Rashin lalacewar muhalli

Fiye da shekaru tamanin bayan watsi da Wallaroo Mines (Kadina, Kudancin Australia), mosses sun kasance kawai ciyayi a wasu yankuna na shafin.

Rashin lalacewar muhalli shine rushin lalacewar mahalli ta hanyar lalacewar albarkatu kamar ingancin iska, ruwa da ƙasa; lalacewar yanayin halittu; lalaceyar mazaunin; lalacelar namun daji; da gurɓataccen yanayi. An bayyana shi azaman duk wani canji ko rikici ga mahalli da aka ɗauka yana da lahani ko mara kyau.^[1]^[2] Tsarin lalacewar muhalli yana kara tasirin Batutuwan muhalli wanda ke barin tasiri mai dorewa akan muhalli. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span>]}

Rashin lalacewar muhalli yana daya daga cikin barazanar goma da Babban Kwamitin kan Barazanar, Kalubale da Canji na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi gargadi. Shirye-shiryen Kasa da Kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Rage Bala'i ya bayyana lalacewar muhalli a matsayin "rage ikon muhalli don biyan manufofi da muhalli, da buƙatu".^[3]

Lalacewar muhalli tana zo

uwa da nau'ikan iri da yawa. Lokacin da aka lalatar da wuraren zama ko kuma albarkatun kasa suka kare, yanayin ya lalace; lalatar muhalli kai tsaye, kamar sare itatuwa, wanda ake iya gani; Ana iya haifar da wannan ta hanyar ƙarin tsari na kai tsaye, kamar haɓakar gurɓataccen filastik a kan lokaci ko kuma haɓakar iskar gas da ke haifar da ƙima a cikin tsarin yanayi. Kokarin magance wannan matsala ya hada da kare muhalli da sarrafa albarkatun muhalli. Rashin kulawar da ke haifar da lalacewa zai iya haifar da rikice-rikicen muhalli inda al'ummomi suka shirya don adawa da dakarun da suka yi wa muhalli mara kyau.

Rashin bambancin halittu

Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa aikin ɗan adam ya tura duniya cikin wani abu na shida na halaka.^[4]^[5] Rashin bambancin halittu an danganta shi musamman ga Yawan jama'a, ci gaba da yawan jama'ar mutane da yawan amfani da albarkatun kasa ta masu arziki na duniya.^[6]^[7] Wani rahoto na 2020 da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya ya gano cewa aikin ɗan adam - musamman yawan cin abinci, karuwar yawan jama'a da noma mai zurfi - ya lalata kashi 68% na dabbobi daji tun daga shekara ta 1970. Rahoton Bincike na Duniya kan Biodiversity da Ecosystem Services, wanda IPBES na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya buga a cikin 2019, ya nuna cewa kusan nau'in shuke-shuke da dabbobi miliyan ɗaya suna fuskantar halaka daga abubuwan da suka haifar da mutum, kamar fadada amfani da ƙasa don aikin gona da kiwon dabbobi, tare da Yawan kamun kifi.

Tun lokacin da aka kafa aikin gona sama da shekaru 11,000 da suka gabata, mutane sun canza kusan kashi 70% na ƙasar duniya, tare da rage yawan tsire-tsire na duniya da rabi, kuma al'ummomin dabbobi na ƙasa suna ganin raguwar halittu fiye da 20% a matsakaici.^[8] Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2021 ya ce kashi 3% ne kawai na duniyar duniyar duniyar da ke da muhalli da kuma faunally intact, ma'ana yankunan da ke da yawan mutanen da ke da nau'ikan dabbobi na asali kuma kadan ko babu sawun mutum. Yawancin waɗannan yanayin halittu masu kyau sun kasance a yankunan da 'yan asalin ƙasar ke zaune.^[9] Tare da mutane biliyan 3.2 da suka shafi a duniya, lalacewa ta shafi sama da kashi 30% na yankin duniya da kashi 40% na ƙasar a kasashe masu tasowa.^[10]

Sakamakon wadannan asarar ga rayuwar ɗan adam da jin daɗi sun haifar da damuwa mai tsanani. Game da bangaren noma misali, The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture, wanda Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta buga a cikin 2019, ya bayyana cewa "ƙasashe sun ba da rahoton cewa nau'o'in da yawa da ke ba da gudummawa ga muhimman Ayyukan yanayin halittu, gami da masu shuke-shuke, abokan gaba na halitta na kwari, kwayoyin ƙasa da nau'in abinci na daji, suna raguwa sakamakon lalacewa da lalacewar mazaunin, wuce gona da iri, gurɓataccen haɗari da sauran barazanar da kuma samar da ruwa mai kyau ga nau'o-shuke da samar da ruwa masu shuke.

Tasirin lalacewar muhalli akan rayuwar mata

A kan hanyar hasarar rabe-raben halittu da lalacewar muhallin halittu, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kuma gano cewa, a cikin yanayi na gurbatacciyar kasa da muhalli a yankunan karkara, 'yan mata da mata suna da nauyi mai nauyi.

