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Rashin kwal

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Rushewar Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Navajo a cikin 2020
Rashin kwal
Asali
Characteristics
Kashe kwal shine Manufofin muhalli da aka nufa don dakatar da kone kwal a cikin tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke amfani da kwal da sauran wurare, kuma yana daga cikin fashewar man fetur. Fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da muhalli na lalacewar kwal, kamar iyakance cututtukan numfashi da asarar halittu, sun fi tsada.[1] Coal shine mafi yawan man fetur mai cike da carbon, saboda haka fitar da shi yana da mahimmanci don iyakance canjin yanayi kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris.[2][3] Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA) ta kiyasta cewa kwal yana da alhakin sama da kashi 30% na ƙaruwar yawan zafin jiki na duniya sama da matakan masana'antu.[4] Wasu kasashe a cikin Powering Past Coal Alliance sun riga sun tsaya.[5]

China da Indiya sun ƙone kwal mai yawa.[6] Amma kawai mahimman kudade don sabbin tsire-tsire shine don wutar lantarki a kasar Sin.[7] Kasashe masu tasowa na iya ba da kuɗin don ƙasashe masu tasoma ta hanyar Just Energy Transition Partnership, idan dai ba su gina wasu shuke-shuke na kwal ba.[8] An kiyasta cewa lokacin da aka fitar da kwal zai iya amfana da al'umma da sama da 1% na GDP a kowace shekara har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 21, don haka masana tattalin arziki sun ba da shawarar cinikin Coasean wanda kasashe masu tasowa suka riga sun taimaka wajen tallafawa lokacin da aka samar da kwal a kasashe masu ci gaba.[9][10]

Fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da muhalli na kawar da kwal da sauri sun wuce farashin, [11] amma wasu ƙasashe har yanzu suna son kwal, kuma akwai rashin jituwa da yawa game da yadda ya kamata a fitar da shi da sauri. [12] Koyaya ƙasashe da yawa, kamar Powering Past Coal Alliance, sun riga sun sauya ko kuma sun sauya daga kwal; mafi girman canjin da aka sanar har zuwa yanzu shine Jamus, wanda ya kamata ya rufe tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe tsakanin 2035 da 2038. Jamus tana amfani da siyarwar baya don biyan bashin wutar lantarki na kwal don rufewa kafin jadawalin.[13] Wasu ƙasashe suna yin canji mai kyau kuma suna yin ritaya daga masu hakar kwal da wuri. Koyaya, Tsibirin Pacific da ke ƙasa suna damuwa cewa sauyawa ba ta da sauri kuma za a cika su da hauhawar matakin teku, don haka sun yi kira ga ƙasashen OECD da su fitar da kwal gaba ɗaya a shekara ta 2030 da sauran ƙasashe a shekara ta 2040. An amince da rage kwal a Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021 a cikin Yarjejeniyar Yanayi ta Glasgow . Vietnam tana daga cikin kasashe masu tasowa masu dogaro da kwal waɗanda suka yi alkawarin kawar da wutar lantarki ba tare da raguwa ba a cikin shekarun 2040 ko kuma da wuri-wuri bayan haka [14]

A cikin 2022-2023 amfani da kwal ya karu. IEA ta nuna farashin gas mai yawa saboda mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi a matsayin masu ba da gudummawa ga karuwar.[15] Kasashen G7 sun amince da rufe dukkan tashoshin wutar lantarki ta hanyar 2030-2035 sai dai idan an kama iskar gas din su.

Babban kwal

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar duniya wacce ke nuna waɗanne ƙasashe suka yi alkawarin ƙyalli, da kuma shekarar da suke da niyyar cimma wannan.
Kasashe biyar masu amfani da kwal zuwa 2017, bayanan EIA na Amurka.
Amfani da kwal don wutar lantarki ta ƙasa da yanki a cikin 2023-24.[16] Har ila yau, an nuna membobin Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA). _ Coal >50% na wutar lantarki _ Coal 10-50% na wutar wutar lantarki _ Coral <10% na wutar lantarki ta grid _ Coal <0.1% na wutar lantarki_ Coal > 50% na wutar lantarki (memba na PPCA) _ Coal 40-50% na wutar wuta (memba ya PPCA)) _ Coal<10% na wutar wutar sadarwa (memba wa PPCA).







