings (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-02-26.