Rayuwar mata, tare da kiwon lafiya, abinci da abinci mai gina jiki, samun ruwa da makamashi, da kuma iya jurewa duk suna fama da rashin daidaituwa. Matsalolin muhalli da tashin hankali, musamman a yankunan karkara, suna tilastawa mata shawo kan matsalolin da ke biyo baya, suna kara musu nauyi na aikin kulawa da ba a biya su ba. Haka kuma, yayin da karancin albarkatun kasa ke kara yin karanci saboda sauyin yanayi, dole ne mata da ‘yan mata su kara tafiya don tattara abinci, ruwa ko itacen wuta, wanda ke kara musu barazanar fuskantar cin zarafi da suka danganci jinsi..^[11]

Wannan yana nufin, alal misali, tafiye-tafiye masu tsawo don samun abubuwan da ake buƙata na farko da kuma haɗarin haɗarin fataucin mutane, fyade, da tashin hankali na jima'i.

Rashin lalacewar ruwa

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da lalacewar muhalli shine raguwa albarkatun Ruwa mai kyau a Duniya.^[12] Kimanin kashi 2.5% ne kawai na duk ruwan da ke duniya ruwa ne mai laushi, tare da sauran ruwan gishiri. 69% na ruwan sha yana daskarewa a cikin kankara da ke Antarctica da Greenland, don haka kawai 30% na 2.5% na ruwan sha suna samuwa don amfani. Ruwa mai laushi muhimmiyar hanya ce, tunda rayuwa a Duniya ta dogara da ita. Ruwa yana jigilar abubuwan gina jiki, ma'adanai da sunadarai a cikin biosphere zuwa dukkan nau'ikan rayuwa, yana kiyaye tsire-tsire da dabbobi, kuma yana tsara farfajiyar Duniya tare da sufuri da ajiye kayan.

Amfani uku na yanzu na ruwa mai laushi yana da kashi 95% na amfani da shi; kimanin kashi 85% ana amfani da shi don ban ruwa na gonaki, filin golf, da wuraren shakatawa, ana amfani da kashi 6% don dalilai na cikin gida kamar amfani da wanka na cikin gida da amfani da lambu na waje da amfani da ciyawa, kuma ana amfani da 4% don dalilai na masana'antu kamar sarrafawa, wanka, da sanyaya a cibiyoyin masana'antu. An yi kiyasin cewa daya daga cikin mutane uku a duk fadin duniya na fuskantar matsalar karancin ruwa, kusan kashi daya bisa biyar na al’ummar duniya na rayuwa ne a wuraren da ake fama da karancin ruwan sha, kuma kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na al’ummar duniya suna rayuwa ne a wata kasa mai tasowa wadda ba ta da kayayyakin more rayuwa da ake bukata don amfani da ruwa daga koguna da magudanan ruwa. Matsalar karancin ruwa matsala ce da ke karuwa saboda yawancin abubuwan da ake hasashen nan gaba wadanda suka hada da karuwar yawan jama'a, karuwar birane, yanayin rayuwa, da sauyin yanayi.

Rashin ruwa na masana'antu da na cikin gida, magungunan kashe kwari, taki, fure-fure na plankton, silt, mai, ragowar sinadarai, kayan rediyo, da sauran gurɓataccen ruwa wasu ne daga cikin gurɓatawar ruwa. Wadannan suna da babban mummunan tasiri a kan ruwa kuma suna iya haifar da lalacewa a matakai daban-daban.^[11]

Canjin yanayi da zafin jiki

Canjin yanayi yana shafar samar da ruwa a duniya ta hanyoyi da dama. An yi hasashen cewa, ma'ana zazzafar yanayi za ta hauhawa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa saboda yawan dakaru da ke shafar yanayin. Yawan iskar carbon dioxide (CO2) zai tashi, kuma duka biyun zasu yi tasiri akan albarkatun ruwa; evaporation ya dogara da ƙarfi akan yanayin zafin jiki da samun danshi wanda zai iya tasiri a ƙarshe adadin ruwan da ake samu don sake cikawa Ruwa na ƙasa.

Zubar da iska daga tsire-tsire na iya shafar haɓakar yanayi na CO2, wanda zai iya rage yawan amfani da ruwa, amma kuma yana iya haɓaka amfani da ruwa daga yuwuwar haɓakar yankin ganye. Hawan zafin jiki na iya rage lokacin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin hunturu kuma yana ƙara ƙarfin dusar ƙanƙara mai narkewa wanda ke haifar da zubar da ruwa mai yawa daga wannan, yana shafar damshin ƙasa, ambaliya da haɗarin fari, da damar ajiya dangane da yankin.

