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Rashin jin daɗin Yamma

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Rashin jin daɗin Yamma
political movement (en) Fassara da political ideology (en) Fassara
Samuel P. Huntington yayi jayayya a cikin ƙa'idar Clash of Civilizations cewa bayan yakin cacar baka, bambance-bambancen al'adu tsakanin yamma (a cikin duhu blue) da sauran wayewa zasu zama tushen rikice-rikice. [1]

Ra'ayin Anti-Western, wanda kuma aka sani da anti-Atlanticism ko Westernophobia, yana nufin babban adawa, son zuciya, ko gaba ga mutane, al'adu, ko manufofin yammacin duniya . [2] [3]

Ana samun wannan ra'ayi a duk duniya. Sau da yawa ya samo asali ne daga kyamar mulkin mallaka da sukar ayyukan mulkin mallaka da Turawan Yamma suka yi a baya . Misali, a Afirka, alkaluma irin su Patrice Lumumba da Mobutu Sese Seko sun zargi kasashen Yamma da daurin gindi a yankin Kongo . A kasar Habasha, bacin ran siyasar cikin gida da warware rikici a lokacin yakin Tigray ya haifar da kyamar kasashen yamma. A Gabas ta Tsakiya, Pan-Arabism da Islamism suna ba da gudummawa ga halayen kyamar Yammacin Turai. Kungiyoyin masu jihadi kamar al-Qaeda da ISIS na kallon kasashen yammacin duniya a matsayin makasudin ta'addanci saboda suna ganin cin mutuncin Musulunci da kuma tsoma bakin soji a kasashen musulmi. Yawancin ƙasashen Latin Amurka suna fuskantar suka saboda tsoma bakin tarihin Amurka da Turai. A Rasha, da yawa sun amince da kyamar yammacin Turai. A al'adance shugabannin Rasha sun yi watsi da 'yancin walwala na yammacin Turai wanda suke kallo a matsayin barazana[ana buƙatar hujja] zuwa mulkin Rasha a yankin.

Abubuwan da suka faru na zamani suna ƙara tsananta lamarin. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, kyamar kasashen yamma na kara ruruwa ta hanyar abubuwa kamar yakin Iraki, goyon bayan Isra'ila, da takunkumi kan kasashe kamar Iran .

Ma'ana da amfani

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A yawancin lokuta na zamani, kyamar yammacin turai tana kara ruruwa ta hanyar kin jinin mulkin mallaka, musamman a kan kasashen da ake ganin "da laifin laifukan mulkin mallaka na da da na yanzu," kamar Jamus, Ingila, Faransa, Spain da Portugal . Kiyayyar Yamma na faruwa a kasashe da dama, ciki har da kasashen Yamma – musamman kasashen Turai . Haka nan akwai kyamar yammacin duniya a duniyar musulmi akan turawa da Amurkawa . Ra'ayin kyamar Amurka ya samo asali ne daga goyon bayan Amurka ga Isra'ila, mamayewar Iraki 2003, da kuma takunkumi da yawa a kan Iran . [4]

Samuel P. Huntington ya bayar da hujjar cewa bayan yakin cacar baka, za a maye gurbin rikicin kasa da kasa kan akidar tattalin arziki da rikici kan bambancin al'adu. [1] " Karo na wayewa " nasa yana jayayya cewa tattalin arziki da siyasa na yanki za su kara karkata kasashen da ba na yamma ba zuwa ga huldar geopolitical tare da kasashen da ke da kimarsu. Ya yi nuni da cewa karuwar al'ummar musulmi a lokaci guda zuwa ci gaban kishin Islama yana haifar da kin amincewa da turawan yamma .

Afirka

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Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo

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Jagoran 'yan cin gashin kai na Kongo Patrice Lumumba ya zargi kasashen yammacin duniya da laifin mulkin mallaka. A ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1960, ya yi wani jawabi da ya nuna ko kadan cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da Sakatare-Janar nata, da Amurka, da kasashen yammacin duniya, dukkansu guragu ne. A lokacin rikicin Kongo, Lumumba ya sami goyon baya daga Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ya taimaka wajen hambarar da shi da kuma kisa daga hannun Mobutu Sese Seko mai samun goyon bayan Yamma .

Lokacin da Mobutu ya zama shugaban Kongo, ya canza sunan ƙasar Zaire kuma ya ƙirƙiri manufofin ƙasa na Authenticité ko Zaireanization, da nufin kawar da duk wani tasiri na al'adun Yammacin Turai daga cikin ƙasar.

