Rashin mutuntaka

Rashin mutuntaka
ideology (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	social phenomenon (en)
Hannun riga da	Humanism

A cikin rahoto game da murkushewar Warsaw Ghetto, Jürgen Stroop ya bayyana Yahudawa da ke tsayayya da korar su zuwa sansanonin Nazi a matsayin "yan fashi".

Lynndie Ingila tana jan igiya da aka haɗe a wuyan wani fursuna a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib, wanda aka tilasta masa ya yi tsalle a ƙasa, yayin da Megan Ambuhl ke kallo, 2003.

Dehumanization shine tsari, aiki, ko aikin ƙin cikakken bil'adama a wasu, tare da zalunci da wahala da ke tare da shi. Ya haɗa da fahimtar mutane ko ƙungiyoyi kamar yadda ba su da halayen ɗan adam masu mahimmanci, kamar motsin rai na biyu da iyawar tunani, don haka sanya su a waje da iyakokin damuwa na ɗabi'a. A cikin wannan ma'anar, duk wani aiki ko tunani da ke la'akari da mutum a matsayin "ban da" kuma "kasa da" ɗan adam ya zama rashin mutunci.

Dehumanization na iya zama a bayyane ko a hankali, kuma yawanci yana bayyana a cikin nau'o'i biyu na farko: dehumanization na dabba, wanda ke musanta halaye na ɗan adam na musamman kamar ladabi, al'ada, ko tunani kuma yana kwatanta wasu da dabbobi; da dehumanizasion na inji, wanda ke ƙin halaye na yanayin ɗan adam kamar dumi, motsin rai, da mutum, yana nuna wasu a matsayin abubuwa ko injuna.

A tarihi ya sauƙaƙa mummunar lahani, daga nuna bambanci da warewar jama'a zuwa Bautar, mulkin mallaka, da sauran laifuka a kan bil'adama, kuma an gane shi a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar tayar da kisan kare dangi.

Ra'ayoyi

An kashe Armeniyawa a Erzurum a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kisan kiyashi na Hamidian

A halin kirki, dehumanization yana bayyana halin da ake ciki ga wasu wanda ke ƙasƙantar da mutuntakar wasu ta hanyar nuna shi a matsayin nau'in "mutum" ko ta hanyar nunawa shi a matsayin abu "mutum". A matsayin tsari, ana iya fahimtar dehumanization a matsayin akasin mutumci, adadi na magana wanda aka ba da abubuwa marasa rai ko abstraction tare da halaye na ɗan adam; dehumanizasion to shine rashin jin daɗin waɗannan halaye iri ɗaya ko raguwa zuwa abstraction.

Dehumanization na iya faruwa a cikin cikakkun siffofi da dangi. Cikakken rashin mutuntaka ya haɗa da fahimtar rukuni kamar yadda ba shi da halaye na ɗan adam, yayin da rashin mutuntakar ɗan adam ya haɗa da danganta ƙananan halaye na mutum ga rukuni ɗaya idan aka kwatanta da wani. A tarihi, rashin mutuntaka ya haɗa da ƙin yarda da ɗan adam na wani, kamar a cikin da'awar cewa wasu kungiyoyi, kamar bayi, ba cikakkun mutane ba ne. Hakanan yana iya nuna wasu a matsayin marasa ɗan adam, kamar ta hanyar yin amfani da mata ko lalata da baƙi. Dukkanin siffofin an fahimci su a matsayin maganganun rashin mutunci, sun bambanta da farko a cikin yadda aka hana halayen ɗan adam.

Wannan bambancin yana da alaƙa da bambancin da ke tsakanin siffofin rashin mutunci da na'adda. Blatant dehumanization yawanci ya haɗa da bayyane da bayyane kwatanci ga dabbobi ko wasu abubuwan da ba na ɗan adam ba, sau da yawa ana magana ta hanyar harshe kai tsaye. Sabanin haka, ɓoye-ɓoye, sau da yawa ana kiransa infrahumanization, yana nunawa a cikin imani da cewa membobin ƙungiyoyi na waje suna da ƙananan motsin zuciyar mutum ko halaye. Wadannan matakai na iya faruwa ba tare da saninsu ba. Nazarin farko game da dehumanization ya mayar da hankali da farko a kan siffofinsa, musamman a cikin mahallin rikice-rikice tsakanin kungiyoyi. Koyaya, bincike na gaba ya nuna cewa rashin mutunci na iya faruwa a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci, koda kuwa babu ƙiyayya. Bugu da ƙari, kodayake al'adun gargajiya suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi masu rinjaye ko masu zalunci a cikin tsarin matsayi, bincike ya nuna cewa rashin mutunci na iya faruwa da juna, gami da tsakanin ƙungiyoyin da aka zalunta ko marasa galihu.