Yanayin mai zafi yana haifar da raguwar jakar dusar ƙanƙara, wanda zai iya haifar da raguwar albarkatun ruwa a lokacin bazara. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a tsakiyar latitudes da kuma a yankunan tsaunuka waɗanda suka dogara da kwararar glaz don sake cika tsarin kogi da kuma samar da ruwa na ƙasa, yana sa waɗannan yankuna suna ƙara zama cikin haɗari ga ƙarancin ruwa a kan lokaci; karuwar zafin jiki da farko zai haifar da saurin hawan ruwa daga glaciers a lokacin rani, sannan kuma ja da baya a cikin glaciers da raguwa a cikin narkewa kuma saboda haka samar da ruwa a kowace shekara yayin da girman wadannan glaciers ke karuwa da karami..

Yaduwar zafi na ruwa da karuwar narkewar kankara na teku daga karuwar zafin jiki yana ba da damar hauhawar matakin teku. Wannan na iya shafar samar da ruwa mai laushi ga yankunan bakin teku. Yayin da bakin kogi da deltas tare da mafi girman salinity ke turawa cikin ƙasa, shigar da ruwan gishiri yana haifar da karuwar salinity a cikin tafkuna da aquifers. Hawan matakin teku na iya haifar da raguwar ruwan kasa, kamar yadda canjin yanayi zai iya shafar sake zagayowar ruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Rarrabawar da ba daidai ba na karuwar zafin jiki da karuwar hazo a duniya yana haifar da raguwar ruwa da rashi, amma raguwar ruwa a duniya yana nuna hauhawar matakin teku, koda bayan an lissafa ruwan da ya narke da fadada zafi, ^[13] wanda zai iya samar da kyakkyawan ra'ayi ga matsalolin hauhawar ruwan teku da ke haifar da samar da ruwa mai kyau.

Hawan zafin iska yana haifar da hauhawar zafin ruwa, wanda kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin lalacewar ruwa yayin da ruwa zai zama mai saukin kamuwa da ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta. Karin zafin jiki na ruwa na iya shafar yanayin halittu sosai saboda ƙwarewar jinsin ga zafin jiki, da kuma haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin tsarkakewa na ruwa daga raguwar iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa saboda hauhawar zafin jiki.

Canjin yanayi da hazo

Har ila yau, an yi hasashen hauhawar yanayin zafi na duniya zai danganta da karuwar ruwan sama na duniya amma saboda karuwar runoff, ambaliyar ruwa, karuwar yaduwar ƙasa, da motsi na ƙasa, yiwuwar raguwar ingancin ruwa, saboda yayin da ruwa zai ɗauki ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki zai kuma ɗauke da ƙarin gurɓataccen abu. Duk da yake mafi yawan hankali game da canjin yanayi ana mai da hankali ga dumama duniya da tasirin greenhouse, wasu daga cikin manyan tasirin canjin yanayi na iya kasancewa daga canje-canje a cikin hazo, evapotranspiration, runoff, da danshi na ƙasa. Gabaɗaya ana sa ran cewa, a matsakaici, ruwan sama na duniya zai ƙaru, tare da wasu yankuna da ke karɓar ƙaruwa da wasu raguwa.

Misalai na yanayi sun nuna cewa yayin da wasu yankuna ya kamata su yi tsammanin karuwar hazo, kamar a cikin wurare masu zafi da latitudes mafi girma, ana sa ran wasu yankuna su ga raguwa, kamar a cikin subtropics. Wannan zai haifar da bambancin latitudinal a cikin rarraba ruwa. Yankunan da ke karɓar karin hazo ana sa ran su sami wannan karuwa a lokacin hunturu kuma a zahiri su zama masu bushewa a lokacin rani, ^[14] suna haifar da bambancin rarraba hazo. A dabi'a, rarraba ruwan sama a duk faɗin duniya ba daidai ba ne, yana haifar da bambance-bambance na yau da kullun a cikin wadatar ruwa a wurare masu dacewa.

Canje-canje a cikin hazo yana shafar lokacin da girman ambaliyar ruwa da fari, sauya hanyoyin runoff, da canza yawan sake caji na ruwa. Tsarin shuke-shuke da ƙimar girma za su shafi kai tsaye ta hanyar sauye-sauye a cikin adadin hazo da rarraba, wanda hakan zai shafi aikin gona da kuma yanayin halittu. Rage ruwan sama zai hana yankunan ruwa wanda ke haifar da teburin ruwa su faɗi da kuma tafkunan ruwa, koguna, da tabkuna su zama marasa amfani. Bugu da kari, yiwuwar karuwa a cikin evaporation da evapotranspiration zai haifar, dangane da hauhawar zafin jiki. Za a rage wuraren ajiyar ruwa, kuma sauran ruwan yana da damar kasancewa mara inganci daga saline ko gurɓataccen ƙasa.