A shekara ta 2001, kyamar baki ta karu a kasar Kongo bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa shugaban kasar Congo Laurent Kabila, inda 'yan kasar da dama ke zargin kasashen yammacin duniya da kashe shi.

Habasha

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An bayyana kyamar kasashen yamma a kasar Habasha a lokacin yakin Tigrayan kasar Habasha sakamakon nuna bacin rai kan matsin lamba a siyasar cikin gida da neman warware rikicin. [5] A ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2021, an gudanar da zanga-zangar goyon bayan gwamnati a Addis Ababa don nuna rashin amincewa da matsin lamba na kasa da kasa na yin tir da "shigin kasashen yamma" da takunkumin taimakon tattalin arziki da tsaro na Amurka. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma daga tutoci da ke goyon bayan aikin dam din Renaissance Dam na Habasha mai cike da cece-kuce. [6] A ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2022, dubun dubatar masu zanga-zangar sun yi zanga-zanga a dandalin Meskel na Addis Ababa, yayin da sauran biranen Habasha, da suka hada da Bahir Dar, Gondar, Adama, Dire Dawa da Hawassa suma suka shirya irin wannan zanga-zangar don yin tir da shiga tsakani. [7]

Ghana

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Kwame Nkrumah, shugaban kasar Ghana na farko, ya kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kin jinin kasashen yammacin duniya, ya kuma dora wa Amurka alhakin yawancin matsalolin Afrika. [8]

Najeriya

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Da yake a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, sunan kungiyar ta'addanci ta Boko Haram yana fassara zuwa "Haramcin ilimin yammacin duniya" ko kuma "Haramcin wayewar kasashen yamma ."

Zimbabwe

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Tsohon shugaban kasar Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe ya yi amfani da kalaman kyama ga kasashen yamma a cikin jawabansa, sannan ya aiwatar da manufofin kwace filayen noma daga hannun Turawan Turawa. [9]

Asiya

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China

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Tun daga farkon shekarun 1990 ne ake samun karuwar kyamar kasashen yamma a kasar Sin, musamman a tsakanin matasan kasar Sin. Fitattun al'amura da suka haifar da gagarumin koma-baya ga kasashen yamma sun hada da harin bam da NATO ta kai ofishin jakadancin kasar Sin a Belgrade a shekarar 1999 [10] zanga-zangar da aka yi a shekarar 2008 a lokacin wasan mika wutar lantarki na Olympics, da kuma zargin nuna son kai ga kafofin watsa labaru na kasashen yamma, musamman dangane da rikicin Tibet na shekarar 2008 . Yayin da kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a da ake da ita ta nuna cewa, jama'ar kasar Sin suna kallon Amurka da kyakkyawar fahimta, har yanzu akwai shakku kan manufar kasashen yamma ga kasar Sin, wanda ya samo asali daga abubuwan tarihi, musamman " karni na wulakanci ." [11]

"Yakin neman ilimi na kishin kasa" na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin ya kara tsananta wadannan zato. Duk da cewa shekaru dubun-dubatar kasar Sin ba sa son siyasa, amma yanzu Gen Z na kasar Sin yana da ra'ayin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba game da kasashen yammaci da kuma " martabar yammacin duniya " tun bayan gyare-gyaren tattalin arzikin kasar Sin na shekarun 70s.[ana buƙatar hujja]Matasan Sinawa na da korafe-korafe kamar yadda kasashen yamma suka yi watsi da kamfanonin fasahar kasar Sin, da nuna wariyar launin fata a gabashin Asiya farfagandar Sinawa, da matsin lamba kan harkokin cikin gida na kasar Sin, da dai sauransu. A wani bincike da jami'ar Toronto ta gudanar a watan Afrilun 2020, 4 daga cikin 5 na Sinawa 'yan kasa da shekaru 30 sun ce ba sa amincewa da Amurkawa. [12]

Indiya

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Ko da yake kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta nuna kyakykyawan ra'ayi game da kasashen yammacin duniya a yau, kyamar kasashen yamma sun kasance ruwan dare a lokacin mulkin Raj na Burtaniya saboda yunkurin 'yancin kai na Indiya . [13]

Japan

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Koriya

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A tarihi, ana danganta ra'ayin gaba da yamma a Koriya da adawa da ayyukan mishan na Kirista a yankin, musamman ta ƙungiyar Donghak . [14] [15] [16] Kwanan nan, yana da alaƙa da matsalolin lokaci-lokaci a cikin dangantakar Amurka da Koriya ta Kudu a Koriya ta Kudu da kuma, mafi mahimmanci, Koriya ta Arewa . [17]