Karfe-karfe na ƙarni yana fitar da kusan sau biyu na carbon dioxide - kusan tan don kowane sa'a na megawatt da aka samar - kamar yadda wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar ƙone iskar gas a 500 kg na iskar gas ta kowace sa'a.[17] Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki, iskar gas ta shahara a wasu ƙasashe don dumama. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin gwamnati (G7) sun yi alkawari a cikin 2021 don kawo ƙarshen tallafi ga tashoshin wutar lantarki a cikin shekara.[18] 

Amfani da kwal a Ƙasar Ingila ya ragu sakamakon ci gaban Man Fetur na Tekun Arewa da Dash na gaba don Gas a cikin shekarun 1990. A Kanada wasu tashoshin wutar lantarki, kamar Hearn Generating Station, sun sauya daga kwal zuwa iskar gas. A cikin 2022, wutar lantarki a Amurka ta samar da kasa da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na wutar lantarki, daga kusan rabin a cikin 2008, [19] saboda wadataccen iskar gas mai tsada da aka samu ta hanyar fashewar ruwa na ƙarancin shale.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Rauner, Sebastian; Bauer, Nico; Dirnaichner, Alois; Dingenen, Rita Van; Mutel, Chris; Luderer, Gunnar (23 March 2020). "Coal-exit health and environmental damage reductions outweigh economic impacts". Nature Climate Change (in Turanci). 10 (4): 308–312. Bibcode:2020NatCC..10..308R. doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0728-x. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 214619069.
  2. ↑ "Coal Phase Out". climateanalytics.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  3. ↑ "How to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries". World Economic Forum (in Turanci). Retrieved 19 February 2021.
  4. ↑ "Emissions – Global Energy & CO2 Status Report 2019 – Analysis". IEA (in Turanci). Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  5. ↑ Jaeger, Joel (2023-11-30). "These 10 Countries Are Phasing Out Coal the Fastest" (in Turanci).
  6. ↑ Shan, Lee Ying (2024-01-10). "World's two largest coal consumers won't be weaning off the fossil fuel anytime soon". CNBC (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  7. ↑ "Guest post: Coal-project financing outside of China hits 12-year low". Carbon Brief (in Turanci). 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  8. ↑ "How to replace coal power with renewables in developing countries". Eco-Business (in Turanci). 5 June 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  9. ↑ "Phasing out coal could generate 'social benefits' worth $78 trillion | Imperial News | Imperial College London". Imperial News (in Turanci). June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  10. ↑ "The Great Carbon Arbitrage". IMF (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  11. ↑ "Coal exit benefits outweigh its costs — PIK Research Portal". www.pik-potsdam.de. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
  12. ↑ Rockström, Johan; et al. (2017). "A roadmap for rapid decarbonization" (PDF). Science. 355 (6331): 1269–1271. Bibcode:2017Sci...355.1269R. doi:10.1126/science.aah3443. PMID 28336628. S2CID 36453591.
  13. ↑ Srivastav, Sugandha; Zaehringer, Michael (16 May 2024). "The Economics of Coal Phaseouts: Auctions as a Novel Policy Instrument for the Energy Transition". Climate Policy. 24 (6): 754–765. arXiv:2406.14238. Bibcode:2024CliPo..24..754S. doi:10.1080/14693062.2024.2358114.
  14. ↑ Do, Thang Nam; Burke, J Paul (2023). "Phasing out coal power in a developing country context: Insights from Vietnam". Energy Policy. 176 (May 2023 113512): 113512. Bibcode:2023EnPol.17613512D. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113512. S2CID 257356936 Check |s2cid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  15. ↑ "Coal". International Energy Agency. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
  16. ↑ "Electricity Data Explorer | Open Source Global Electricity Data". Ember.
  17. ↑ "Electricity emissions around the world". 23 April 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  18. ↑ "G7 commits to end support for coal-fired power stations this year". euronews (in Turanci). 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
  19. ↑ "Figure ES 1. U.S. Electric Power Industry Net Generation". Electric Power Annual with data for 2008. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 21 January 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
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