Rashin mazaunin
 | |
| Iri |
destruction (en)  type of process (en) |
|---|---|
| Sanadi |
Amfani da albarkatun kasa urbanization (en) Hakar ma'adinai logging (en) trawling (en) |
| Yana haddasa |
Rashin bambancin halittu karewar kwayoyin halitta fragmentation (en) Gurɓacewa |
| Has part(s) (en) | |
|
habitat fragmentation (en) | |
halaka mazauni (wanda ake kira asarar mazaunin ko Rage mazaunin) yana faruwa ne lokacin da mazaunin halitta ba zai iya tallafawa jinsin asalinsa ba. Kwayoyin da suka taɓa rayuwa a can ko dai sun koma wani wuri, ko kuma sun mutu, wanda ke haifar da raguwar bambancin halittu da yawan jinsuna.[1][2] Halakar mazaunin ita ce ainihin dalilin asarar halittu da lalacewar jinsuna a duk duniya.[3]
Mutane suna ba da gudummawa ga lalacewar mazaunin ta hanyar amfani da albarkatun kasa, noma, samar da masana'antu da birni (ƙasa birni). Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da hakar ma'adinai, katako da kuma kamawa. Abubuwan muhalli na iya taimakawa wajen lalata mazaunin ta hanyar da ba ta kai tsaye ba. Hanyoyin ilimin ƙasa, Canjin yanayi, [2] gabatarwa da nau'o'in mamayewa, ƙarancin abubuwan gina jiki, gurɓataccen ruwa da hayaniya wasu misalai ne. Rashin mazaunin zai iya wucewa ta hanyar raguwar mazaunin farko. Rarraba da asarar mazaunin sun zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman batutuwa na bincike a cikin ilimin muhalli saboda manyan barazana ne ga rayuwar nau'in da ke cikin haɗari.[4]
Abubuwan da aka lura
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ta hanyar yanki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hotspots na halittu sune yankuna masu zafi waɗanda ke da yawan nau'o'in halittu kuma, lokacin da aka haɗa dukkan hotspots, na iya ƙunsar fiye da rabin nau'in Duniya. Wadannan hotspots suna fama da asarar mazaunin da lalacewa. Yawancin mazaunin halitta a tsibirai da yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a an riga an lalata su (WRI, 2003). Tsibirin da ke fama da mummunar lalacewar mazaunin sun hada da New Zealand, Madagascar, Philippines, da Japan. Kudancin da Gabashin Asiya - musamman China, Indiya, Malaysia, Indonesia, da Japan - da kuma yankuna da yawa a Yammacin Afirka suna da yawan jama'a da yawa waɗanda ke ba da damar ɗan gajeren wuri ga mazaunin halitta. Yankunan ruwa da ke kusa da biranen bakin teku masu yawan jama'a suma suna fuskantar lalacewar coral reefs ko wasu wuraren zama na ruwa. Forest City, wani gari a kudancin Malaysia wanda aka gina a kan Yankin Muhalli (ESA) Matsayi na 1 yana daya daga cikin irin wannan misali, tare da sake farfadowa wanda ba za a iya juyawa ba kafin kimantawa da amincewa da tasirin muhalli. Sauran irin waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da gabar gabashin Asiya da Afirka, gabar arewacin Amurka ta Kudu, da Tekun Caribbean da tsibirai masu alaƙa.[6]
Yankunan Aikin noma mara dorewa ko gwamnatoci marasa daidaituwa, waɗanda zasu iya tafiya hannu da hannu, yawanci suna fuskantar yawan lalacewar mazaunin. Kudancin Asiya, Amurka ta tsakiya, Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, da yankunan da ke cikin gandun daji na Amazon na Kudancin Amurka sune manyan yankuna da ke da ayyukan noma marasa dorewa da / ko rashin kulawa da gwamnati.
Yankunan da ke da babban aikin gona suna da mafi girman lalacewar mazaunin. A Amurka, kasa da kashi 25% na tsire-tsire na asali sun kasance a sassa da yawa na Gabas da Tsakiyar Yamma. Kashi 15% ne kawai na yankin ƙasa ya kasance ba a canza shi ba ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam a duk Turai.
