Rashin jituwa na mutum
 Rashin jituwa na mutum | |
|---|---|
class of disease (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
personality disorder (en) , cuta da harm avoidance (en) |
| Gajeren suna | AvPD |
| Health specialty (en) |
psychiatry (en) da Ilimin halin dan Adam |
| Symptoms and signs (en) |
avoidance coping (en) |
| ICD-9-CM (en) | 301.82 |
| ICPC 2 ID (en) | P80 |
| NCI Thesaurus ID (en) | C92636 |
Rashin lafiyar mutum (AvPD), ko rikicewar mutum mai damuwa, cuta ce ta mutum da ke nuna damuwa da damuwa ta zamantakewa, Tsoron kusanci (duk da sha'awarsa), mummunan rashin isasshen ra'ayi da ƙasƙanci, da kuma dogaro da guje wa abubuwan da ake tsoro (misali, warewar kai) a matsayin hanyar magance matsalar. Wadanda abin ya shafa yawanci suna nuna alamar matsanancin damuwa ga kimantawa mara kyau da ƙin yarda, imani cewa mutum ba shi da ƙwarewa a cikin jama'a ko kuma ba shi da sha'awa ga wasu, da kuma guje wa hulɗar jama'a duk da sha'awarsa mai ƙarfi. Ya bayyana yana shafar kusan daidaitattun maza da mata.[1]
Rashin kulawar motsin rai na yara (musamman, ƙin yaro ta Iyaye ɗaya ko duka biyu) da ƙin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun suna da alaƙa da ƙarin haɗari ga ci gabanta. Koyaya, yana yiwuwa AvPD ya faru ba tare da wani tarihin cin zarafi ko sakaci ba.[2]
Alamomi da alamomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mutane masu gujewa suna shagaltuwa da nasu kurakurai kuma suna ƙulla alaƙa da wasu ne kawai idan sun yi imanin ba za a ƙi su ba. Sau da yawa suna ɗaukar kansu da raini, yayin da suke nuna ƙarancin ikon gano halaye a cikin kansu waɗanda galibi ake ɗauka a matsayin masu kyau a cikin al'ummominsu.[1] Asara da ƙin yarda da jama'a suna da matuƙar zafi har waɗannan mutane za su zaɓi su kaɗaita maimakon su yi haɗarin ƙoƙarin yin hulɗa da wasu. [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ambato] Jin kunya ko damuwa mai tsanani na iya faruwa a cikin yanayin zamantakewa.[2]
Wasu da ke da wannan rikici suna tunanin dangantakar da aka tsara, karɓa, da kuma soyayya saboda sha'awar su na kasancewa. Sau da yawa suna jin kansu ba su cancanci dangantakar da suke so ba, kuma suna jin kunyatar da kansu daga ƙoƙarin fara su. Idan sun gudanar da samar da dangantaka, ya zama ruwan dare a gare su su bar su da wuri saboda tsoron rashin nasarar dangantakar.[1]
Mutanen da ke fama da cutar suna bayyana kansu a matsayin marasa lafiya, masu damuwa, masu kaɗaici, marasa so da kuma warewa daga wasu. Sau da yawa suna zaɓar ayyukan keɓewa wanda ba lallai bane su yi hulɗa da wasu a kai a kai.[3] Mutane masu gujewa kuma suna guje wa yin ayyuka a wuraren jama'a saboda tsoron kunyatar da kansu a gaban wasu.
Dalilan da suka haifar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba a bayyana abubuwan da ke haifar da AvPD a sarari ba, amma sun bayyana cewa haɗuwa da abubuwan zamantakewa, kwayoyin halitta da na tunani sun rinjayi su. Cutar na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin da aka gada.[4][5]
Musamman, rikice-rikice daban-daban na damuwa a cikin ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya an haɗa su da yanayin da ke nuna hana halayyar, gami da siffofin jin kunya, tsoro da janyewa a cikin sababbin yanayi.[6] Wadannan halaye da aka gada na iya ba mutum halayyar kwayar halitta ga AvPD.
