Rashin lafiyar kiɗa

Takamaiman cututtukan kiɗa suna hana ikon mutum na fahimtar, amsawa, da jin daɗin kiɗa; waɗannan cututtuken na iya zama duka haihuwa (wanda yake a lokacin haihuwa) da kuma samu. Suna iya tsoma baki tare da ikon mutum na fahimtar abubuwa na kiɗa, kamar farar, waƙoƙi, jituwa, da rhythm; ikon yi martani da motsin rai da motsin jiki (misali rawa) ga kiɗa; don samar da tunanin da ya shafi kiɗa; da kuma ikon ƙirƙirar da yin kiɗa. Duk da yake ana ɗaukar kiɗa a al'ada a matsayin abin da ke faruwa ne kawai, nazarin kimiyya na zamani na kiɗa - ilimin kiɗa - wani nau'i ne tsakanin ilimin halayyar mutum, kimiyyar kwakwalwa, da kimiyyar fahimta. Binciken takamaiman cututtukan kiɗa a ƙarƙashin waɗannan fannoni ya taimaka mana mu fahimci ilimin halayyar mutum da kimiyyar kwakwalwa na kiɗa.

Tarihi

ilimin kiɗa na zamani yana gano kiɗa tare da wasu halaye na yau da kullun, ko da yake ba tilas ba ne: farar, waƙoƙi, jituwa, timbre, dangantakar lokaci, (duka tempo da rhythm), da kuma ikonsa na haifar da martani na motsin rai.

Fitarwa

A cikin ma'anar zahiri na kalmar, kalmar "pitch" tana nufin mitar sauti. Wani kalma da masana kimiyyar kiɗa ke amfani da shi akai-akai shine "aiki mai kyau" wanda ke nufin ikon mutum don rarrabe ƙananan canje-canje ko canji a cikin farar. Gudanar da farar wani bangare ne mai mahimmanci na fahimtar kiɗa. Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a cikin dabarun binciken kwakwalwa sun nuna cewa ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa ta baya tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafa farar a cikin kwakwalwa. A cikin kiɗa, "dangantaka ta murya" ta fi muhimmanci fiye da murya kanta. Ƙananan rukuni biyar zuwa bakwai suna haifar da sikelin. Sautunan sikelin "ba daidai ba ne kuma an tsara su a kusa da sautin tsakiya, wanda ake kira tonic" (Peretz 2005).

Dangantakar lokaci

Tsarin kiɗa na ɗan lokaci ana kiransa "rhythm". A cikin 1982 masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa Fraisse ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai nau'ikan alaƙar lokaci guda biyu waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga tsarin lokaci na kiɗa: (1) "rabuwa da jerin abubuwan da ke gudana cikin ƙungiyoyi na lokaci" bisa ga ƙimar tsawon lokaci (a cikin kalmomin kiɗa duka, rabi, kwata, na takwas ko na goma sha shida), da kuma (2) "sakewa daga ainihin tsari na lokaci ko bugun lokaci".

A cikin kwakwalwa, an yi imanin cewa hemisphere na dama ya fi dacewa da mita, yayin da hemisphere ya hagu ya fi dacewa le rhythm. Masana kimiyya sun yi nazarin marasa lafiya tare da raunin kwakwalwa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta dama kuma sun fahimci cewa ba su iya "taɓawa ko samar da bugun jini ba".

Alamar

"Timbre" yana nufin ingancin bayanin kiɗa wanda ke ba mu Alamar rarrabe tsakanin nau'ikan samar da sauti daban-daban. Halin kiɗa ne wanda ke taimaka mana mu gane kayan aiki ko tushen wani sauti - kamar piano, saxophone, ko sarewa.

Tunawa

Kiɗa yana bayyana a tsawon lokaci, sabili da haka "tsarin fahimta na sauraro dole ne ya dogara da babban mataki a kan hanyoyin da ke ba da damar kiyaye motsawa a kan layi don iya danganta wani abu a cikin jerin zuwa wani wanda ya faru daga baya" (Peretz 2005). Bincike ya nuna cewa hanyoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na aiki don bayanin farar a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na iya bambanta da waɗanda ke cikin magana. Baya ga rawar da cortices na ji ke takawa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar aiki don kiɗa, neuroimaging da nazarin rauni sun tabbatar da cewa yankunan cortical na gaba suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa.[1]

Motsin rai

Kiɗa ba kawai "an iyakance shi ga fahimta da ƙwaƙwalwa ba", amma kuma yana da alaƙa da motsin rai. Yanayin kiɗa (babban ko ƙarami), da kuma saurin waƙar (mai sauri ko mai jinkiri) na iya haifar da farin ciki ko baƙin ciki a cikin mai sauraro. A cikin kwakwalwa, ana gudanar da nazarin motsin rai ta hanyar "rarrabawar cortical ta yau da kullun, wanda ke ba da shawarar samun dama kai tsaye ga tsarin subcortical, limbic".

Rashin lafiya na kiɗa

Tare da karuwar sha'awar ilimin kiɗa tsakanin masana kimiyyar kwakwalwa, cututtukan takamaiman kiɗa suna zama masu dacewa a cikin bincike da fahimtar sarrafa kiɗa a cikin kwakwalwa. An gano cututtukan takamaiman kiɗa da yawa, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga haihuwa zuwa abin da aka samu (ƙayyadaddun rauni a cikin kwakwalwa).