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Rashin jima'i

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

    

Rashin jima'i
sexual orientation (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na non-heterosexuality (en) Fassara, LGBT (mul) Fassara da sexuality (en) Fassara
Bangare na a-spec (en) Fassara da asexual spectrum (en) Fassara
Karatun ta asexual studies (en) Fassara
Hashtag (mul) Fassara asexual
Amfani wajen asexual person (en) Fassara
Hannun riga da allosexuality (en) Fassara

Asexuality is distinct from sexual abstinence and from celibacy, which are behavioral and generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal, social, or religious beliefs. Sexual orientation, unlike sexual behavior, is believed to be "enduring".[1] Some asexual people engage in sexual activity despite lacking sexual attraction or a desire for sex, for a number of reasons, such as a desire to physically please themselves or romantic partners, or a desire to have children.[2][3]

Asexuality is distinct from sexual abstinence and from celibacy, which are behavioral and generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal, social, or religious beliefs. Sexual orientation, unlike sexual behavior, is believed to be "enduring".[1] Some asexual people engage in sexual activity despite lacking sexual attraction or a desire for sex, for a number of reasons, such as a desire to physically please themselves or romantic partners, or a desire to have children.[2][3]

Acceptance of asexuality as a sexual orientation and field of scientific research is still relatively new,[3] as a growing body of research from both sociological and psychological perspectives has begun to develop.[3] While some researchers assert that asexuality is a sexual orientation, other researchers disagree.[4] Asexual individuals may represent about one percent of the population.[5]

Various asexual communities have started to form since the impact of the Internet and social media in the mid-1990s. The most prolific and well-known of these communities is the Asexual Visibility and Education Network, which was founded in 2001 by David Jay.

Definition, identity and relationships.

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Because there is significant variation among those who identify as asexual, the term asexuality can encompass broad definitions. Researchers generally define asexuality as the lack of sexual attraction or the lack of interest in sexual activity,[3][6] though specific definitions vary—the term may be used to refer to individuals with low or absent sexual behavior or exclusively romantic non-sexual partnerships in addition to low or absent sexual desire or attraction.[3]

Asexuality is often abbreviated as ace, a phonetic shortening of asexual,[7] and the community as a whole is likewise referred to as the ace community.

Relationships.

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  Despite lacking sexual attraction, some asexuals might engage in purely romantic relationships, while others may not. Some who identify as asexual report that they experience sexual attraction, though lack the inclination to act on it, citing no desire to engage in sexual activity—some asexuals also lack the desire to engage in non-sexual physical activity such as cuddling or hand-holding, while others choose to do so.[3] Asexual people may seek relationships without romantic or sexual activity, known as "queerplatonic relationships".[7] A squish is a term used by the asexual community to describe a platonic crush.[7]

Certain asexuals may participate in sexual activity out of curiosity.[3] Some may also masturbate as a form of solitary release, while others may not feel a need to do so.[8] The desire for masturbation or other sexual activity is often referred to as sex drive by asexuals, who disassociate it from sexual attraction and being asexual; asexuals who masturbate generally consider it to be a normal product of the human body rather than a sign of latent sexuality, and others do not find it pleasurable.[3][9] Some asexual men are unable to get an erection and are unable to attempt penetration.[10] Asexuals also differ in their views on performing sexual acts: some are indifferent and may engage in sexual activity for the benefit of a romantic partner, while others are more strongly averse to the idea, though they are not typically against sex as a whole so as to condemn other people for engaging in any form of sexual activity.[3][11][12]

Many who identify as asexual may identify with diverse gender identities or classifications of romantic orientation.[13] These are often integrated with a person's asexual identity, and asexuals may still identify as heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual or pansexual regarding romantic or emotional aspects of sexual orientation or sexual identity in addition to identifying as asexual. The romantic aspects of sexual orientations may also be indicated by a variety of romantic identities, including biromantic, heteroromantic, homoromantic, or panromantic, and those who do not experience romantic attraction may identify as aromantic.[14] This split between romantic and sexual orientation is commonly explained as the split attraction model, which states that romantic and sexual attraction are not strictly linked for all people. Individuals who are both aromantic and asexual are sometimes known as aro-ace or aroace.[15]

Romantic and interpersonal relationships.

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Asexual people are very different in terms of matters related to romantic attraction, intimacy and relationship building. Although asexuality implies the lack of sexual attraction, most asexual individuals are romantically attracted, which creates some distinctions between asexual people as aromantic, biromantic, homoromantic, or demiromantic identities. Romantic attraction refers to the yearning of intimacy or relationship which does not depend on sexual ambitions.

