Rashin fahimta
| Rashin fahimta | |
|---|---|
Description (en)  | |
| Iri |
psychopathological symptom (en) , distortion (en) cognition (en) |
| Sanadi |
cognitive bias (mul) |
| Identifier (en) | |
Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs), also known as cognitive disorders (CDs), are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, mild neurocognitive disorders, and major neurocognitive disorder (also known as dementia). They are defined by deficits in cognitive ability that are acquired (as opposed to developmental), typically represent decline, and may have an underlying brain pathology.[1] The DSM-5 defines six key domains of cognitive function: executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, language, complex attention, and social cognition.
Kodayake Cutar Alzheimer tana da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na cututtukan neurocognitive, akwai yanayi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke shafar ayyukan tunani kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunani, da ikon yin tunani, gami da lalacewar gaba, Cutar Huntington, Dementia tare da jikin Lewy, rauni na kwakwalwa (TBI), Cutar Parkinson, Cutar prion, da dementia / cututtukani na jijiyoyi saboda kamuwa da cutar HIV. Ana gano cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin masu sauƙi da manyan bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Duk da yake rikice-rikice na damuwa, rikice-rikicen yanayi, da rikice-rubuce na hankali na iya samun tasiri a kan ayyukan fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ba a rarraba su a ƙarƙashin rikice-rashin hankali ba saboda asarar aikin fahimta ba shine alamar farko ba. Bugu da ƙari, cututtukan ci gaba kamar autism yawanci suna da tushen kwayar halitta kuma suna bayyana a lokacin haihuwa ko farkon rayuwa kamar yadda ya saba da yanayin da aka samu na cututtuken neurocognitive.
Dalilan sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan cututtuka daban-daban amma mafi yawansu sun haɗa da lalacewar ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.[2][3] Magunguna sun dogara da yadda ake haifar da cuta. Magunguna da warkewa sune mafi yawan jiyya; duk da haka, ga wasu nau'ikan cututtuka kamar wasu nau'in Amnesia, jiyya na iya kawar da alamun amma a halin yanzu babu magani.[3][4]
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Buga na baya na Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) ya haɗa da wani sashi mai taken "Delirium, Dementia and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders," wanda aka sake shi a cikin DSM-5 zuwa mafi girma "Neurocognitive Disorder". An bayyana cututtukan Neurocognitif a matsayin waɗanda ke da "babban raunin fahimta ko ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke wakiltar lalacewa mai mahimmanci daga matakin da ya gabata na aiki. " Babban ka'idar da ke rarrabe rikice-rikicen neurocognitive daga rikice-rikice na yanayi da sauran yanayin ilimin halayyar da suka shafi wani bangare na fahimta (watau karuwar lalacewar ƙwaƙwalwar da marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki suka lura) shine cewa raguwar fahimta shine "ma'anar halayyar" rikicewar.[5] Bugu da ƙari, an kara kalmar "neurocognitive" saboda waɗannan cututtukan galibi suna da canje-canje / rashin aiki a cikin ilimin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi (watau amyloid plaque build-up a cikin cutar Alzheimer). [5] Sassan sun haɗa da delirium, rikicewar neurocognitive mai sauƙi, da kuma babban rikicewar neurcognitive.[6] A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan rarrabuwa masu faɗi, akwai rarrabuwa da suka danganci ƙwayoyin cuta da alamun cututtuka.