Canjin yanayi yana haifar da babban lalacewar ƙasa wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen hamada da ƙarancin abinci. Barazanar lalacewar ƙasa tana ƙaruwa da rana kuma an nuna shi a matsayin babbar barazanar duniya. Dangane da Global Assessment of Land Degradation and Improvement (GLADA) wani kwata na yankin ƙasa a duniya yanzu ana iya sanya shi a matsayin wanda ya lalace. Rashin lalacewar ƙasa ya kamata ya rinjayi rayuwar mutane biliyan 1.5 kuma tan biliyan 15 na ƙasa mai kyau ya ɓace a kowace shekara saboda ayyukan ɗan adam da canjin yanayi.^[15]

Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a

Yawan mutane a Duniya yana fadada cikin sauri, wanda tare da Ci gaban tattalin arziki mafi sauri shine babban dalilin lalacewar muhalli.^[16] Sha'awar bil'adama ga albarkatun tana rushe daidaitattun yanayi na muhalli. Masana'antu na samarwa suna fitar da hayaki a cikin yanayi kuma suna fitar da sunadarai waɗanda ke gurɓata albarkatun ruwa. Hayakin ya haɗa da iskar gas kamar carbon monoxide da sulphur dioxide. Matsayi mai girma na gurɓataccen yanayi yana samar da yadudduka waɗanda a ƙarshe suka shiga cikin yanayi. Magungunan kwayoyin halitta irin su chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) sun samar da budewa a cikin Layer na ozone, wanda ya yarda da matakan radiation na ultraviolet, yana sanya duniya cikin haɗari.

Ruwa mai laushi da ke akwai wanda yanayin ya shafi shi kuma ana shimfiɗa shi a duk faɗin yawan jama'a na duniya. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'ar duniya suna zaune a yankin da ke amfani da fiye da 20% na ruwan da za a iya sabuntawa; amfani da ruwa zai karu tare da yawan jama'a yayin da ruwan da ke kara tsanantawa ta hanyar raguwar ruwa da ruwan kasa wanda canjin yanayi ya haifar. Kodayake wasu yankuna na iya ganin karuwar samar da ruwa mai laushi daga karuwar rarraba ruwan sama, ana sa ran karuwar amfani da samar da ruwa.

Ƙarin yawan jama'a yana nufin karuwar janyewa daga samar da ruwa don amfani da gida, noma, da masana'antu, mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan shine noma, wanda aka yi imanin cewa shine babban abin da ba na yanayi ba na canjin muhalli da lalacewar ruwa. Shekaru 50 masu zuwa za su iya zama lokacin ƙarshe na fadada aikin gona da sauri, amma yawan jama'a da suka fi girma a wannan lokacin za su buƙaci ƙarin aikin gona.

Karin yawan jama'a a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, aƙalla a Amurka, an kuma haɗa shi da canji zuwa karuwa a cikin birane daga yankunan karkara, wanda ke mai da hankali ga buƙatar ruwa zuwa wasu yankuna, kuma yana mai da hankali kan samar da ruwa mai kyau daga masana'antu da gurɓataccen mutum. Birane suna haifar da yawan jama'a da yanayin rayuwa mara tsabta, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa, wanda hakan ke fallasa yawan mutane ga cututtuka. Kimanin kashi 79% na yawan mutanen duniya suna cikin kasashe masu tasowa, waɗanda ba su da damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da tsarin shara, suna ba da karuwar cututtuka da mutuwar daga ruwa mai gurbatawa da kuma karuwar yawan kwari masu dauke da cututtuka.

Aikin noma ya dogara da danshi na ƙasa, wanda ke shafar kai tsaye ta hanyar yanayin yanayi, tare da hazo shine shigarwa a cikin wannan tsarin da kuma matakai daban-daban shine fitarwa, kamar evapotranspiration, runoff, drainage, da percolation cikin ruwa na ƙasa. Canje-canje a cikin yanayi, musamman canje-canje a ruwan sama da evapotranspiration da aka annabta ta hanyar samfurin yanayi, zai shafi danshi na ƙasa kai tsaye, runoff na ƙasa, da sake caji na ruwa.

A yankunan da ke da raguwar ruwan sama kamar yadda aka annabta ta hanyar yanayin yanayi, ana iya rage danshi na ƙasa sosai. Tare da wannan a zuciya, noma a mafi yawan yankuna sun riga sun buƙaci ban ruwa, wanda ke rage wadatar ruwa mai kyau ta hanyar amfani da ruwa da kuma lalacewar aikin gona da ke haifar da ruwa. Ruwa yana ƙara gishiri da abubuwan gina jiki a yankunan da ba za a iya shafar su ba, kuma yana lalata rafi da koguna daga madatsar ruwa da cire ruwa. Fertilizer ya shiga cikin magudanar ruwa na mutum da na dabbobi wanda a ƙarshe ya shiga cikin ruwa na ƙasa, yayin da nitrogen, phosphorus, da sauran sunadarai daga taki na iya sanya ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ruwa. Wasu bukatun noma na iya ƙaruwa fiye da wasu tare da yawan mutanen duniya masu arziki, kuma nama shine kayan da ake sa ran ya ninka buƙatun abinci na duniya nan da shekara ta 2050, wanda ke shafar samar da ruwa mai kyau a duniya. shanu suna buƙatar ruwa don sha, fiye da haka idan zafin jiki yana da yawa kuma danshi yana da ƙasa, kuma fiye da haka Idan tsarin samar da saniya ke ciki yana da yawa, tunda samun abinci yana ɗaukar ƙarin ƙoƙari. Ana buƙatar ruwa a cikin sarrafa nama, da kuma samar da abinci ga dabbobi. Rashin abinci na iya gurɓata jikin ruwa mai laushi, da wuraren yanka, dangane da yadda ake sarrafa su, suna ba da gudummawa ga sharar gida kamar jini, kitse, gashi, da sauran abubuwan da ke cikin jiki don samar da ruwa mai lauri.