Studies in 2011 and 2017 concluded that asexual people have various relationship formats such as long-term romantic relationships, queerplatonic relationships, and mixed-orientation relationships between an asexual person and an allosexual person. Emotional intimacy, understanding of each other, and boundary and expectation communication are strongly related to relationship satisfaction among asexual people. These studies also concluded that successful partnerships often involve clear negotiation of physical affection, respect for differing needs, and flexibility in defining what intimacy means for each partner. In mixed-orientation relationships especially, couples may develop tailored arrangements that accommodate both partners’ comfort levels while preserving trust and mutual support.

A 2012 study concluded that asexual people also might have difficulties in dealing with social stigma, their compulsion to have sex, or their partners not understanding them. These experiences may add to minority stress but are usually alleviated by positive social networks and communities.

Gray asexuality

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The term gray asexuality refers to the spectrum between asexuality and non-asexuality (also referred to as allosexuality).[16] Individuals who identify as gray asexual may occasionally experience sexual attraction, or only experience sexual attraction as a secondary component once a reasonably stable or large emotional connection has been formed with the target, known as demisexuality.

Research

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Prevalence

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Kinsey scale of sexual responses, indicating degrees of sexual orientation. The original scale included a designation of "X", indicating a lack of sexual behavior.

Asexuality is rare, with around 1% of the population identifying as asexual.[17] It is not a new aspect of human sexuality, but it is relatively new to public discourse. [better source needed] In comparison to other sexualities, asexuality has received little attention from the scientific community, and there is relatively little quantitative data available about the prevalence of asexuality.[18][19] In his creation of the Kinsey scale, which he used to rate individuals' sexual activity from 0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exclusively homosexual), Alfred Kinsey included an additional category, "X", for individuals with "no socio-sexual contacts or reactions". Although in modern times, this category has been interpreted as representing asexual people, scholar Justin J. Lehmiller has noted that "the Kinsey X classification emphasized a lack of sexual behavior, whereas the modern definition of asexuality emphasizes a lack of sexual attraction. As such, the Kinsey Scale may not be sufficient for accurate classification of asexuality". Kinsey labeled 1.5% of the adult male population as X.[20][21] In his second book, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, Kinsey reported a breakdown of individuals who fall under the X category: unmarried females = 14–19%, married females = 1–3%, previously married females = 5–8%, unmarried males = 3–4%, married males = 0%, and previously married males = 1–2%.[21]

Further empirical data about an asexual demographic appeared in 1994 when a research team in the United Kingdom carried out a comprehensive survey of 18,876 British residents, spurred by the need for sexual information in the wake of the AIDS pandemic. The survey included a question on sexual attraction, to which 1.05% of the respondents replied that they had "never felt sexually attracted to anyone at all". The study of this phenomenon was continued by Canadian sexuality researcher Anthony Bogaert in 2004, who explored the asexual demographic in a series of studies. Bogaert's research indicated that 1% of the British population does not experience sexual attraction, but he believed that the 1% figure was not an accurate reflection of the likely much larger percentage of the population that could be identified as asexual, noting that 30% of people contacted for the initial survey chose not to participate in the survey. Since less sexually experienced people are more likely to refuse to participate in studies about sexuality, and asexuals tend to be less sexually experienced than allosexuals, asexuals were likely under-represented in the responding participants. The same study found the number of homosexuals and bisexuals combined to be about 1.1% of the population, which is much smaller than other studies indicate.[6][22]

Contrasting Bogaert's 1% figure, a study by Aicken et al., published in 2013, suggests that, based on Natsal-2 data from 2000 to 2001, the prevalence of asexuality in Britain is only 0.4% for the age range 16–44.[23] This percentage indicates a decrease from the 0.9% figure determined from the Natsal-1 data collected on the same age-range a decade earlier.[23] A 2015 analysis by Bogaert also found a similar decline between the Natsal-1 and Natsal-2 data.[24] Aicken, Mercer, and Cassell found some evidence of ethnic differences among respondents who had not experienced sexual attraction; both men and women of Indian and Pakistani origin had a higher likelihood of reporting a lack of sexual attraction.[23]

In a survey conducted by YouGov in 2015, 1,632 British adults were asked to try to place themselves on the Kinsey scale. 1% of participants answered "No sexuality". The breakdown of participants was 0% men, 2% women, and 1% across all age ranges.[25]