Rashin fahimta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Delirium wani nau'i ne na rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke tasowa cikin sauri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana iya bayyana Delirium ta amfani da wasu kalmomi da yawa, gami da: encephalopathy, canjin yanayin tunani, canjin matakin sani, canjin halin tunani, da gazawar kwakwalwa. An bayyana shi a cikin DSM-5 a matsayin canji mai mahimmanci a cikin halin tunani tare da canje-canje masu alaƙa da fahimta, hankali, da matakin sani.[7] Farawar delirium na iya bambanta daga minti zuwa sa'o'i kuma wani lokacin kwanaki. Koyaya, hanyar delirium yawanci yana ɗaukar daga 'yan sa'o'i zuwa makonni, dangane da ainihin dalilin. Delirium kuma zai iya kasancewa tare da canji a hankali, sauye-sauyen yanayi, tashin hankali ko halayyar da ba ta dace ba, da hallucinations. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a cikin fahimta na iya sa wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi da sarrafa sabbin bayanai da wuya ga marasa lafiya. Delirium ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya a asibiti, yana bayyana a cikin 18-35% na marasa lafiya da ke buƙatar shigar asibiti.[7] Har ila yau, ganewar asali ne wanda za'a iya samu yayin zaman asibiti, yawanci ta tsofaffi marasa lafiya ko waɗanda ke da haɗarin haɗari na delirium. Abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun don delirium sun haɗa da tsufa, tsawo zama a asibiti, kamuwa da cuta, ciwo, da kuma tasirin magunguna.[8] Duk da yake ganewar asali ne na yau da kullun, delirium na iya ƙara haɗarin zama a asibiti mai tsawo da haɗarin rikitarwa a duk lokacin zama a asibitin.[7][9]
Rarrabawar da aka rarraba
Delirium na iya fadawa cikin rarrabuwa daban-daban bisa ga dalilin da alamun sa. Wadannan rarrabuwa sun hada da; shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko janyewa, magani, yanayin kiwon lafiya, dalilai da yawa. Ana amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin tsawon alamomi (sa'o'i vs kwanaki) da matakin aiki (Ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko aiki mai gauraye) don ƙayyade ganewar asali.
Rashin hankali na ƙwaƙwalwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda kuma ake kira rauni mai sauƙi (MCI), ana iya tunanin shi azaman matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin tsufa na al'ada da babban rikicewar kwakwalwa.[10] Ba kamar delirium ba, cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi suna tasowa a hankali kuma ana nuna su ta hanyar asarar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda zai iya ko bazai ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar neurocognitiv ba.[10] Bincike ya nuna cewa tsakanin kashi 5-17% na marasa lafiya tare da rikicewar hankali mai sauƙi za su ci gaba zuwa babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa a kowace shekara.[10][11] Halin yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta mai sauƙi yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, yana shafar 10-20% na manya masu shekaru 65 da haihuwa. Maza ma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na ci gaba da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa.[12] Baya ga asarar ƙwaƙwalwa da rashin fahimta, wasu alamun sun haɗa da aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, asarar tunani mai ban mamaki, canje-canjen halayyar / mutum, da yanke hukunci mara kyau.[13]
Babban rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana rarraba ƙananan cututtukan neurocognitive bisa ga tsananin alamun su. Har ila yau, har yanzu an san shi da dementia, babban rikicewar neurocognitive yana da alamar raguwar fahimta da tsangwama tare da 'yancin kai, yayin da rikicewar ƙwaƙwalwa mai sauƙi ke da alamar raguwa ta hankali kuma baya tsoma baki da' yancin kai. Don a gano shi, dole ne bai kasance saboda delirium ko wasu rikicewar hankali ba. Hakanan yawanci suna tare da wani rikice-rikice na fahimta. Ga abubuwan da ba za a iya juyawa ba na Rashin hankali kamar shekaru, jinkirin raguwar ƙwaƙwalwa da fahimta na rayuwa ne.[14]
Rarrabawar da aka rarraba
Hakazalika da delirium, duka cututtukan neurocognitive masu sauƙi da manyan cututtukani suna rarraba su bisa ga dalilin (Alzheimer's, Frontotemporal degeneration, Parkinson's da sauransu). Alamomin da aka yi amfani da su don jagorantar ganewar asali sun haɗa da kasancewar ko rashin alamun halayyar kamar psychosis, tashin hankali, baƙin ciki. Ana amfani da tsananin alamun a halin yanzu a cikin rarrabuwa kuma ya dogara ne akan ikon mutum na yanzu don kammala ayyukan yau da kullun kamar aikin gida, sarrafa kuɗi, ciyarwa, ko wanka.
Binciken ganewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai hanyoyin gwaji da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don tantance fahimtar mai haƙuri da matakin sani, gami da jarrabawar Mini Mental Status (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Cog, da Cognitive Evaluation Method (CAM), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS), da dai sauransu. An nuna cewa CAM shine kayan aikin da aka fi amfani dashi don tantance delirium.[7][15][16] Bugu da ƙari, wani meta-analysis kallon daidaito da amfani na hanyoyi daban-daban na gwaji ya ba da rahoton cewa MMSE shine kayan aiki da aka fi amfani dashi don kimanta babban rikicewar neurocognitive, yayin da MoCA ya zama mafi amfani yayin tantancewa don ƙananan rikicewar neurcognitive.[16] Binciken tsarin kwanan nan sun nuna buƙatar ci gaba, bincike mai kyau akan Mini-Cog da MoCA don kimanta raguwar fahimta da ci gaban jagororin asibiti akan amfani da su a saituna daban-daban. [17][18]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Rosen, Allyson. "Neurocognitive Disorders of the DSM-5" (PDF). stanford.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ↑ Torpy, Janet (2008). "Delirium". The Journal of the American Medical Association. 300 (19): 2936. doi:10.1001/jama.300.24.2936. PMID 19109124.
