Rashin kare muhalli
 Rashin kare muhalli | |
|---|---|
political ideology (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Fuskar |
populism (en) , Kishin ƙasa da right-wing populism (en) |
| Has characteristic (en) |
countermovement (en) |
| Hannun riga da |
environmentalism (en) |
Rashin kare muhalli shine saiti na ra'ayoyi da ayyukan da ke adawa da kare muhallu gaba ɗaya ko takamaiman manufofin muhalli ko shirye-shiryen muhalli. Rashin amincewa da muhalli na iya fitowa daga waje da motsi da kuma ciki, saboda yana wakiltar ra'ayoyi da matsayi na siyasa. Hamayya ta waje na iya ɗaukar nau'in tsari na adawa, wanda aka tsara don ra'ayoyin muhalli da manufofi da ka'idojin muhalli, na ƙasa ko na duniya. Masu adawa na iya haɗawa da ma'aikata a masana'antun da ke fuskantar barazanar manufofin muhalli, kamfanonin da ke tallafa musu, da kuma masu tunani masu adawa da muhalli.
Dalilan adawa ba daidai ba ne: sun fito ne daga bukatun tattalin arziki zuwa matsayi na akida da siyasa masu adawa da canjin zamantakewa da siyasa na muhalli, zuwa ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci da ke ƙarfafa masu kula da muhalli suyi tunani da kuma karɓar hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa game da dorewa.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin amincewa da muhalli ya ɗauki nau'o'i daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. Yawancin adawa da muhalli sun taso a cikin ƙungiyar muhalli kanta, daga bambance-bambance na ciki da muhawara.
A cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, an yi wahayi zuwa ga muhalli ta hanyar damuwa game da karancin albarkatu da kuma yawan amfani da su: ana tsoron su yi barazana ga jin daɗin bil'adama na gaba da ma'auni na duniya. Wannan ra'ayi an san shi da Neo-Malthusianism . Wadannan ra'ayoyin sun zo ne daga masu tattalin arziki na neoclassical, wadanda suka ji cewa rawar da kimiyya da fasaha ke takawa wajen tabbatar da ƙarin albarkatu an yi watsi da ita. Wasu sun kalubalanci amincin tsarin lissafi, gami da na sanannen Club of Rome's Limits to Growth Report: masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa ba su yi la'akari da isasshen ra'ayi da tasirin yanke shawara na ɗan adam ba. Har ila yau, zargi ya fito ne daga hagu, alal misali daga masu tunani kamar Murray Bookchin, waɗanda suka danganta matsalolin muhalli ga dalilai na siyasa da zamantakewa maimakon karancin albarkatun halitta. Masu sukar Marxist sun yi jayayya cewa ra'ayoyin muhalli, waɗanda neo-Malthusianism ya rinjayi, suna da wariyar launin fata, elitist, da kuma mulkin mallaka, kuma suna ɗaukar su masu amsawa.
A halin yanzu, bukatun kasuwanci da ke fama da dokokin muhalli masu saurin fadada sun kafa kawance don magance shi. Wani lokaci suna amfani da irin wannan hanyoyin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da muhalli: tattara al'umma da haɗin gwiwa, da kuma kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a, shiga kafofin watsa labarai, wallafe-wallafen bincike, da kuma ba da shaida yayin sauraro.
A cikin shekarun 1980s, kare muhalli ya fito ne a matsayin ikon zamantakewa da siyasa a kasashe da yawa na Yamma. Dokokin muhalli na kasa da shirye-shiryen muhalli sun girma. Hamayya ta taso ne game da wuce gona da iri tsakanin matsayi na muhalli (misali, game da wahayi na apocalyptic na gaba). Har ila yau, adawa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da tsari sun tashi a cikin nau'ikan gwagwarmaya na gaske.
Kungiyoyin adawa da muhalli da akidar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin kare muhalli yana haifar da dalilai na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da matsayi na akida. Tushen akidar adawa da muhalli na iya zama daban-daban kuma wani lokacin yana adawa da juna: daga Neoliberal zuwa akidar adawar jari-hujja.
A wasu mahallin, musamman a Amurka, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar muhalli masu adawa da muhalli da shirye-shirye galibi ana yin wahayi ne daga ra'ayoyin siyasa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ko neoliberal: waɗannan suna son tattalin arzikin kasuwa kyauta akan ka'idojin gwamnati.[1] Irin waɗannan matsayi na siyasa suna samun tallafi a cikin bukatun kamfanoni waɗanda ke jin barazanar damuwa da muhalli ko ka'idojin muhalli. Kodayake masu lura da muhalli da yawa suna nuna haɗin kai tsakanin waɗannan shirye-shiryen da takamaiman bukatun kasuwanci da manufofin muhalli ke barazana, wasu suna la'akari da cewa akwai abubuwan al'adu a wasu kungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke haifar da adawa da muhallu.
'Yan wasan kwaikwayo da ke goyon bayan adawa da muhalli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hamayya da muhalli sau da yawa kamfanoni ne ke tallafawa kuma ana daidaita shi ta hanyar masu tunani masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, tare da kamfen ɗin tallafin jama'a (wanda aka sani da astroturfing) wanda kamfanonin hulɗa da jama'a suka shirya. Wadannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo suna haifar da alaƙa tsakanin bukatun kamfanoni, masu ilimi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, da ɓangarorin jama'a waɗanda ke da ra'ayoyin ra'ayin rikon kwarya ko kuma suna damuwa game da tasirin manufofin muhalli akan al'ummomi da ma'aikata a takamaiman bangarori.[2]
Masu tunani masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ko kuma wani lokacin masu bincike na ilimi suna shiga cikin ci gaban nazarin muhalli da matsayi na manufofi. Daga cikin masu ilimi da marubuta waɗanda suka bambanta kansu a duniya sune masanin kimiyya na Danish Bjørn Lomborg, tsohon mai fafutukar Greenpeace na Kanada Patrick Moore, ɗan jaridar Kanada Rex Murphy, da mai sharhi na Amurka Vivian Krause .[2]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Boston, Timothy (1999). "Exploring Anti-Environmentalism in the Context of Sustainability". Electronic Green Journal. 1 (11). doi:10.5070/g311110354. ISSN 1076-7975.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Boston, Timothy (1999). "Exploring Anti-Environmentalism in the Context of Sustainability". Electronic Green Journal. 1 (11). doi:10.5070/g311110354. ISSN 1076-7975. Cite error: Invalid
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