Canjin ruwa daga aikin gona zuwa amfani da birane da kewayen birane yana haifar da damuwa game da dorewar aikin gona, raguwar zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki a yankunan karkara, tsaron abinci, karuwar sawun carbon daga abinci da aka shigo da shi, da kuma rage ma'aunin cinikayya na kasashen waje. Rashin ruwa mai laushi, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi ga yankuna masu yawa, yana ƙara ƙarancin ruwa mai lauri tsakanin yawan jama'a kuma yana sa yawan jama'ar su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da siyasa a hanyoyi da yawa; hauhawar matakan teku yana tilasta ƙaura daga yankunan bakin teku zuwa wasu yankuna masu nisa a cikin ƙasa, kuma tura yawan jama'o'i kusa da juna suna karya iyakoki da sauran alamu na ƙasa, kuma raguwa da rashi daga wadatar ruwa suna haifar da matsalolin kasuwanci da tattalin arzikin wasu yankuna. Canjin yanayi muhimmiyar sanarwa ce ta ƙaura ba tare da son rai ba da kuma tilasta ƙaura A cewar Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, hayakin gas na duniya daga aikin gona na dabbobi ya wuce na sufuri.

Gudanar da ruwa

Wani rafi a garin Amlwch, Anglesey, wanda ya gurɓata ta hanyar magudanar ma'adinai daga tsohuwar ma'adinin jan ƙarfe a kusa da Dutsen Parys.

Gudanar da ruwa shine tsari na tsarawa, haɓaka, da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa a duk aikace-aikacen ruwa, dangane da yawa da inganci. " Gudanar da ruwa yana tallafawa da jagorantar cibiyoyi, ababen more rayuwa, abubuwan motsawa, da tsarin bayanai. ^[17]

Batun raguwar ruwa mai laushi ya haifar da karuwar kokarin gudanar da ruwa. Duk da yake tsarin sarrafa ruwa sau da yawa yana da sassauci, daidaitawa da sababbin yanayin ruwa na iya zama mai tsada sosai. Hanyoyin rigakafi sun zama dole don kauce wa tsada mai yawa na rashin inganci da buƙatar gyara kayan ruwa, ^[18] kuma sababbin abubuwa don rage buƙatun gaba ɗaya na iya zama da mahimmanci wajen tsara dorewar ruwa.

Tsarin samar da ruwa, kamar yadda suke a yanzu, sun dogara ne akan tunanin yanayin yanzu, kuma an gina su don karɓar kogin da ke akwai da kuma yawan ambaliyar ruwa. Ana gudanar da tankuna bisa ga bayanan ruwa na baya, da tsarin ban ruwa akan zafin jiki na tarihi, wadatar ruwa, da bukatun ruwan amfanin gona; waɗannan bazai zama abin dogaro ga nan gaba ba. Sake nazarin zane-zanen injiniya, ayyuka, ingantawa, da tsarawa, da sake kimanta hanyoyin shari'a, fasaha, da tattalin arziki don sarrafa albarkatun ruwa suna da mahimmanci ga makomar gudanar da ruwa don mayar da martani ga lalacewar ruwa. Wata hanyar ita ce mallakar ruwa; duk da tasirin tattalin arziki da al'adu, ingancin sabis da ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya ana iya sarrafa shi cikin sauƙi da rarraba shi. Daidaitawa da dorewa ya dace, kuma yana buƙatar iyaka ga wuce gona da iri da gurɓata da ƙoƙarin kiyayewa.

Amfani yana ƙaruwa

Yayin da yawan jama'ar duniya ke ƙaruwa, yana tare da karuwar yawan jama'a da ake buƙata don albarkatun ƙasa. Tare da buƙatar ƙarin ƙaruwa na samarwa ya zo ƙarin lalacewa ga mahalli da yanayin halittu inda aka ajiye waɗannan albarkatun. Dangane da tsinkayen yawan jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya' Archived 2024-05-21 at the Wayback Machine, za a iya samun karin haihuwa miliyan 170 a shekara ta 2070. Bukatar karin man fetur, makamashi, abinci, gine-gine, da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna ƙaruwa tare da yawan mutane a duniya.