In a nationwide survey conducted in Japan in 2023 by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, 49 respondents (0.9%) out of 5,339 valid responses identified their sexual orientation as asexual.[26] In the same survey, 0.4% identified as gay, lesbian, or homosexual, and 1.8% identified as bisexual.[26] This survey "reports that 1.3% of cisgender women and 0.3% of cisgender men identify as asexual, 1.6% (86 people) of all respondents may be classified as aromantic asexual, 1.5% (81 people) of all respondents may be classified as romantic asexual, and 1.1% (58 people) of all respondents may be classified as aromantic sexual".[27]

In a separate survey conducted in 2019 by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in Osaka City, Japan, among 4,285 valid responses in a randomized survey on sexual minorities, 33 respondents (0.8%) identified their sexual orientation as asexual. When categorized by sex assigned at birth, 0.3% of male respondents and 1.1% of female respondents identified as asexual.[28] The survey also investigated not only self-identification but also experiences of sexual and romantic attraction. According to the results, 1.6% of respondents (0.9% of males and 2.1% of females) reported having never experienced either sexual or romantic attraction. Additionally, 1.3% (0.6% of males and 1.8% of females) reported experiencing only romantic attraction, and 0.8% (1.0% of males and 0.7% of females) reported experiencing only sexual attraction.

Sexual orientation, mental health and cause

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There is significant debate over whether or not asexuality is a sexual orientation.[4] It has been compared and equated with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), a diagnosis which was in the DSM-4, in that both imply a general lack of sexual attraction to anyone; HSDD has been used to medicalize asexuality, but asexuality is generally not considered a disorder or a sexual dysfunction (such as anorgasmia, anhedonia, etc.), because it does not necessarily define someone as having a medical problem or problems relating to others socially.[29] Unlike people with HSDD, asexual people normally do not experience "marked distress" and "interpersonal difficulty" concerning feelings about their sexuality, or generally a lack of sexual arousal; asexuality is considered the lack or absence of sexual attraction as a life-enduring characteristic.[6][14] One study found that, compared to HSDD subjects, asexuals reported lower levels of sexual desire, sexual experience, sex-related distress, and depressive symptoms.[30] Researchers Richards and Barker report that asexuals do not have disproportionate rates of alexithymia, depression, or personality disorders.[14] Some people, however, may identify as asexual even if their non-sexual state is explained by one or more of the aforementioned disorders. Academic Angela Chen has argued that this distinction is illogical since discrimination and bigotry faced by asexual people can cause distress. She believes that when low sexual desire is inherently seen as a problem, people will want to cure it, but that people should not have to feel like they have a "moral obligation" to increase their sexual desire.

Since the release of the DSM-5 in 2013, which split HSDD into diagnoses for female sexual arousal disorder and male hypoactive sexual desire disorder, both disorders have been criticised for similar issues to HSDD.[31] Although the DSM-5 mentions asexuality as an exclusion criterion for these two disorders, individuals must self-identify as asexual to meet the differential diagnosis and this requirement has been criticised for imposing a diagnosis on people who are possibly asexual but do not yet identify as such.[32] As of 2021, HSDD continues to be used to describe transgender women.[33]

The first study that gave empirical data about asexuals was published in 1983 by Paula Nurius concerning the relationship between sexual orientation and mental health. 689 subjects—most of whom were students at various universities in the United States taking psychology or sociology classes—were given several surveys, including four clinical well-being scales. In the results, asexuals were more likely to have low self-esteem and more likely to be depressed than members of other sexual orientations: 25.88% of heterosexuals, 26.54% of bisexuals (called "ambisexuals"), 29.88% of homosexuals, and 33.57% of asexuals were reported to have problems with self-esteem. A similar trend existed for depression. For various reasons, Nurius did not believe that firm conclusions could be drawn from this.[34][35]

In a 2013 study, Yule et al. looked into mental health variances between Caucasian heterosexuals, homosexuals, bisexuals, and asexuals. The results of 203 male and 603 female participants were included in the findings. Yule et al. found that asexual male participants were more likely to report having a mood disorder than other males, particularly in comparison to heterosexual participants. The same was found for female asexual participants over their heterosexual counterparts; however, non-asexual, non-heterosexual females had the highest rates. Asexual participants of both sexes were more likely to have anxiety disorders than heterosexual and non-heterosexual participants, as were they more likely than heterosexual participants to report having had recent suicidal feelings. Yule et al. hypothesized that some of these differences may be due to discrimination and other societal factors.[36]