- 1 2 Torpy, Janet (2010). "Dementia". The Journal of the American Medical Association. 304 (7): 1972. doi:10.1001/jama.304.17.1972. PMID 21045107.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Ciccarelli". - 1 2 Sachdev, Perminder S.; Blacker, Deborah; Blazer, Dan G.; Ganguli, Mary; Jeste, Dilip V.; Paulsen, Jane S.; Petersen, Ronald C. (2014-11-01). "Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach". Nature Reviews Neurology. 10 (11): 634–643. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181. PMID 25266297. S2CID 20635070.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Stokin, Gorazd B.; Krell-Roesch, Janina; Petersen, Ronald C.; Geda, Yonas E. (2015). "Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: An Old Wine in a New Bottle". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 23 (5): 368–376. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000084. ISSN 1465-7309. PMC 4894762. PMID 26332219.
- 1 2 3 4 Setters, Belinda; Solberg, Laurence M. (2017). "Delirium". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. Geriatrics. 44 (3): 541–559. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010. PMID 28797379. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Ormseth, Cora H.; LaHue, Sara C.; Oldham, Mark A.; Josephson, S. Andrew; Whitaker, Evans; Douglas, Vanja C. (2023-01-06). "Predisposing and Precipitating Factors Associated With Delirium: A Systematic Review". JAMA Network Open (in Turanci). 6 (1): e2249950. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49950. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 9856673 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 36607634 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ McGohan (2005). "Clinical Updates. Delirium". The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 36 (3): 102–3. doi:10.3928/0022-0124-20050501-05. PMID 16022028.
- 1 2 3 Jongsiriyanyong, Sukanya; Limpawattana, Panita (2018). "Mild Cognitive Impairment in Clinical Practice: A Review Article". American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias. 33 (8): 500–7. doi:10.1177/1533317518791401. PMC 10852498 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 30068225. S2CID 51891998. - ↑ Li, Jie-Qiong; Tan, Lan; Wang, Hui-Fu; Tan, Meng-Shan; Tan, Lin; Xu, Wei; Zhao, Qing-Fei; Wang, Jun; Jiang, Teng; Yu, Jin-Tai (2015). "Risk factors for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 87 (5): 476–484. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2014-310095. PMID 26001840. S2CID 15092127.
- ↑ Langa, Kenneth M.; Levine, Deborah A. (2014). "The Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review". JAMA. 312 (23): 2551–61. Bibcode:2014JAMA..312.2551L. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.13806. PMC 4269302. PMID 25514304.
- ↑ "Mild Cognitive Impairment" (PDF). Alzheimer Society of Canada. September 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2025.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Guerrero". - ↑ Wilber, Scott T.; Ondrejka, Jason E. (2016). "Altered Mental Status and Delirium". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. Geriatric Emergencies. 34 (3): 649–665. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2016.04.012. PMID 27475019.
- 1 2 Tsoi, Kelvin K. F.; Chan, Joyce Y. C.; Hirai, Hoyee W.; Wong, Samuel Y. S.; Kwok, Timothy C. Y. (2015). "Cognitive Tests to Detect Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 175 (9): 1450–8. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2152. PMID 26052687.
- ↑ Davis, Daniel HJ; Creavin, Samuel T; Yip, Jennifer LY; Noel-Storr, Anna H; Brayne, Carol; Cullum, Sarah (2021-07-13). Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group (ed.). "Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the detection of dementia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (7). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010775.pub3. PMC 8407452 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34255351 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Fage, Bruce A; Chan, Calvin CH; Gill, Sudeep S; Noel-Storr, Anna H; Herrmann, Nathan; Smailagic, Nadja; Nikolaou, Vasilis; Seitz, Dallas P (2021-07-14). Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group (ed.). "Mini-Cog for the detection of dementia within a community setting". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (7). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010860.pub3. PMC 8278980 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34259337 Check|pmid=value (help).