Tunanin kin jinin yammacin duniya ya kasance mai wuce gona da iri a farkon matakan Jamhuriyar Koriya. An killace shi ga ƴan tsirarun mutanen da suka fuskanci kamawa da dauri a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsaro ta Ƙasa (1948) . Gwamnatin Rhee ta fi amfani da Dokar Tsaro ta Ƙasa don samun goyon baya ga matsanancin ikon ikonsa na dama. Amfani da shi kuma ya tabbatar da cewa kyamar Amurka ta kasance abin adanar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a shirye su yi kasadar kamawa. A aikace, wannan yana nufin cewa gaba da Amurkawa ya kasance cikin haɗin kai. Yana da alaƙa da Marxism-Leninism har zuwa farkon yunkurin demokraɗiyya.

Singapore

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Lee Kuan Yew, tsohon firaministan kasar Singapore, ya yi iƙirarin cewa, ya kamata ƙasashen gabashin Asiya ko na Confucian irin su China, Japan, Korea, da Vietnam su haɓaka bisa " ƙimar Asiya " ko kuma abin da ake kira "ƙimar Confucian " ko " Sinitic ". [18] A takaice dai, ya kamata kasashe irin su Tigers hudu na Asiya su yi burin samun tsarin rayuwa irin na kasashen yamma ba tare da karbar cibiyoyi da ka'idoji na zamantakewar dimokaradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi ba. Ƙididdiga na Asiya sun fi tasiri da manufofin Confucianism, musamman taƙawa na fili, da haɗin kan zamantakewa. Ana sukar ra'ayin dabi'un Asiya sosai a matsayin hanyar kafa mulkin kama karya, musamman ta Amartya Sen. [19]

Gabas ta Tsakiya

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Musulunci

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Tare da 'yan Salafiyya na siyasa, masu jihadi (kuma ana kiransu 'yan jihadin Salafiyya ) suna kallon Kiristanci Turai a matsayin ƙasa da kafirai ke zaune ( Dar al-Kufr ). Ga masu jihadi, wannan ya sa Kiristan Turai ya zama maƙasudin jihadi masu ɗauke da makamai, misali, ayyukan yaƙi ko harin ta'addanci. Masu jihadi suna kiran irin waɗannan ƙasashe kamar Dar al-Harb (ƙasashen yaƙi). [20] Masu jihadi da kansu suna motsa kai hare-hare ta hanyoyi biyu masu mahimmanci: tsayayya da tsoma bakin soja na Yamma/Kiristoci a cikin kasashen musulmi da kuma hana cin zarafi da ake yi wa Musulunci irin su Muhammad Cartoons . [21]

John Calvert ya rubuta cewa a cikin sukar da suke yi wa kasashen Yamma, masu kishin Islama sun ambaci masu tunani na Yamma kamar Alexis Carrel, Oswald Spengler, Arnold J. Toynbee, da Arthur Koestler .

Turkiyya

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A zamanin Ottoman na tarihin Turkiyya, al'adar kyamar yammacin Turai ta ci gaba. [22]

Turai

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Rasha

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Shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin tare da shugabannin addinai na Rasha a shekara ta 2001. Putin yana goyon bayan akidun gargajiya na addini da kin amincewa da wasu dabi'un 'yanci na yammacin duniya, kamar amincewa da luwadi.

A cikin littafinsa *Clash of Civilizations*, Samuel P. Huntington ya rarraba Rasha da sauran ƙasashen Turai masu bin Orthodox a matsayin wata al'adu daban da ta yammacin duniya.

Ra'ayin kin yammacin duniya a Rasha ya samo asali tun karni na 19 a lokacin muhawara tsakanin masu ra'ayin yammaci da masu ra'ayin Slavophiles. Masu ra'ayin yammaci sun dauki Rasha a matsayin kasa mai bin baya ga ci gaban yamma, yayin da Slavophiles suka ki yarda da wannan ra'ayi, suna ganin Turai ta yamma ta lalace (inda aka samo karin magana na Rashanci "yammacin da ya lalace"). Muhimmin mai sukar yamma a lokacin mulkin Alexander III na Rasha shi ne Konstantin Pobedonostsev, wanda da farko ya kasance dan ra'ayin 'yanci amma daga baya ya sauya ra'ayi ya kuma suki tsohon ra'ayinsa da tsanani.

A karkashin Tarayyar Soviet, "yamma" ya koma yana nufin "kasashen kapitalis", wanda hakan ya haifar da sabuwar karin magana ta yakin basasa wadda ke cewa "tasirin fasadi na yamma".