With regard to sexual orientation categories, asexuality may be argued as not being a meaningful category to add to the continuum and instead argued as the lack of sexual orientation or sexuality.[4] Other arguments propose that asexuality is the denial of one's natural sexuality and that it is a disorder caused by shame of sexuality, anxiety, or sexual abuse, sometimes basing this belief on asexuals who masturbate or occasionally engage in sexual activity to please a romantic partner.[4][10] Within the context of sexual orientation identity politics, asexuality may pragmatically fulfill the political function of a sexual orientation identity category.[16]

The suggestion that asexuality is a sexual dysfunction is controversial among the asexual community. Those who identify as asexual usually prefer it to be recognized as a sexual orientation. Scholars who argue that asexuality is a sexual orientation may point to the existence of different sexual preferences.[4][10] They and many asexual people believe that the lack of sexual attraction is valid enough to be categorized as a sexual orientation. The researchers argue that asexuals do not choose to have no sexual desire and generally start to find out their differences in sexual behaviors around adolescence. Because of these facts coming to light, it is reasoned that asexuality is more than a behavioral choice and is not something that can be cured like a disorder.[10] There is also analysis on whether identifying as asexual is becoming more popular.[37]

Research on the etiology of sexual orientation when applied to asexuality has the definitional problem of sexual orientation not consistently being defined by researchers as including asexuality.[38] While heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality are usually, but not always, determined during the early years of preadolescent life, it is not known when asexuality is determined. "It is unclear whether these characteristics [viz., "lacking interest in or desire for sex"] are thought to be lifelong, or if they may be acquired".[3]

One criterion usually taken to define a sexual orientation is that it is stable over time. In a 2016 analysis in the Archives of Sexual Behavior, Brotto et al. found "only weak support" for this criterion being met among asexual individuals.[39] An analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health by Stephen Cranney found that, of 14[lower-alpha 1] individuals who reported no sexual attraction in the study's third wave (when subjects ranged in age from 18 to 26), only 3 continued to identify in this way at the fourth wave, six years later.[41] However, Cranney notes that asexual identification in the third wave was still significant as a predictor of asexual identification in the subsequent wave. In a subsequent commentary, Cranney stated that the interpretation of this data was complicated by the absence of any "set quantitative standard for how long a sexual desire must last before it is considered stable or intrinsic enough to be considered an orientation".[40]

While some asexuals masturbate as a solitary form of release or have sex for the benefit of a romantic partner, others do not (see above).[3][8] Fischer et al. reported that "scholars who study the physiology of asexuality suggest that people who are asexual are capable of genital arousal but may experience difficulty with so-called subjective arousal". This means that "while the body becomes aroused, subjectively – at the level of the mind and emotions – one does not experience arousal".

The Kinsey Institute sponsored another small survey on the topic in 2007, which found that self-identified asexuals "reported significantly less desire for sex with a partner, lower sexual arousability, and lower sexual excitation but did not differ consistently from non-asexuals in their sexual inhibition scores or their desire to masturbate".[3]

A 1977 paper titled Asexual and Autoerotic Women: Two Invisible Groups, by Myra T. Johnson, is explicitly devoted to asexuality in humans. Johnson defines asexuals as those men and women "who, regardless of physical or emotional condition, actual sexual history, and marital status or ideological orientation, seem to prefer not to engage in sexual activity". She contrasts autoerotic women with asexual women: "The asexual woman ... has no sexual desires at all [but] the autoerotic woman ... recognizes such desires but prefers to satisfy them alone". Johnson's evidence is mostly letters to the editor found in women's magazines written by asexual/autoerotic women. She portrays them as invisible, "oppressed by a consensus that they are non-existent," and left behind by both the sexual revolution and the feminist movement. Johnson argued that society either ignores or denies their existence or insists they must be ascetic for religious reasons, neurotic, or asexual for political reasons.[42][43]