A halin yanzu, canje-canje da ke faruwa a wurare daban-daban a duniya suna canza takamaiman wuraren zama na ƙasa waɗanda suka dace da tsire-tsire su girma. Sabili da haka, ikon tsire-tsire su yi ƙaura zuwa wuraren da suka dace zai yi tasiri sosai akan rarraba bambancin tsire-shuke. Koyaya, a halin yanzu, ƙimar ƙaurawar shuke-shuke waɗanda ke rinjayar asarar mazaunin da raguwa ba a fahimta sosai kamar yadda za su iya zama ba.[7]
Ta hanyar nau'in yanayin halittu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]dazuzzuka masu zafi sun sami mafi yawan kulawa game da lalacewar mazaunin. Daga kimanin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 16 na mazaunin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi wanda ya kasance a duniya, kasa da murabba'i kilomita miliyan 9 sun kasance a yau. Yawan lalacewar gandun daji na yanzu shine murabba'in kilomita 160,000 a kowace shekara, wanda ya yi daidai da asarar kusan 1% na asalin gandun daji a kowace shekara.
Sauran yanayin gandun daji sun sha wahala sosai ko fiye da lalacewa kamar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Kashe gandun daji don noma da katako sun damu sosai aƙalla kashi 94% na gandun daji masu tsayi; yawancin tsofaffin gandun daji sun rasa fiye da kashi 98% na yankin da suka gabata saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Kyakkyawan gandun daji masu bushewa na wurare masu zafi sun fi sauƙi a sharewa da ƙonewa kuma sun fi dacewa da noma da kiwon shanu fiye da gandun daji na wurare masu ɗorewa; saboda haka, ƙasa da 0.1% na gandun daji a Gabashin Pacific na Amurka ta Tsakiya kuma ƙasa da 8% a Madagascar sun kasance daga asalin su.
Filayen da wuraren hamada sun lalace zuwa ƙarami. Sai kawai 10-20% na wuraren da suka bushe a duniya, waɗanda suka haɗa da wuraren ciyawa, savannah, da shrublands, scrub, da gandun daji masu laushi, sun ɗan lalace. Amma an haɗa shi a cikin wannan 10-20% na ƙasar shine kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 9 na ƙasashe masu bushewa waɗanda mutane suka canza zuwa hamada ta hanyar tsarin hamada. Yankunan tsaunuka masu tsawo na Arewacin Amurka, a gefe guda, suna da ƙasa da kashi 3% na mazaunin halitta da ya rage wanda ba a canza shi zuwa gonar gona ba.
Yankunan ruwa da wuraren ruwa sun jimre da manyan matakan lalacewar mazauni. Fiye da kashi 50% na wuraren da ke cikin Amurka an lalata su a cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata. Tsakanin kashi 60% da 70% na wuraren da ke cikin Turai an lalata su gaba ɗaya. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, an sami karuwar buƙatun gidaje na bakin teku da yawon buɗe ido wanda ya haifar da raguwar wuraren zama na ruwa a cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata. Hawan matakan teku da yanayin zafi sun haifar da Rushewar ƙasa, Ambaliyar bakin teku, da asarar inganci a cikin yanayin halittu na Burtaniya.[8] Kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin biyar (20%) na yankunan bakin teku an canza su sosai ta hanyar mutane. Kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na coral reefs kuma an lalata shi, kuma wani na biyar ya lalace sosai ta hanyar Yawan kamun kifi, gurɓata, da nau'o'in mamayewa; 90% na coral na Philippines kadai an lalata su. A ƙarshe, sama da kashi 35% na yanayin mangrove a duk duniya an lalata su [9]
Dalilan halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Halakar mazaunin ta hanyar matakai na halitta kamar dutsen wuta, wuta, da canjin yanayi an rubuta su sosai a cikin tarihin burbushin halittu.[2] Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya nuna cewa raguwar mazaunin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a Euramerica shekaru miliyan 300 da suka gabata ya haifar da babban asarar bambancin amphibian, amma a lokaci guda yanayin da ya bushe ya haifar da fashewar bambancin tsakanin dabbobi masu rarrafe.[2]
Dalilan da ke haifar da ayyukan ɗan adam