Koyaya, sikelin lalacewar muhalli ba kawai an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar ƙaruwar yawan jama'a ba har ma da tsarin amfani da ingancin albarkatu. Kasashe masu masana'antu, tare da yawan amfani da kowane mutum, sau da yawa suna da babban Sawun muhalli idan aka kwatanta da yankuna marasa ci gaba. Kokarin karɓar ayyukan Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, gami da makamashi mai sabuntawa, sake amfani, da Rage sharar gida, na iya rage wasu tasirin muhalli na karuwar amfani. Bugu da ƙari, inganta tattalin arzikin zagaye da sauyawa zuwa fasahar da ba ta da tasiri sosai suna da mahimmanci.

Kashe daji

Yayin da bukatar sabbin wuraren noma da gina tituna ke karuwa, ayyukan sare dazuzzuka suna ci gaba da aiki. Sake dazuzzuka shine "cire daji ko tsayin bishiyoyi daga ƙasar da ta koma ba amfani da gandun daji." (Wikipedia-Deforestation). Tun daga shekarun 1960, kusan kashi 50% na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi an lalata su, amma wannan tsari bai iyakance ga wuraren dazuzzuka masu zafi ba. Har ila yau, dabbobi, kwari, cututtuka, nau'i-nau'i masu cin zarafi, da sauran ayyukan mutane suna lalata dazuzzuka na Turai. Ana iya samun yawancin halittu masu rai na duniya suna zaune a cikin dazuzzuka daban-daban. Rushe waɗannan wuraren don ƙarin amfani kai tsaye yana rage ɗimbin halittu na duniya na tsirrai da nau'in dabbobi waɗanda suka fito daga yankunan.

Tare da lalata wuraren zama da yanayin halittu, rage gandun daji na duniya yana ba da gudummawa ga adadin a cikin yanayi. Ta hanyar cire wuraren gandun daji, muna iyakance adadin tafkunan carbon, iyakance shi ga mafi girma: yanayi da teku. Duk da yake daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka haifar da sare daji shine amfani da aikin gona don samar da abinci a duniya, cire bishiyoyi daga shimfidar wurare yana ƙara yawan lalacewa a yankuna, yana sa ya fi wuya a samar da amfanin gona a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan ƙasa.

Daidaitawa ga Ragewa

Tsuntsaye suna sarrafa matakin gishiri a jikin su. Ko da yake, duk kwari za su mutu a cikin ruwan gishiri. Tsuntsu mafi haƙuri, Crab-eating frog, na iya jurewa har zuwa 75% salinity na ruwan teku, kuma yana iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci a cikin 2/3s salinity of seea. Yawancin kwari ba sa daidaitawa da sauri don tsira daga karuwar yanayin saline. Yawancin nau'ikan kwari a halin yanzu suna daidaitawa don jurewa mafi girman salinity a wurare daban-daban. Adadin gishiri da kwaya ke iya jurewa a takamaiman lokaci ya bambanta da adadin gishiri da suke iya jurewa na dogon lokaci, kuma matakai daban-daban na rayuwa yawanci ba su da adadin haƙuri na gishiri, tare da tayin mafi ƙarancin haƙuri, da tadpoles na wasu kwaya mafi haƙuri. Gishiri kuma na iya haifar da cikas a cikin yawan kwari na gida, kamar yadda kwari da yawa ke mutuwa daga fallasawa, rage bambancin kwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya kara tasirin cututtuka ga yawan jama'a.

Ƙarin gishiri yana haifar da salinization na ruwa mai laushi wanda ke jagorantar mutum, kamar daga runoff daga hanyoyin kankara, daga gurɓataccen abu daga aikin gona, daga gurbataccen ma'adinai, da kuma daga intrusions na teku yayin da matakan teku suka tashi. Wasu gyare-gyaren kwari sun faru ne saboda yanayin halittu mai ɗanɗano, kamar ruwa mai ɗanɗana a cikin koguna ko wuraren mangrove. Wasu nau'ikan gishiri na iya shafar kwari daban-daban fiye da sauran nau'ikan ruwan gishiri, amma saboda gishiri na hanya da ruwan gishiri sun fi yawan nau'ikan bayyanar gishiri, sodium chloride shine gishiri da aka fi nazarin shi dangane da tasirinsa akan kwari. Kwadi mai cin kaguwa, da wasu daga cikin danginsa, sune sanannun misalan kwadi masu yawan haƙurin gishiri. Sun kasance na musamman a tsakanin kwadi don cin abinci mai yawa (lokacin a cikin yankunan bakin teku), kuma suna ganin su ne kwadi mafi kyawun jure wa yanayin gishiri. Itacen itacen kore na Amurka yana da nau'in halitta wanda ya fi dacewa da yanayin gishiri na gaɓar tekun Atlantika na Amurka fiye da danginsu a cikin ƙasa a cikin yanayin ruwa mai daɗi. Tushen koren Eurasian, da Natterjack toad, da toad ɗin kara kuma suna nuna haƙurin gishiri. Wasu al'ummomin kuɗaɗen itace ta hanyar fallasa ga gishirin hanya suna nuna wasu gyare-gyare ga haƙurin gishiri. Toad ɗin Spiny daga Yammacin Turai ya fi jure gishiri a cikin ƙasa fiye da al'ummar bakin teku, wanda zai yiwu saboda mutanen cikin gida sun fi girma daga samun ƙarancin kuzari da ke magance damuwa gishiri.