In a study published in 1979 in volume five of Advances in the Study of Affect, as well as in another article using the same data and published in 1980 in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Michael D. Storms of the University of Kansas outlined his own reimagining of the Kinsey scale. Whereas Kinsey measured sexual orientation based on a combination of actual sexual behavior and fantasizing and eroticism, Storms used only fantasizing and eroticism. Storms, however, placed hetero-eroticism and homo-eroticism on separate axes rather than at two ends of a single scale; this allows for a distinction between bisexuality (exhibiting both hetero- and homo-eroticism in degrees comparable to hetero- or homosexuals, respectively) and asexuality (exhibiting a level of homo-eroticism comparable to a heterosexual and a level of hetero-eroticism comparable to a homosexual, namely, little to none). This type of scale accounted for asexuality for the first time. Storms conjectured that many researchers following Kinsey's model could be mis-categorizing asexual subjects as bisexual, because both were simply defined by a lack of preference for gender in sexual partners.[44]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 "Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality". American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  2. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Halter".
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Prause, Nicole; Cynthia A. Graham (2007). "Asexuality: Classification and Characterization" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 36 (3): 341–356. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9142-3. PMID 17345167. S2CID 12034925. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Prause" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Bogaert, AF (April 2015). "Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters". The Journal of Sex Research. 52 (4): 362–379. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713. PMID 25897566. S2CID 23720993. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Bogaert 2015" defined multiple times with different content.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Helm".
  6. 1 2 3 Bogaert, Anthony F. (2006). "Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality". Review of General Psychology. 10 (3): 241–250. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.241. S2CID 143968129. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2007. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Bogaert2006" defined multiple times with different content.
  7. 1 2 3 Empty citation (help)[page needed]
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  9. ↑ Yule, Morag A.; Brotto, Lori A.; Gorzalka, Boris B. (2014). "Sexual fantasy and masturbation among asexual individuals". The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. 23 (2): 89–95. doi:10.3138/cjhs.2409. S2CID 4091448.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Carrigan, Mark (August 2011). "There's More to Life Than Just Sex? Difference and Commonality Within the Asexual Community". Sexualities. 14 (4): 462–478. doi:10.1177/1363460711406462. S2CID 146445274. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "More to life" defined multiple times with different content.
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  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Bridgeman".
  13. ↑ MacNeela, Pádraig; Murphy, Aisling (December 30, 2014). "Freedom, Invisibility, and Community: A Qualitative Study of Self-Identification with Asexuality". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 44 (3): 799–812. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0458-0. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 25548065. S2CID 23757013.
  14. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Richards and Barker".
  15. ↑ Kliegman, Julie (2021-10-29). "What Does AroAce Mean? Not Everyone Who's Aromantic Is Asexual". Bustle (in Turanci). Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  16. 1 2 Chasin, CJ DeLuzio (2015). "Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance". Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 25 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1002/casp.2203. ISSN 1099-1298. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ReferenceA" defined multiple times with different content.
  17. ↑ Rothblum, Esther D.; Krueger, Evan A.; Kittle, Krystal R.; Meyer, Ilan H. (2019-06-18). "Asexual and Non-Asexual Respondents from a U.S. Population-Based Study of Sexual Minorities". Archives of Sexual Behavior (in Turanci). 49 (2): 757–767. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01485-0. ISSN 0004-0002. PMC 7059692. PMID 31214906.
  18. ↑ LeBreton, Marianne E. (2014). Bogaert, Anthony F. (ed.). "Understanding Asexuality". QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking. 1 (3): 175–177. doi:10.14321/qed.1.3.0175. ISSN 2327-1574. JSTOR 10.14321/qed.1.3.0175.
  19. ↑ Poston, Dudley L.; Baumle, Amanda K. (2010). "Patterns of asexuality in the United States". Demographic Research. 23: 509–530. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2010.23.18. ISSN 1435-9871. JSTOR 26349603.
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  22. ↑ Bogaert, Anthony F. (2004). "Asexuality: prevalence and associated factors in a national probability sample". Journal of Sex Research. 41 (3): 279–87. doi:10.1080/00224490409552235. PMID 15497056. S2CID 41057104.