Bayan yakin cacar baki, wasu 'yan siyasa a Rasha sun fara tallata akidun gargajiya na Orthodox na Rasha da kuma kin yarda da ra'ayoyin 'yanci na yamma. Wasu 'yan siyasa masu matsanancin kishin kasa, irin su marigayi Vladimir Zhirinovsky, sun fi bayyana rashin amincewarsu da yammacin duniya.

Vladimir Putin ya dauki manufofi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na gargajiya a fannoni na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa — a cikin gida da wajen kasar. Putin ya soki ra'ayin duniya daya da tsarin tattalin arzikin 'yanci (neoliberalism), kuma ya kirkiro cibiyoyin nazari da ke tallata kishin kasa na Rasha, dawo da martabar tarihi da kuma kin ra'ayoyin 'yanci.

Putin yana da kyakkyawar alaka da cocin Orthodox na Rasha. Patriarch Kirill na birnin Moscow, shugaban cocin, ya goyi bayan takararsa a 2012, yana cewa wa'adin mulkinsa "mu'ujiza ce daga Allah." Cocin Orthodox na Rasha na tallafawa kungiyoyin da ke yada kishin kasa da kin yammacin duniya.

Gwamnatin Rasha ta takaita karbar kudade daga wasu kungiyoyin 'yanci da ke da tallafin kasashen waje. Masu goyon bayan Rasha a wasu tsofaffin kasashen Tarayyar Soviet na danganta yammacin duniya da luwadi da shirin bunkasa luwadi. Dokar da aka kafa a 2013 wadda ke hana yada luwadi a fili, ta samu goyon bayan 'yan siyasa masu kishin kasa da na addini a Rasha a matsayin kariya daga tasirin yamma.

Putin tare da shugabannin kasashe a taron koli na BRICS karo na 16 a Kazan, Rasha a watan Oktoban 2024

Dokar Yarovaya ta hana wa'azi daga kungiyoyin addini na kaurace, kuma an yi amfani da ita wajen haramta Shaidun Jehobah da ke da hedikwata a Amurka.

A shekarar 2023, Rasha ta fitar da sabuwar manufar siyasar kasashen waje mai cike da ra'ayin Eurasia da kin yammacin duniya, a cikin wani takarda mai suna *The Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation* wadda Putin ya amince da ita. Takardar ta bayyana Rasha a matsayin "kasa-al'umma ta musamman" da kuma "babbar karfi a Eurasia da yankin Pacific na Turai", tana kokarin gina hadin gwiwar Greater Eurasia tare da China, India, kasashen musulmi da sauran kasashen Kudu Maso Gabas (Latin America da Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara). Manufar ta bayyana Amurka da sauran kasashen masu yaren Turanci a matsayin "mabiyu, masu shiryawa da aiwatar da shirin kin Rasha" kuma tana kokarin kawo karshen mamayar siyasar Amurka a duniya.

A cikin jawabin da ya gabatar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2023, Putin ya ce mulkin Mongol-Tatar da ya biyo bayan mamayar Kievan Rus' ya fi wa mutanen Rasha amfani fiye da mulkin yamma. Ya ce: “Alexander Nevsky ya samu izinin mulki daga sarakunan Golden Horde domin ya iya tinkarar yammacin duniya." A cewarsa, wannan shawarar ta taimaka wajen ceton "mutanen Rasha — da daga bisani dukkan al'ummomin da ke cikin kasar."

