Rashin iskar gas ta Ostiraliya
 Rashin iskar gas ta Ostiraliya | |
|---|---|
Wikipedia overview article (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Asturaliya |
| Muhimmin darasi | Greenhouse gas da Asturaliya |
| Key performance indicator (en) |
indicator 13.2.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals (en) |
Fitar da iskar gas na Greenhouse ta Ostiraliya ya kai tan miliyan 533 CO -daidai da ya danganta da bayanan kididdigar gas na ƙasa na 2019; wakiltar kowa da kowa CO hayaki na 21 ton, [2] sau uku matsakaicin duniya. Coal ne ke da alhakin kashi 30% na hayaki. Ƙididdigar Inventory Gas na Greenhouse na ƙasa na shekara zuwa Maris 2021 sun kasance tan miliyan 494.2, wanda shine tan miliyan 27.8, ko kuma 5.3%, ƙasa da na shekarar da ta gabata. Yana da 20.8% ƙasa da na 2005 (shekarar tushe don Yarjejeniyar Paris). A cewar gwamnati, sakamakon ya nuna raguwar hayakin sufuri saboda hana cutar COVID-19, rage hayakin gudu, da raguwar hayaki daga wutar lantarki; duk da haka, an samu karuwar hayaki mai gurbata muhalli daga sassan kasa da noma. [3]
Ostiraliya tana amfani da wutar lantarki don wutar lantarki, wanda ya kai kashi 66% na samar da wutar lantarki a cikin 2020, [4] amma wannan yana raguwa cikin sauri tare da karuwar rabon sabuntawa wanda ya zama haɗin samar da makamashi, kuma mafi yawan tashar wutar lantarki da ke cikin kwal da aka shirya don dakatar da aiki tsakanin 2022 da 2048. [5] Kasuwancin kasar ya fara faduwa kuma ana sa ran ci gaba da faduwa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa yayin da ayyukan sabuntawa suka zo kan layi.[6]
Climate Action Tracker ya kimanta jajircewar gabaɗaya ta Ostiraliya ga rage hayaki a matsayin "marasa isasshen". Manufofin da aiki "ba su isa ba", manufa ta cikin gida "kusan isasshen", manufa mai kyau "ba ta isa ba", kuma kudaden yanayi "ba su da isasshen". Wannan shi ne saboda gwamnatin Australiya ta ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin Ayyukan iskar gas, ta ki kara yawan burinta na cikin gida na 2030, kuma ba ta kan hanya don saduwa da burinta na yanzu.[7]
Canjin yanayi a Ostiraliya ya samo asali ne daga hayakin gas, kuma kasar gabaɗaya tana ƙara zafi, kuma tana fuskantar matsanancin zafi, gobarar daji, fari, ambaliyar ruwa da lokutan wuta masu tsawo saboda canjin yanayi.[8]
Gudummawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jimlar gudummawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta lissafa cewa fitar da hayaki na Ostiraliya (ciki har da amfani da ƙasa, canjin amfani da ƙasa), da gandun daji na tsawon watanni 1 zuwa Satumba 2020 sun kasance tan miliyan 510.10 na CO. Gudummawar bangarorin da suka danganci ma'aunin Rahoton Bincike na Biyar na IPCC sun kasance kamar haka: wutar lantarki 170.36Mt, 33.4%; makamashi mai tsayawa (ba tare da wutar lantarki ba) 101.83Mt, 20. %; sufuri 89.83Mt, 17.6%; noma 72.04Mt, 14.1%; fitarwa mai gudu 51.23Mt, 10.0%; tsarin masana'antu 30.29Mt, 5.9%; sharar gida 13.28Mt, 2.6%, da LULUCF -18.76Mt, -3.7% (saboda kwace carbon). [9]
A cikin 2017, hayakin bangaren wutar lantarki ya kai tan miliyan 190, daga cikinsu tan miliyan 20 na masana'antu ne, tan miliyan 49 na masana'anta (wanda zai iya haɗawa da narkewar aluminum), tan miliyan 51 na Kasuwanci, Gine-gine da Sufuri, da kuma tan miliyan 33 na Gida.[10]
Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGGI) ya nuna a cikin 2006 cewa bangaren makamashi yana da asusun 69% na hayaki na Ostiraliya, noma 16 cikin dari da LULUCF shida cikin dari. Tun daga 1990, duk da haka, hayaki daga bangaren makamashi ya karu da kashi 35% (makamashi mai tsayawa ya karu da 43% kuma sufuri ya karu da 23%). Idan aka kwatanta, hayaki daga LULUCF ya fadi da kashi 73%. Koyaya, an gabatar da tambayoyi game da gaskiyar ƙididdigar hayaki daga ɓangaren LULUCF saboda bambance-bambance tsakanin Gwamnatin Tarayyar Australiya da Gwamnatocin Queensland. Bayanan da aka buga ta Jihar Landcover da Trees Study (SLATS) a Queensland, alal misali, sun nuna cewa jimlar adadin da aka kwashe a Queensland da aka gano a karkashin SLATS tsakanin 1989/90 da 2000/01 kusan kashi 50% ne sama da adadin da aka kiyasta ta Tsarin Lissafin Carbon na Gwamnatin Tarayyar Australia (NCAS) tsakanin 1990 da 2001.[11]
Gudummawar tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya ta kiyasta cewa Ostiraliya ce ke da alhakin 1.1% na duk hayaƙin CO 2 tsakanin 1850 da 2002. Ƙirƙirar bayanan tarihi yana auna jimillar makamashin burbushin burbushin Australiya da hayaƙin samar da siminti (ban da LULUCF ) a 18.18 ton biliyan 1.18 daga cikin tiriliyan 1.65 na duniya, ko kuma 1.65% na duniya. Koyaya lura cewa Ostiraliya tana da mummunar hayaki mai yawa daga LULUCF dangane da wasu ƙasashe, mai yiwuwa adadin yawan gudummawar gudummawar Ostiraliya ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa. [12] [ gaza tabbatarwa ]
Gudummawar da aka tsara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da yanayin da ba a rage shi ba a cikin Garnaut Climate Change Review, rabon Ostiraliya na hayaki na duniya, a 1.5% a cikin 2005, ya ragu zuwa 1.1% nan da 2030, kuma zuwa 1% nan da 2100.
Hakki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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A cewar mai gurɓataccen yana biyan ka'idar, mai gurɓatawa yana da alhakin muhalli da na kudi ga sakamakon canjin yanayi. Canjin yanayi yana haifar da tarawa kuma hayaki na yau zai yi tasiri na shekaru da yawa a gaba.
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Fitar da CO ga kowane mutum ya kasance tan 15.22-15.37 a cikin 2020, wanda ya sanya Ostiraliya ta zama 11th mafi girma [[Samfuri:CO2 emissions per capita|CO2 watsi da kowane mutum]] [14] Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Amurka .
Tushen fitarwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu daga cikin dalilan da suka sa Australia ta sami iskar hayaki sun hada da:
- A cikin 2020, an samar da kashi 73.5% na wutar lantarki daga burbushin burbushin halittu (66% na wutar lantarki an samar da shi daga kwal, kuma 7.5% daga gas). [4]
- Yanayi mai dumi yana haifar da yawan amfani da sanyaya iska.
- Aikin noma, kamar methane daga tumaki da belin shanu.[15]
- Babban matakan amfani da mota da jirgin sama tsakanin jama'a.
- Ci gaba da sare daji.[16]
Samar da fitar da kayayyakin carbon
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana sa ido kan hayaki na Australiya akan samarwa maimakon amfani. Wannan yana nufin cewa hayaki daga masana'antar kayayyaki da aka shigo da su kuma aka cinye su a cikin Ostiraliya, alal misali motoci da yawa, ana rarraba su zuwa ƙasar masana'antu. Hakazalika, Ostiraliya tana samar da Aluminium don fitarwa, wanda ke fitar da carbon dioxide yayin tsaftacewa.[17] Duk da yake ana cinye aluminum a kasashen waje, ana rarraba hayaki na samar da shi ga Ostiraliya.
