Rashin numfashi
 Rashin numfashi | |
|---|---|
droplet (en)  da direct transmission (en) | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Suna saboda | Carl Flügge (mul) |
Dutse na numfashi karamin ruwa ne wanda aka samar ta hanyar numfashi, wanda ya kunshi kumfa ko mucus da sauran kwayoyin da aka samo daga wuraren numfashi. Ana samar da ɗigon numfashi ta halitta sakamakon numfashi, magana (ƙananan magana), tari, tari, ko amai, don haka koyaushe suna cikin numfashi, amma magana da tari suna ƙara yawan su.[1][2][3]
Girman droplet ya kasance daga < 1 μm zuwa 1000 μm, [1] [2] kuma a cikin numfashi na yau da kullun akwai kusan 100 droplets a kowace lita na numfashi. Don haka don numfashi na lita 10 a minti daya wannan yana nufin kusan droplets 1000 a minti daya, mafi yawansu 'yan micrometers ne a fadin ko karami.[1][2] Kamar yadda aka dakatar da waɗannan ɗigon ruwa a cikin iska, dukansu suna da ma'anar aerosols. Koyaya, manyan ɗigon ruwa (mafi girma fiye da kimanin 100 μm, amma dangane da yanayi) da sauri suna faɗuwa zuwa ƙasa ko wani farfajiyar don haka ana dakatar da su ne kawai a takaice, yayin da ɗigon ruwa da ya fi karami fiye da 100 μm (wanda shine mafi yawansu) ke faɗuwa a hankali don haka suna samar da aerosols tare da rayuwar minti ko fiye, ko a matsakaici girman, na iya tafiya kamar aerosols amma a nesa ya faɗuwa ƙasa kamar ɗigon ruwa ("masu hawan jet").[3]
Wadannan droplets na iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta masu kamuwa da cuta ko ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta sune mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da yaduwar cututtukan numfashi. A wasu lokuta, a cikin nazarin yaduwar cututtuka an yi bambanci tsakanin abin da ake kira "droplets na numfashi" da abin da ake kiransa "aerosol", tare da manyan droplets da ake kira da "dropleps na numfashi " da ƙananan waɗanda ake kira "aerosol" amma wannan bambancin da ba a taɓa tallafawa ta hanyar gwaji ko ka'ida ba, [4] kuma ba ya dace da ma'anar anerosol.[3]
Bayyanawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin numfashi daga mutane sun haɗa da nau'ikan sel daban-daban (misali Kwayoyin epithelial da ƙwayoyin rigakafi), ƙwayoyin lantarki da ke ƙunshe da mucus da haushi (misali Na+, K+, Cl−), kuma, mai yiwuwa, Kwayoyin cuta daban-daban.
Droplets da suka bushe a cikin iska sun zama droplet nuclei wanda ke iyo a matsayin aerosols kuma zai iya kasancewa a dakatar da shi a cikin iska na dogon lokaci.
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An soki tsagewar tsayi na gargajiya na 5 μm tsakanin iska da ɗigon numfashi a matsayin dichotomy na ƙarya wanda ba a kafa shi a kimiyya ba, yayin da barbashi masu numfashi suka samar da ci gaba na girma wanda makomarsu ta dogara da yanayin muhalli ban da girman su na farko. Koyaya, ya sanar da kariya ta asibiti na tsawon shekaru.
Kafawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya samar da ɗigon numfashi a hanyoyi da yawa. Ana iya samar da su ta hanyar halitta sakamakon numfashi, magana, yin sneezing, tari, ko raira waƙa. Hakanan ana iya samar da su ta wucin gadi a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya ta hanyar Hanyoyin samar da aerosol kamar intubation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), bronchoscopy, tiyata, da autopsy. Ana iya samar da irin wannan ɗigon ruwa ta hanyar amai, zubar da bayan gida, tsaftace wurare masu laushi, wanka ko amfani da Ruwan famfo, ko yayyafa ruwan toka don dalilai na noma.[5]
Dangane da hanyar da aka samu, ɗigon numfashi na iya ƙunsar gishiri, sel, da ƙwayoyin cuta. Game da ɗigon ruwa da aka samar ta halitta, suna iya samo asali ne daga wurare daban-daban a cikin hanyar numfashi, wanda zai iya shafar abubuwan da ke ciki.[5] Hakanan akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin masu lafiya da marasa lafiya a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin mucus, yawa, da viscosity wanda ke shafar samar da droplet.[6]
- ↑ Johnson, G.R.; Morawska, L.; Ristovski, Z.D.; Hargreaves, M.; Mengersen, K.; Chao, C.Y.H.; Wan, M.P.; Li, Y.; Xie, X.; Katoshevski, D.; Corbett, S. (2011-12-01). "Modality of human expired aerosol size distributions". Journal of Aerosol Science (in Turanci). 42 (12): 839–851. Bibcode:2011JAerS..42..839J. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.07.009. ISSN 0021-8502.
- ↑ Gregson, Florence K. A.; Watson, Natalie A.; Orton, Christopher M.; Haddrell, Allen E.; McCarthy, Lauren P.; Finnie, Thomas J. R.; Gent, Nick; Donaldson, Gavin. C.; Shah, Pallav L.; Calder, James D.; Bzdek, Bryan R. (2021-02-26). "Comparing aerosol concentrations and particle size distributions generated by singing, speaking and breathing". Aerosol Science and Technology (in Turanci). 55 (6): 681–691. Bibcode:2021AerST..55..681G. doi:10.1080/02786826.2021.1883544. ISSN 0278-6826. S2CID 233353106 Check
|s2cid=value (help).|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - 1 2 Bourouiba, Lydia (2021-01-05). "The Fluid Dynamics of Disease Transmission". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics (in Turanci). 53 (1): 473–508. Bibcode:2021AnRFM..53..473B. doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-060220-113712. ISSN 0066-4189. S2CID 225114407. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":10" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Wilson, Nick; Corbett, Stephen; Tovey, Euan (2020). "Airborne transmission of Covid-19". BMJ. 370. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3206. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 32819961. S2CID 221178291.
- 1 2 Morawska, L. (2006-10-01). "Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?" (PDF). Indoor Air (in Turanci). 16 (5): 335–347. Bibcode:2006InAir..16..335M. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00432.x. ISSN 0905-6947. PMID 16948710. S2CID 36940738. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Gralton, Jan; Tovey, Euan; McLaws, Mary-Louise; Rawlinson, William D. (2011-01-01). "The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: A review". Journal of Infection (in Turanci). 62 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2010.11.010. PMC 7112663. PMID 21094184.