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manyan direbobi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da binciken Geist da Lambin (2002), an ba da fifiko ga manyan abubuwan da ke motsa jiki kamar haka (tare da kashi na lokuta 152 da lamarin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin): abubuwan tattalin arziki (81%), abubuwan ma'aikata ko manufofi (78%), abubuwan fasaha (70%), abubuwan al'adu ko zamantakewa da siyasa (66%), da abubuwan yawan jama'a (61%). Babban abubuwan tattalin arziki sun haɗa da Kasuwanci da ci gaban Kasuwancin katako (68%), waɗanda buƙatun ƙasa da na duniya ke motsawa; Ci gaban masana'antu na birane (38%); ƙarancin farashi na cikin gida don ƙasa, aiki, man fetur, da katako (32%); da ƙaruwa a farashin kayayyaki galibi don amfanin gona na kuɗi (25%). Abubuwan ma'aikata da manufofi sun haɗa da manufofinsu na lalata gandun daji a kan ci gaban ƙasa (40%), Ci gaban tattalin arziki ciki har da mulkin mallaka da inganta ababen more rayuwa (34%), da tallafi don ayyukan ƙasa (26%); haƙƙin mallaka da rashin tsaro na ƙasa (44%); da gazawar manufofi kamar cin hanci da rashawa, rashin doka, ko Rashin kulawa (42%). Babban dalilin fasaha shine rashin amfani da fasaha a Masana'antar itace (45%), wanda ke haifar da ayyukan katako masu lalacewa. A cikin manyan abubuwan al'adu da zamantakewar siyasa sune halayen jama'a da dabi'u (63%), halayyar mutum / iyali (53%), rashin damuwa da jama'a game da yanayin gandun daji (43%), rashin dabi'u na asali (36%), da rashin damuwa da mutane (32%). Abubuwan da ke tattare da yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙaura na mazauna mulkin mallaka zuwa yankunan gandun daji da ba su da yawa (38%) da kuma karuwar yawan jama'ar - sakamakon abin farko - a cikin waɗannan yankuna (25%).
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Calizza, Edoardo; Costantini, Maria Letizia; Careddu, Giulio; Rossi, Loreto (June 17, 2017). "Effect of habitat degradation on competition, carrying capacity, and species assemblage stability". Ecology and Evolution. Wiley. 7 (15): 5784–5796. Bibcode:2017EcoEv...7.5784C. doi:10.1002/ece3.2977. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 5552933. PMID 28811883.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Sahney, S; Benton, Michael J.; Falcon-Lang, Howard J. (1 December 2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica" (PDF). Geology. 38 (12): 1079–1082. Bibcode:2010Geo....38.1079S. doi:10.1130/G31182.1. Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2010-11-29 – via GeoScienceWorld.
- ↑ Marvier, Michelle; Kareiva, Peter; Neubert, Michael G. (2004). "Habitat Destruction, Fragmentation, and Disturbance Promote Invasion by Habitat Generalists in a Multispecies Metapopulation". Risk Analysis. 24 (4): 869–878. Bibcode:2004RiskA..24..869M. doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00485.x. ISSN 0272-4332. PMID 15357806. S2CID 44809930. Archived from the original on 2021-07-23. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
- ↑ WIEGAND, THORSTEN; REVILLA, ELOY; MOLONEY, KIRK A. (February 2005). "Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Population Dynamics". Conservation Biology. 19 (1): 108–121. Bibcode:2005ConBi..19..108W. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00208.x. ISSN 0888-8892. S2CID 33258495.
- ↑ "Tierras Bajas Deforestation, Bolivia". Newsroom. Photo taken from the International Space Station on April 16, 2001. NASA Earth Observatory. 2001-04-16. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedPrimack - ↑ Higgins, Steven I.; Lavorel, Sandra; Revilla, Eloy (2003-04-25). "Estimating plant migration rates under habitat loss and fragmentation". Oikos. 101 (2): 354–366. Bibcode:2003Oikos.101..354H. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12141.x. ISSN 0030-1299.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ "United Kingdom: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology". AZoCleantech.com. 2015-06-08. Archived from the original on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
- ↑ Millennium Ecological Assessment, 2005.