Karfe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 2018, Ostiraliya ita ce ta biyu mafi girma a duniya a fitar da kwal. Ostiraliya ita ce babbar mai fitar da kwal a duniya wanda ya kai kashi 55% na wadatar duniya a shekarar 2019.
LNG
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ostiraliya ta zama babbar mai fitar da iskar gas a duniya a shekarar 2020.[18][19]
Jerin sanannun manyan hanyoyin fitarwa
Wannan jerin sanannun manyan hanyoyin fitarwa ne. Jerin ya mamaye ma'adanai (da yawa sune tushen tashoshin wutar lantarki na gida) saboda yawan hayakin da carbonmapper.org ya gano. Sauran sanannun hanyoyin fitarwa sun haɗa da tashoshin wutar lantarki masu amfani da burbushin halittu: Jerin tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a New South Wales.
Ragewa (abubuwan fasaha)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ragewar dumamar yanayi na duniya ya haɗa da ɗaukar matakai don rage hayakin iskar gas da kuma inganta sinks da nufin rage girman dumamar yanayi. Wannan ya bambanta da daidaitawa da dumamar duniya, wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar mataki don rage tasirin dumamar duniya. Yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da dumamar yanayi, tare da ka'idar kariya da tsoron sauye-sauyen yanayi marasa layi, yana haifar da karuwar ƙoƙari don haɓaka sabbin fasahohi da kimiyya da kuma kula da wasu a hankali a ƙoƙarin rage dumamar yanayi.
Don yin gagarumin canji, ana buƙatar maye gurbin kwal daga Ostiraliya da madadin.[20]
An gabatar da kama da adana carbon a Ostiraliya a matsayin mafita don samar da hydrogen mai tsabta daga iskar gas.[21] Bayan gabatar da manufofin makamashi mai sabuntawa na gwamnati, an bude karin dama don fasahar makamashi masu sabuntawa kamar wutar lantarki, photovoltaics, da fasahar hasken rana. Hanzarta tura waɗannan fasahohin yana ba da dama don rage iskar gas.
Gwamnatin Julia Gillard ta gabatar da Farashin carbon a shekarar 2012 tare da manufar rage hayakin carbon na Australia. Ya buƙaci manyan kamfanoni (wanda aka ayyana a matsayin waɗanda ke da iskar carbon dioxide na shekara-shekara sama da tan 25,000 a kowace shekara) don biyan farashi don izinin fitarwa. Gwamnatin Abbott ta soke harajin a cikin 2014 a cikin abin da aka soki sosai kuma an yada shi sosai.
Karfe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Coal shine mafi gurɓataccen duk burbushin burbushin halittu, kuma babbar barazana ga yanayi. Kowane mataki na amfani da kwal yana kawo mummunar lalacewar muhalli. Kashe makamashi na burbushin halittu yana daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwa don Rage canjin yanayi. A yau kwal yana samar da fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na makamashi na Ostiraliya.[22] Brown kwal shine mafi gurɓataccen, kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani dashi a Victoria.[23] Don samun tasiri mai mahimmanci akan hayakin gas, ana buƙatar maye gurbin kwal tare da madadin.[24]
Ragewa a cikin hakar ma'adinai, amfani da fitar da kwal yana da fa'ida ga kungiyoyin muhalli kamar Greenpeace. Kusan dukkanin hayakin kwal sun fito ne daga Tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka kashe. Coal yana da alhakin kashi 30% (ton miliyan 164) na hayakin gas na Australia, ba tare da ƙididdigar methane da fitar da kwal ba, bisa ga kayan GHG na 2019.[25]
Ana samun nau'ikan kwal guda biyu a Ostiraliya, dangane da yankin: babban kwalba mai baƙar fata da ƙananan kwalba mai launin ruwan kasa. Ana samun kwalba mai baƙar fata a Queensland da New South Wales, kuma ana amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki ta cikin gida da kuma fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje. Yawancin lokaci ana samun sa a karkashin kasa kafin a kai shi tashoshin wutar lantarki, ko tashoshin jigilar kayayyaki. Brown coal galibi ana samunsa a Victoria da Kudancin Australia, kuma yana da ƙarancin inganci saboda mafi girman toka da ruwa. A yau akwai ma'adanai uku masu launin ruwan kasa a Victoria da aka yi amfani da su don samar da wutar lantarki.