  23. 1 2 3 Aicken, Catherine R. H.; Mercer, Catherine H.; Cassell, Jackie A. (2013-05-01). "Who reports absence of sexual attraction in Britain? Evidence from national probability surveys". Psychology & Sexuality. 4 (2): 121–135. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.774161. ISSN 1941-9899. S2CID 62275856. Archived from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
  24. ↑ Bogaert, A. F. (2015). "Asexuality: What It Is and Why It Matters". Journal of Sex Research. 52 (4): 362–379. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1015713. PMID 25897566. S2CID 23720993.
  25. ↑ "1 in 2 young people say they are not 100% heterosexual" (PDF). 2015-08-16. See the full poll results. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
  26. 1 2 National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (2023-10-27). "家族と性と多様性にかんする全国アンケート結果概要" [Summary Report of the National Survey of Family, Gender/Sexuality, and Diversity] (PDF) (in Japananci). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2025.
  27. ↑ Zelma Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. ↑ National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (2019-11-08). "大阪市民の働き方と暮らしの多様性と共生にかんするアンケート報告書" [Survey on diversity of work and life, and coexistence among the residents of Osaka City] (PDF) (in Japananci).
  29. ↑ Chasin, CJ DeLuzio (2013). "Reconsidering Asexuality and Its Radical Potential" (PDF). Feminist Studies. 39 (2): 405. doi:10.1353/fem.2013.0054. S2CID 147025548. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
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  31. ↑ Conley-Fonda, Brenna; Leisher, Taylor (2018-01-02). "Asexuality: Sexual Health Does Not Require Sex". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 25 (1): 6–11. doi:10.1080/10720162.2018.1475699. ISSN 1072-0162. S2CID 149652679.
  32. ↑ Van Houdenhove, Ellen; Enzlin, Paul; Gijs, Luk (2017-04-01). "A Positive Approach Toward Asexuality: Some First Steps, But Still a Long Way to Go". Archives of Sexual Behavior (in Turanci). 46 (3): 647–651. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0921-1. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 28091869. S2CID 20911875.
  33. ↑ Cocchetti, Carlotta; Ristori, Jiska; Mazzoli, Francesca; Vignozzi, Linda; Maggi, Mario; Fisher, Alessandra Daphne (November 2021). "Management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in transgender women: a guide for clinicians". International Journal of Impotence Research (in Turanci). 33 (7): 703–709. doi:10.1038/s41443-021-00409-8. ISSN 1476-5489. PMID 33558671 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 231850308 Check |s2cid= value (help). Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Ruspini".
  35. ↑ Nurius, Paula (1983). "Mental Health Implications of Sexual Orientation". The Journal of Sex Research. 19 (2): 119–136. doi:10.1080/00224498309551174.
  36. ↑ Yule, Morag A.; Brotto, Lori A.; Gorzalka, Boris B. (2013). "Mental Health and Interpersonal Functioning in Self-Identified Asexual Men and Women". Psychology & Sexuality. 4 (2): 136–151. doi:10.1080/19419899.2013.774162. S2CID 147120909.
  37. ↑ Meyer, Doug (2017). "The Disregarding of Heteronormativity: Emphasizing a Happy Queer Adulthood and Localizing Anti-Queer Violence to Adolescent Schools". Sexuality Research & Social Policy. 14 (3): 331–344. doi:10.1007/s13178-016-0272-7. S2CID 151482192.
  38. ↑ Garcia-Falgueras, A; Swaab, DF (2010). "Sexual hormones and the brain: an essential alliance for sexual identity and sexual orientation". Endocrine Development. 17: 22–35. doi:10.1159/000262525. ISBN 978-3-8055-9302-1. PMID 19955753.
  39. ↑ Brotto, L. A.; Yule, M. (2016). "Asexuality: Sexual Orientation, Paraphilia, Sexual Dysfunction, or None of the Above?". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (3): 619–627. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0802-7. PMID 27542079. S2CID 207092428.
  40. 1 2 Cranney, Stephen (2016). "Does Asexuality Meet the Stability Criterion for a Sexual Orientation?". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (3): 637–638. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0887-z. PMID 27815642. S2CID 40119928.
  41. ↑ Cranney, Stephen (2016). "The Temporal Stability of Lack of Sexual Attraction across Young Adulthood". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 45 (3): 743–749. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0583-4. PMC 5443108. PMID 26228992.
  42. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Cerankowski and Milks 3".
  43. ↑ "Asexual and Autoerotic Women: Two Invisible Groups" found in ed. Gochros, H. L.; J. S. Gochros (1977). The Sexually Oppressed. Associated Press. ISBN 978-0-8096-1915-3
  44. ↑ Storms, Michael D. (1980). "Theories of Sexual Orientation" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 38 (5): 783–792. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.783. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  1. ↑ This denominator is mistakenly given as 25 in the abstract of Cranney's initial study. The number of individuals who reported no sexual attraction in wave III was 14, according to Table 2, the first paragraph of the section "Multivariate Analysis", and the following quote from Cranney's subsequent commentary: "Specifically, of the 14 people who indicated 'no sexual attraction' in Wave III, only three went on to do so in Wave IV (Table 2)."[40]
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