Jami'an Sojojin Daular Japan guda biyu a kasar Sin da ta mamaye wadanda suka yi gasa don ganin wanda zai iya kashe Sinawa ɗari da takobi da farko a lokacin Kisan kiyashi na Nanjing

Dabbobi da na'urorin da aka rarrabe su sun kara rarrabe su bisa ga tushen halayensu na musamman, wanda ke tasiri ga mahallin da dehumanization ke faruwa da kuma siffofin lahani da zai iya motsawa. Har ila yau, bambancin tsakanin dabbobi da na inji ba kawai a cikin abubuwan da ke ciki ba har ma a cikin yanayin aikace-aikacen. Ana lura da dehumanization na dabbobi da farko a kan yanayin tsakanin kungiyoyi, inda ake ganin mutane ko kungiyoyi ba su da al'ada, ladabi, ko tunani, halaye da ake tunanin raba mutane daga dabbobi. Sabanin haka, dehumanization na inji yana faruwa a cikin saitunan mutum, inda ake ganin mutane ba su da motsin rai, dumi, da sauran halaye da ke da alaƙa da rayayyun halittu, kamar robots da injuna. Kodayake ana gabatar da dehumanization na dabbobi da na inji a matsayin nau'o'i daban-daban, ba su da bambancin juna; a wasu lokuta, ana iya hana mutane ko kungiyoyi halaye da ke da alaƙa da duka biyun.

An fahimci lalata mutum a matsayin hanyar tunani wanda ke sauƙaƙe tashin hankali da rashin mutunci. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da lahani ta hanyar cire la'akari da halin kirki da aka ba wa 'yan adam, don haka ya raunana matsalolin tunani kamar tausayi da tausayi. Ɗaya daga cikin ɓangaren wannan tsari shine ƙin yarda da yanayin tunanin wasu, wanda aka sani da "dementalization," wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga warewar ɗabi'a kuma yana ƙara yiwuwar cin zarafi. Masana sun bambanta dehumanization daga abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum kamar rashin son kai, saboda yana haifar da musanta halin mutum da halin mutum, yana ƙara wani mummunan abu ta hanyar rage muhimmancin wahalarsu. Ba kamar mutanen da aka nuna musu ba ko kuma aka ware su amma har yanzu an san su a matsayin mutane ba, ana ganin mutanen da ba a nuna su ba a matsayin wadanda ba su da halayen mutum da kuma dabi'a. Wannan bambancin yana da mahimmanci saboda hada kai na ɗabi'a sau da yawa yana sanya iyakoki kan yadda za a bi da mutane, yayin da rashin mutunci yana cire irin waɗannan ƙuntatawa, yana ba da damar mafi girman nau'ikan tashin hankali da warewa.

Kodayake rashin mutunci wani muhimmin abu ne na ba da damar halayyar tashin hankali, masana sun jaddada cewa bai isa ba da kansa don bayyana duk lokuta na tashin hankali. Bincike ya nuna dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin rashin mutunci da karuwar matakan tashin hankali, kuma ana iya amfani da shi don tabbatar da ko ci gaba da ayyukan tashin hankali da ƙiyayya na dogon lokaci. Hakanan yana iya kara rikice-rikice tsakanin kungiyoyi ta hanyar karfafa bambance-bambance tsakanin kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi. Baya ga rawar da take takawa wajen sauƙaƙe tashin hankali, rashin mutunci na iya yin ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa da tunani. Wadannan sun hada da halatta lahani kamar cin zarafi, miƙa wuya, ko kashewa ta hanyar rage ƙuntataccen ɗabi'a, sarrafa damuwa ta rayuwa ta hanyar tsinkaye da tsananin mutum, da ƙarfafa zamantakewar zamantakewa ko kare halin da ake ciki.

A cewar Adrienne De Ruiter, rashin mutuntaka yana faruwa a cikin bayyanar abubuwa uku: ta hanyar gazawar fahimtar mutane a matsayin ɗan adam, nuna su ta hanyoyin da ba su kula da mutuntakarsu ba, ko kuma bi da su ta hanyoyin waɗanda ke rage halayensu na ɗan adam. Wadannan bayyanar na iya faruwa ta hanyar magana (misali, harshe na idiomatic wanda ke kwatanta mutum da dabbobi marasa mutum, cin zarafin jiki, share muryar mutum daga magana), a alamance (misali، hotuna), ko a zahiri (misali., Bautar kayan aiki, cin zarafi na jiki, ƙin hulɗa da ido). Dehumanization sau da yawa yana watsi da mutum na manufa (watau, fannoni masu ban sha'awa da ban sha'awar mutuntakarsu) kuma yana iya hana mutum jin tausayi ko fahimtar ƙungiyar da aka nuna.

An bincika lalata mutane a fannoni daban-daban a matsayin hanyar da ke karfafa matsayi na zamantakewa da warewa. A cewar Maria Kronfeldner, "'dehumanization ya kafa bambanci da nisa tsakanin 'yan adam"", kuma yana ba da damar '"a stratified organization of humanity"". Ana iya aiwatar da lalata ta hanyar zamantakewa (kamar jihar, makaranta, ko iyali), tare da mutum, ko ma a cikin kansa. Rashin mutuntaka na iya zama ba da gangan ba, musamman a kan mutane, kamar yadda yake tare da wasu nau'ikan wariyar launin fata. Rashin mutuntaka da aka shirya a cikin jihar a tarihi an yi amfani da shi a kan wasu kungiyoyin siyasa, launin fata, kabilanci, ƙasa, ko addinai. Sauran mutane da kungiyoyi masu tsiraru da maras kyau (bisa ga yanayin Jima'i, jinsi, nakasa, aji, ko wasu ka'idojin tsarawa) suma suna iya fuskantar nau'o'i daban-daban na rashin mutunci. Ma'anar dehumanization ta sami kulawa ta kwarewa a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimin halayyar dan adam. Baya ga infrahumanization, yana da alaƙa da ra'ayi da Rashin izini, warewar ɗabi'a, da kuma nuna bambanci.