Latin America

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Ra'ayin kyama ga Turawa yana wanzuwa a Latin America, musamman a ƙasashen da mafi yawan al'ummarsu 'yan ƙabilar Asali ne, kamar su Bolivia, Guatemala, ko Peru.[Ana bukatan hujja] A gefe guda, a ƙasashen kamar Argentina, Brazil, Chile, da Uruguay, Turawa sun fi rinjaye a cikin jama'a. Saboda haka, akwai Latin Americans da dama da ke ɗaukar kansu a matsayin 'yan Turai, don haka ba a fiye jin ra'ayin kyamar Turawa sosai a waɗannan yankuna ba. Amma hakan ba yana nufin babu irin wannan ra'ayi kwata-kwata ba. Lallai, ana iya samun irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin ƙasashen da ke da shugabanni ko gwagwarmayar kishin ƙasa da kuma masu ra'ayin talakawa, ciki har da jam'iyyun siyasa masu ra'ayin hagu a ƙasashen Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, ko Venezuela.[Ana bukatan hujja] A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙasashen Latin America suna kara juya baya ga Amurka.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Ra'ayin kyamar Turawa yana da nasaba da tarihin tsoma bakin siyasar Amurka da Turai a Latin America. Mutane da yawa a yankin suna sukar Amurka bisa goyon bayan juyin mulki a lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baka da kuma goyon bayan mulkin soja da CIA ta jagoranta. Yawancin ƙasashen Latin America suna mai da hankali kan hulɗar cikin gida fiye da waje. Hakan na tare da rashin yarda da tsarin duniya na ƙetare (globalization).[Ana bukatan hujja] Kungiyoyin Latin America kamar Mercosur, Prosur da Unasur suna wakiltar wannan yanayi na manufofin waje na yankin.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Samuel P. Huntington a cikin Clash of Civilizations ya rarraba Latin America a matsayin wata al'ada daban da ta al'adar Turawa, lamarin da ya janyo ce-ce-ku-ce.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 Huntington, Samuel P. (1 June 1993). "The Clash of Civilizations?". Foreign Affairs. 72 (3): 22–49. doi:10.2307/20045621. JSTOR 20045621.
  2. ↑ "Definition of ANTI-WESTERN". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  3. ↑ "anti-Western | Definition of anti-Western in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  4. ↑ Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (14 September 2012). "Anti-western violence gripping the Arab world has little to do with a film". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  5. ↑ Adem, Seifudein (10 November 2021). "Why Ethiopia Should Trust the West". Foreign Policy (in Turanci). Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  6. ↑ "Ethiopians protest against US over Tigray". amp.dw.com. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  7. ↑ "Tens of thousands rally in Ethiopia to support govt campaign against rebels, denounce US". France 24 (in Turanci). 7 November 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  8. ↑ "Kwame Nkrumah and the United States — A Tumultuous Relationship". Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training.
  9. ↑ "Diaspora Mugabe Supporters and the Limits of a Neocolonial Pan-Africanism". OkayAfrica. 18 October 2016.
  10. ↑ Peter Hays Gries (July 2001). "Tears of Rage: Chinese Nationalist Reactions to the Belgrade Embassy Bombing". The China Journal. Canberra, Australia: Contemporary China Center, Australian National University. 46 (46): 25–43. doi:10.2307/3182306. ISSN 1324-9347. JSTOR 3182306. OCLC 41170782. S2CID 145482835.
  11. ↑ "Hope and Fear: Full report of C-100's Survey on American and Chinese Attitudes Toward Each Other" (PDF). Committee of 100 with assistance from Zogby International and Horizon Research Consultancy Group. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
  12. ↑ "It's a generational thing: China's youth leading nation away from US culture". South China Morning Post. 20 March 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  13. ↑ "Anti-Western alliance". amp.dw.com.
  14. ↑ Park, Chung-shin (1992). "Protestantism in Late Confucian Korea: Its Growth and Historical Meaning". Journal of Korean Studies. 8 (1): 139–164. doi:10.1353/jks.1992.0013. ISSN 2158-1665. S2CID 144355682.
  15. ↑ Hwang, Jae-Buhm (2020). "Korean theologians' deep-seated anti-missionary sentiment". HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies (in Turanci). 76 (1). doi:10.4102/hts.v76i1.5930. ISSN 2072-8050. S2CID 225708600.
  16. ↑ Young, Ryu Dae (March 2003). "Treaties, Extraterritorial Rights, and American Protestant Missions in Late Joseon Korea". Korea Journal (in Harshen Koriya). 43 (1): 174–203. ISSN 0023-3900.
  17. ↑ Shin, Gi-Wook (1996). "South Korean Anti-Americanism: A Comparative Perspective". Asian Survey. 36 (8): 787–803. doi:10.2307/2645439. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2645439.
  18. ↑ "Human Rights and Asian Values | Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs". Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  19. ↑ Sen, Amartya Kumar (1999). "Democracy as a Universal Value". Journal of Democracy. 10 (3): 3–17. doi:10.1353/jod.1999.0055. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 54556373.
  20. ↑ "Muslimska församlingar och föreningar i Malmö och Lund – en ögonblicksbild". Lund University CMES. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021.
  21. ↑ "Military Interventions, Jihadi Networks, and Terrorist Entrepreneurs: How the Islamic State Terror Wave Rose So High in Europe". CTC at West Point. March 2019. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019.
  22. ↑ Finkel, Caroline (19 July 2012) Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923 Hachette UK, ISBN 1848547854 Accessed 1 July 2017
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