Canje-canje a cikin salinity kuma yana ta tafiya tare da wasu canje-canje zuwa yanayin yanayin da ke cutar da kwadi. Haɗin tasirin zafin zafi da damuwa na gishiri akan yawancin kwadi sun fi muni fiye da ko dai danniya yana aiki shi kaɗai. Bugu da ƙari, wasu adadin kwaɗin itace daga ruwan gishiri suna nuna mafi munin ra'ayi da ƙananan matakan aiki fiye da takwarorinsu na ruwa, wanda zai iya sa su kasance cikin haɗari ga tsinkaya fiye da kwadi na ruwa. Kwadin itacen maza da ke tasowa a cikin tafkunan gishiri suma suna iya fuskantar haɗarin edema, ko kumburi da ruwa, bayan sun yi sanyi.. Ana nazarin kwari na itace sosai saboda yawan mutanen da za a iya hangowa, lambobi masu yawa, da kewayon, da kuma yawan hanyoyin da ke daskarewa kusa da wuraren kiwo.

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin da kwari ke hulɗa da yanayin gishiri shine ta hanyar haɓaka kwayoyin halitta don hormones wanda ke taimakawa jigilar gishiri a cikin membranes na osmotic, kamar Angiotensin II da aldosterone (wanda kwari masu cin ganyayyaki ke amfani da shi), ko arginine vasotocin (wanda kwararru ke amfani da su). A cikin kwari masu cin kwari, an nuna cewa an bayyana waɗannan kwayoyin halitta a cikin fata, koda, da kuma kumfa, inda kwari ke yin yawancin musayar ruwa. Wata hanyar ita ce kara samar da osmolytes kamar glycerol ko urea don taimakawa shan ruwa a cikin sel ɗin su don daidaita matsin osmotic. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da wasu yawan kwari ke hulɗa da gishiri shine kawai don samar da ƙwai masu girma, saboda manyan tsutsotsi suna jure gishiri mafi kyau. Wani kuma shi ne gyare-gyare na mai jigilar ion a cikin tantanin halitta da ganuwar vacuole, don cire gishiri daga sel. Protein ɗin da ke sa ƙwayoyin halitta su kasance suna nuna canje-canje, musamman raunana, don ba da damar cytoskeleton ya zama mai sauƙi kuma ya fi dacewa da matsalolin jiki daga bayyanar gishiri. A gwaji, ƙwai da aka fallasa zuwa gishiri a cikin ƙwayoyin itace, suna haifar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da tadpoles waɗanda suka fi dacewa da jure gishiri, idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyi da aka haifa daga ƙwayoyin da aka haifi.

Hanyoyin da kwari ke amfani da su don jure ruwan gishiri ana kuma lura da su a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban. Tiger salamander da Spotted salamander suma suna da ɗan haƙuri na gishiri. Daidaitawa ga ruwan gishiri da aka gani a cikin kwari suna kama da waɗanda ke cikin kifi da ke motsawa tsakanin gishiri da ruwa mai laushi, kamar killifish. Glycerol ana amfani dashi azaman osmolyte har ma da yisti, kwari, da tsire-tsire (duba gishiri na amfanin gona). Urea a cikin adadi mafi girma a cikin sel na wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda suka samo asali don rayuwa a cikin ruwan gishiri. Kifi suna da alaƙa musamman saboda suna da matakin fata tare da amphibians.

Dubi kuma

Anthropocene
Canjin muhalli
Batutuwan muhalli
Rushewar muhalli
Rikicin muhalli
Ci gaban muhalli mai dorewa
Tsarin zamantakewar muhalli
Amfani da albarkatun kasa
Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli
I = Ƙafa
Maido da muhalli
Shekaru goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Biodiversity
Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP)
Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP)
Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Duniya (WRI)