Rashin kulawar motsin rai na yara [7] [8] da ƙin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun suna da alaƙa da karuwar haɗari ga ci gaban AvPD.[9][10][4] Wasu masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa haɗuwa da ƙwarewar sarrafawa mai ƙarfi tare da abubuwan da suka faru a ƙuruciya na iya ƙara haɗarin mutum da ke ci gaba da AvPD.[11]
Binciken ganewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rarraba cututtukan mutum ya bambanta sosai tsakanin manyan tsarin biyu don rarraba cututsin hankali, wato: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders da International Classification of Diseases, mafi yawan fitowar su sune DSM-5-TR da ICD-11, bi da bi. Duk da yake cututtukan mutum, gami da AvPD, ana gano su a matsayin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin DSM-5; a cikin rarrabawar ICD-11 na cututtuken mutum, ana kimanta su dangane da matakan tsananin, tare da halaye da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden suna aiki don nuna takamaiman salon cututtukani. Har ila yau, akwai samfurin haɗe-haɗe, wanda ake kira Alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders (AMPD), wanda ke bayyana AvPD da wasu PD guda biyar ta hanyar haɗuwa ta musamman na halaye na cututtukan cututtuka da wuraren raunin gaba ɗaya.[12][13]
DSM
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]DSM-5 ya haɗa da nau'ikan bincike guda biyu don rikicewar mutum (PD). Babban jikinta (Sashe na II) yana riƙe da al'ada, samfurin tsari na 10 daban-daban PDs, wanda aka haɗa cikin rukuni uku. An sanya shi a cikin rukuni na C, AvPD an bayyana shi a matsayin "[a] tsarin da ya dace na hana zamantakewa, jin rashin isasshen, da kuma hypersensitivity ga kimantawa mara kyau", wanda aka yi aiki ta hanyar ka'idoji bakwai, akalla hudu daga cikinsu dole ne a sadu da su.[14] Wannan tsarin rarrabuwa yana da iyakoki da yawa, kamar kowane rukuni yana kama saiti daban-daban na gabatarwa.[12]
With the intent to mitigate such issues and to create a system of classification with better empirical support, the AMPD was created.[12] Contained within Section III of both the DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR as an alternative to the categorical model, it defines six specific personality disorders – one of them being AvPD[15] – in terms of a description of the disorder; the characteristic manner in which the disorder impacts personality functioning, i.e. identity, self-direction, empathy and intimacy (criterion A); as well as a listing and description of the pathological personality traits associated with the disorder (criterion B).[16]
Akalla abubuwa biyu na aiki na mutum dole ne su sami "rashin lafiya ko mafi girma", wanda ke nunawa a cikin, alal misali, waɗannan gaskiya ne ga yankin ainihi: "ow self-girman da ke da alaƙa da kimantawa a matsayin wanda ba shi da kyau a cikin jama'a, wanda ba shi jin daɗi, ko kuma ƙasa; jin kunya mai yawa". [l] AMPD ta lissafa halaye huɗu masu zuwa: damuwa, janyewa, anhedonia, da guje wa kusanci; [17] kowannensu yana biye da bayanin yadda halin ke bayyana a cikin AvPD, [17] kamar "rashin aiki a cikin yanayin zamantakewa; guje wa hulɗar zamantakewa da aiki; rashin fara hulɗar jama'a" a cikin yanayin janyewa. [13][18][and] Binciken yana buƙatar cewa uku daga cikin waɗannan halaye suna cikin batun, tare da damuwa ana buƙatar.[1] Bugu da ƙari, ƙarin halaye waɗanda za a iya ƙara su azaman ƙayyadaddun ganewar asali.[13] Ƙarin buƙatu, alal misali dangane da ganewar asali na bambanci, an haɗa su a cikin ƙa'idodin C-G.[12]
ICD
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:11 - ↑ "Avoidant Personality Disorder – Environmental Factors". Archived from the original on 2014-10-28. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
- ↑ Bach, Bo; Kramer, Ueli; Doering, Stephan; di Giacomo, Ester; Hutsebaut, Joost; Kaera, Andres; De Panfilis, Chiara; Schmahl, Christian; Swales, Michaela; Taubner, Svenja; Renneberg, Babette (2022-04-01). "The ICD-11 classification of personality disorders: a European perspective on challenges and opportunities". Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation. 9 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s40479-022-00182-0. ISSN 2051-6673. PMC 8973542 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 35361271 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Eggum, Natalie D.; Eisenberg, Nancy; Spinrad, Tracy L.; Valiente, Carlos; Edwards, Alison; Kupfer, Anne S.; Reiser, Mark (2009). "Predictors of withdrawal: Possible precursors of avoidant personality disorder". Development and Psychopathology. 21 (3): 815–38. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000443. PMC 2774890. PMID 19583885.
- ↑ Rettew, David C.; Michael S Jellinek; Alicia C Doyle (March 4, 2008). "Avoidant Personality Disorder". eMedicine. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
- ↑ Suzanne M. Sutherland, M.D. (2006). "Avoidant Personality Disorder Causes, Frequency, Siblings and Mortality — Morbidity". Avoidant Personality Disorder. Armenian Medical Network. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Joyce, Peter R.; McKenzie, Janice M.; Luty, Suzanne E.; Mulder, Roger T.; Carter, Janet D.; Sullivan, Patrick F.; Cloninger, C. Robert (2003). "Temperament, childhood environment and psychopathology as risk factors for avoidant and borderline personality disorders". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 37 (6): 756–64. doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2003.01263.x. PMID 14636393. S2CID 154962.
- ↑ Johnson, J. G.; Cohen, P; Brown, J; Smailes, EM; Bernstein, DP (1999). "Childhood Maltreatment Increases Risk for Personality Disorders During Early Adulthood". Archives of General Psychiatry. 56 (7): 600–6. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.600. PMID 10401504.
- ↑ Battle, Cynthia L.; Shea, M. Tracie; Johnson, Dawn M.; Yen, Shirley; Zlotnick, Caron; Zanarini, Mary C.; Sanislow, Charles A.; Skodol, Andrew E.; Gunderson, John G.; Grilo, Carlos M.; McGlashan, Thomas H.; Morey, Leslie C. (2004). "Childhood Maltreatment Associated With Adult Personality Disorders: Findings From the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study". Journal of Personality Disorders. 18 (2): 193–211. doi:10.1521/pedi.18.2.193.32777. PMID 15176757.
- ↑ Meyer, Björn; Ajchenbrenner, Muriel; Bowles, David P. (December 2005). "Sensory sensitivity, attachment experiences, and rejection responses among adults with borderline and avoidant features". Journal of Personality Disorders. 19 (6): 641–658. doi:10.1521/pedi.2005.19.6.641. ISSN 0885-579X. PMID 16553560.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Rodriguez-Seijas, Craig; Ruggero, Camilo; Eaton, Nicholas R.; Krueger, Robert F. (2019). "The DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders and Clinical Treatment: a Review". Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry (in Turanci). 6 (4): 284–298. doi:10.1007/s40501-019-00187-7. ISSN 2196-3061.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:72 - ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:6 - ↑ Weinbrecht, Anna; Schulze, Lars; Boettcher, Johanna; Renneberg, Babette (2016). "Avoidant Personality Disorder: a Current Review". Current Psychiatry Reports. 18 (3): 29. doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0665-6. PMID 26830887. S2CID 34358884..