Kamawa da adanawa na carbon
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]ta bayyana goyon baya ga bincike game da kama carbon da adana CCS a matsayin yiwuwar warware karuwar hayaki mai guba. CCS tsari ne mai hadin gwiwa, wanda ya kunshi sassa uku daban-daban: kama carbon, sufuri, da ajiya (ciki har da ma'auni, saka idanu da tabbatarwa). Fasahar kamawa tana da niyyar samar da rafi mai mahimmanci na CO2 wanda za'a iya matsewa, jigilar shi, da adana shi. Sufurin CO2 da aka kama zuwa wuraren ajiya yana iya zama ta hanyar bututun mai. Adana carbon da aka kama shine ɓangaren ƙarshe na tsari. Ana sa ran yawancin ajiyar CO2 za su faru a wuraren geological a ƙasa, ko a ƙasa da zurfin teku.
Koyaya, a cewar Rahoton False Hope na Greenpeace, CCS ba zai iya isar da shi a cikin lokaci don kauce wa karuwar haɗari a yanayin zafi na duniya ba.
Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa CCS yana lalata makamashi, kuma yana amfani da tsakanin 10 zuwa 40% na makamashi da tashar wutar lantarki ta samar. Har ila yau, ya tabbatar da cewa CCS yana da tsada, mai yuwuwa ya ninka farashin shuka sau biyu, kuma yana da haɗari sosai, saboda ba za a iya tabbatar da ajiya na dindindin ba.
Makamashi na nukiliya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ostiraliya tana da kusan kashi 40% na ajiyar uranium a duniya, kuma ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya mai samar da uranium.[26] Rashin iskar gas daga makamashin nukiliya yana da ƙarancin gaske.
Kayan nukiliya guda daya a Ostiraliya a halin yanzu ana sarrafa shi ta ANSTO a yankin Sydney na Lucas Heights. Babban gardamar da ke adawa da gina ƙarin ita ce farashin wutar lantarki daga sabon nukiliya ya fi tsada fiye da sabon hasken rana. Sauran matsalolin da aka fahimta sun haɗa da cewa ana iya amfani da uranium mai wadata a matsayin makamin nukiliya, wanda ke haifar da batutuwan tsaro kamar Yaduwar nukiliya. Har ila yau, sharar nukiliya tana buƙatar sarrafa sharar gida mai yawa saboda yana iya kasancewa mai amfani da rediyo na ƙarni.
Makamashi mai sabuntawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fasahar Makamashi mai sabuntawa a halin yanzu tana ba da gudummawa game da kashi 6.2% na jimlar samar da makamashi ta Ostiraliya da kuma kashi 21.3% na samar da wutar lantarki ta Ostiralia, tare da wutar lantarki mafi girma da kuma wutar lantarki ta iska kusa da na biyu.[27] Ana kuma ɗaukar matakai tare da man fetur da binciken makamashi na geothermal.[28]
Manufofin makamashi mai sabuntawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Motsawa zuwa ga manufofi na ragewa na dogon lokaci abin da gwamnati ke buƙata ne, kuma bangarorin makamashi na Australiya sun kasance babban yanki a cikin hayaki na ƙasa. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA) ta sake nazarin manufofin bangarorin makamashi na Australiya a cikin 2018, [31] binciken da aka gano ana buƙatar ingantawa ga manufofin rage fitar da hayaki na kasar, da kuma kara karfin bangarorin samar da makamashi. IEA ta gano ci gaban da ake buƙata a cikin jagorancin gwamnati ta hanyar kafa manufofin makamashi na dogon lokaci da kayan aikin yanayi don ci gaban manufofi da turawa.
Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta ba da sanarwar manufa mai sabunta makamashi (MRET) don tabbatar da cewa makamashi mai sabuntawa yana samun kashi 20% na samar da wutar lantarki a Ostiraliya nan da shekarar 2020. Don tabbatar da wannan, gwamnati ta yi alkawarin cewa MRET za ta karu daga sa'o'i 9,500 zuwa sa'o-i 45,000 nan da shekarar 2020. Bayan 2020, ana sa ran ETS da aka tsara da ingantaccen inganci daga kirkire-kirkire da kuma masana'antu don ba da damar fitar da MRET a cikin shekara ta 2030.[32]
Bayan gabatar da manufofin makamashi masu sabuntawa na gwamnati, [33] [34] ƙarin damar sun buɗe don makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar wutar lantarki, photovoltaics, da fasahar hasken rana. Aikace-aikacen waɗannan fasahohin yana ba da dama don rage iskar gas.
Ikon rana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 2020 hasken rana da aka shigar ta ƙasa ya fi yawa a kowane Italiya, Japan da Jamus fiye da Ostiraliya duk da ƙananan damar da suke da ita.
Ikon iska
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gidajen iska sun dace sosai da amfani da noma da makiyaya.
Bioenergy
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bioenergy shine makamashi da aka samar daga biomass. Biomass abu ne wanda aka samar ta hanyar photosynthesis, ko kuma samfurin kwayoyin halitta ne daga kwararar sharar gida. Don haka ana iya ganinsa azaman adana hasken rana. Dangane da rage hayakin gas, biomass yana ba da gudummawa daban-daban guda huɗu:
- ruwa da gas biofuels na iya maye gurbin mai a cikin sufuri;
- Ana iya amfani da biomass a maimakon kayan greenhouse masu yawa;
- Biomass za a iya canza shi zuwa biochar, kwal mai kwal wanda ke inganta ikon ƙasa don hana carbon.
Masanin makamashi mai ɗorewa Mark Diesendorf ya ba da shawarar cewa bioenergy na iya samar da kashi 39% na samar da wutar lantarki na Ostiraliya. [sabuntawa da buƙatu]
Rashin zafi da wutar lantarki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zafin Rana da wutar lantarki tare suna da damar samar da duk makamashi na Ostiraliya, yayin amfani da kasa da 0.1% na ƙasa.[35] Tare da manufofin gwamnati masu dacewa, musamman a jihohi da matakan gida, ruwan zafi na hasken rana na iya samar da mafi yawan tsarin ruwan zafi a Ostiraliya, kuma ya rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki. Matsayin yiwuwar amfani da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana yana da girma kuma tsammanin sa don ƙarin raguwar farashi yana da kyau sosai.[36]
Amfani da makamashi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mafi mahimman zaɓuɓɓukan adana makamashi sun haɗa da ingantaccen rufi na zafi da ƙirar gini, ingantattun injunan lantarki da tafiye-tafiye, da raguwar amfani da makamashi ta motocin da aka yi amfani da su don kaya da zirga-zirgar fasinjoji. Kasashe masu masana'antu kamar Ostiraliya, waɗanda a halin yanzu ke amfani da makamashi a hanya mafi ƙarancin inganci, na iya rage yawan amfani da su ba tare da asarar ko dai kwanciyar hankali ko jin daɗi ba.[37] Ƙarin ingancin makamashi na gine-gine yana da goyon bayan tsohon shugaban 'yan adawar tarayya, Malcolm Turnbull . [38]
Adana makamashi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hydrogen na iya zama muhimmiyar fitarwa.[39]
Biochar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An inganta Biochar a matsayin dabara don rage dumamar duniya. Tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar adawa ta tarayya, Malcolm Turnbull ya kawo biochar cikin muhawara ta siyasa ta hanyar sanar da cewa binne sharar aikin gona yana daya daga cikin yankuna uku da ba a saka hannun jari ba wanda aka ƙaddara dabarunsa na ragewa don buɗewa.[38]
Littattafai da kungiyoyin masu sha'awar da ke bin diddigin masana'antar Australiya da ke tasowa sun rabu game da dacewa da biochar ga tattalin arziki. Brian Toohey na The Australian Financial Review ya ce har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi a kasuwanci ba. Abokan Duniya Australia, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin masu fafutukar muhalli, suna adawa da biochar, suna kiranta "wani ɓangare na jerin hanyoyin warwarewa na ƙarya ga canjin yanayi" wanda zai kasance "ya dogara ne akan manyan gonakin masana'antu kuma zai haifar da sayen manyan yankuna na ƙasa, yana ci gaba da rushewar 'yan asalin ƙasar' da haƙƙin al'umma yayin da ba su magance matsalar yanayi ba".[40]
Green Left Weekly ta wallafa editoci da yawa da ke tallafawa ci gaban masana'antar biochar mai girma.
Sabuntawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shirye-shiryen sake farfadowa suna da daidaitawa da dabarun ragewa, [41] [42] kuma a cikin 2014, an sanar da "Shirin bishiyoyi miliyan 20" a matsayin dabarun kasa. Shirin ya yi niyyar kara karfin 'yan asalin ƙasar game da sauye-sauyen yanayi ta hanyar kirkirar tsarin halittu mai dorewa ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi miliyan 20 a duk faɗin Ostiraliya nan da shekarar 2020. [yana buƙatar sabuntawa] Shirin ya fada ƙarƙashin ikon Shirin Kula da Kasa na Gwamnatin Australiya.[43] Ƙara ɗaukar kewayon tsire-tsire yana da damar da kuma iyawa don ƙara yiwuwar zama na yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar canjin yanayi da inganta al'ummomin muhalli waɗanda zasu iya zama barazana ko haɗari.[44]
Gwamnatin Commonwealth ta ba da sanarwar wani shiri a cikin 2019 wanda zai saka hannun jari a masana'antar gandun daji ta Ostiraliya ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi biliyan 1 a cikin gandun daji tara a duk faɗin Ostiraliya nan da shekara ta 2030.[45] Gudanar da ƙasa da shirye-shiryen halittu masu yawa suna da fa'idodin rage fitarwa ga aikin gona da muhalli.[46] Fa'idodi sun samo asali ne daga ikon ƙasar don daidaitawa da canje-canjen yanayi ta hanyar taimakawa wajen yaki da rushewar ƙasa da daidaita ƙasa tare da samar da mafaka ga dabbobi na asali da na noma.[47] Za a saka hannun jari na AUD biliyan 1 a shirin Kula da Kasa tsakanin 2018 da 2019 da 2022-23. [48]
Ragewa (al'amuran manufofi)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin].jpg)
Tasirin tattalin arziki na raguwar kashi 60% na hayaki a shekarar 2050 an tsara shi a cikin shekara ta 2006 a cikin binciken da Australian Business Roundtable ya ba da umarni kan Canjin Yanayi.[49] Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta gano rashin tabbas da dogaro da kasuwannin duniya a matsayin babbar barazanar rage GHG ta Australia.[50]
A cikin gida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban, sannan sanya hannu amma ba tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba, an shirya mataki don magance canjin yanayi ta hanyar Ofishin Greenhouse na Australia. Ofishin Greenhouse na Australiya ya fitar da dabarun Greenhouse na kasa a shekarar 1998. Rahoton ya fahimci cewa canjin yanayi yana da muhimmancin duniya kuma Ostiraliya tana da wajibin kasa da kasa don magance matsalar. A cikin 2000 Majalisar Dattijai ta Muhalli, Sadarwa, Fasahar Bayanai da Kwamitin Bayanan Fasaha sun gudanar da bincike wanda ya samar da The Heat is On: Australia's Greenhouse Future . [51]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ ● Emissions data source: "Territorial (MtCO₂) / 1) Emissions / Carbon emissions / Chart View". Global Carbon Atlas. 2024.
- ↑ "Australia. 2019 National Inventory Report (NIR)". United Nations Climate Change. Australia. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ↑ Department of Industry, Science (2021-08-31). "Australia's greenhouse gas emissions: March 2021 quarterly update". Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-09.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dylan McConnell; Simon Holmes à Court; Steven Tan; Nik Cubrilovic. "An Open Platform for National Electricity Market Data". OpenNEM. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "OpenNEM" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "2020 Transmission Annual Planning Report" (PDF). TransGrid. June 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
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