↑ Johnson, D. L.; Ambrose, S. H.; Bassett, T. J.; Bowen, M. L.; Crummey, D. E.; Isaacson, J. S.; Johnson, D. N.; Lamb, P.; Saul, M.; Winter-Nelson, A. E. (1 May 1997). "Meanings of Environmental Terms". Journal of Environmental Quality. 26 (3): 581–589. Bibcode:1997JEnvQ..26..581J. doi:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x.
↑ Yeganeh, Kia Hamid (1 January 2020). "A typology of sources, manifestations, and implications of environmental degradation". Management of Environmental Quality. 31 (3): 765–783. Bibcode:2020MEnvQ..31..765Y. doi:10.1108/MEQ-02-2019-0036.
↑ "Terminology". The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2004-03-31. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
↑ Empty citation (help)
↑ Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice". BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
↑ Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; Sexton, J. O. (30 May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" (PDF). Science. 344 (6187): 1246752. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. S2CID 206552746. The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.
↑ Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23 May 2017). "Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines". PNAS. 114 (30): E6089–E6096. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E6089C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114. PMC 5544311. PMID 28696295. Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly.
↑ Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine (2021). "Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future". Frontiers in Conservation Science. 1. Bibcode:2021FrCS....1.5419B. doi:10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419.
↑ Plumptre, Andrew J.; Baisero, Daniele; et al. (2021). "Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?". Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 4. Bibcode:2021FrFGC...4.6635P. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2021.626635. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
↑ Bekele, Adugna Eneyew; Drabik, Dusan; Dries, Liesbeth; Heijman, Wim (30 January 2021). "Large-scale land investments, household displacement, and the effect on land degradation in semiarid agro-pastoral areas of Ethiopia". Land Degradation & Development. 32 (2): 777–791. Bibcode:2021LDeDe..32..777B. doi:10.1002/ldr.3756.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 "Empower Women - Impact of climate change, environmental degradation and natural disasters on women's livelihoods". EmpowerWomen (in Turanci). 28 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-18.
↑ Warner, K.; Hamza, H.; Oliver-Smith, A.; Renaud, F.; Julca, A. (December 2010). "Climate change, environmental degradation and migration". Natural Hazards. 55 (3): 689–715. Bibcode:2010NatHa..55..689W. doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9419-7. S2CID 144843784.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named groundwater
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named arid
↑ Arora, Naveen Kumar (2019-06-01). "Impact of climate change on agriculture production and its sustainable solutions". Environmental Sustainability (in Turanci). 2 (2): 95–96. Bibcode:2019ESust...2...95A. doi:10.1007/s42398-019-00078-w. ISSN 2523-8922.
↑ Cafaro, Philip (2022). "Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species". Philosophia. 50 (5): 2263–2282. doi:10.1007/s11406-022-00497-w. S2CID 247433264 Check |s2cid= value (help).
↑ "Water Resource Management: our essential guide to water resource management objectives, policy & strategies". www.aquatechtrade.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-18.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named issues

[1] Johnson, D. L.; Ambrose, S. H.; Bassett, T. J.; Bowen, M. L.; Crummey, D. E.; Isaacson, J. S.; Johnson, D. N.; Lamb, P.; Saul, M.; Winter-Nelson, A. E. (1 May 1997). "Meanings of Environmental Terms". Journal of Environmental Quality. 26 (3): 581–589. Bibcode:1997JEnvQ..26..581J. doi:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x.

[2] Yeganeh, Kia Hamid (1 January 2020). "A typology of sources, manifestations, and implications of environmental degradation". Management of Environmental Quality. 31 (3): 765–783. Bibcode:2020MEnvQ..31..765Y. doi:10.1108/MEQ-02-2019-0036.

[3] "Terminology". The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2004-03-31. Retrieved 2010-06-09.

[4] Empty citation (help)

[5] Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice". BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)

[6] Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; Sexton, J. O. (30 May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" (PDF). Science. 344 (6187): 1246752. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. S2CID 206552746. The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.

[7] Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23 May 2017). "Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines". PNAS. 114 (30): E6089–E6096. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E6089C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114. PMC 5544311. PMID 28696295. Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly.

[8] Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine (2021). "Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future". Frontiers in Conservation Science. 1. Bibcode:2021FrCS....1.5419B. doi:10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419.

[9] Plumptre, Andrew J.; Baisero, Daniele; et al. (2021). "Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?". Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 4. Bibcode:2021FrFGC...4.6635P. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2021.626635. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)

[10] Bekele, Adugna Eneyew; Drabik, Dusan; Dries, Liesbeth; Heijman, Wim (30 January 2021). "Large-scale land investments, household displacement, and the effect on land degradation in semiarid agro-pastoral areas of Ethiopia". Land Degradation & Development. 32 (2): 777–791. Bibcode:2021LDeDe..32..777B. doi:10.1002/ldr.3756.

[empowerwomen.org-11] 11.0 ^11.1 "Empower Women - Impact of climate change, environmental degradation and natural disasters on women's livelihoods". EmpowerWomen (in Turanci). 28 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-18.

[12] Warner, K.; Hamza, H.; Oliver-Smith, A.; Renaud, F.; Julca, A. (December 2010). "Climate change, environmental degradation and migration". Natural Hazards. 55 (3): 689–715. Bibcode:2010NatHa..55..689W. doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9419-7. S2CID 144843784.

[groundwater-13] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named groundwater

[arid-14] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named arid

[15] Arora, Naveen Kumar (2019-06-01). "Impact of climate change on agriculture production and its sustainable solutions". Environmental Sustainability (in Turanci). 2 (2): 95–96. Bibcode:2019ESust...2...95A. doi:10.1007/s42398-019-00078-w. ISSN 2523-8922.

[16] Cafaro, Philip (2022). "Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species". Philosophia. 50 (5): 2263–2282. doi:10.1007/s11406-022-00497-w. S2CID 247433264 Check |s2cid= value (help).

[17] "Water Resource Management: our essential guide to water resource management objectives, policy & strategies". www.aquatechtrade.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-18.

[issues-18] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named issues

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