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Rashin sanyaya na rana

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Rashin sanyaya na rana
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare nacooling (en) Fassara da Rashin sanyaya
FuskarGinin Zero-energy
Gajeren sunaPDRC
Does not have effect (en) FassaraCire carbon dioxide
PDRC na iya rage yanayin zafi tare da amfani da makamashi ko gurɓata ta hanyar radiation zafi zuwa sararin samaniya. An gabatar da aikace-aikacen da aka yadu a matsayin mafita ga dumamar yanayi.[1]

Rashin sanyaya na rana (PDRC) (kuma sanyaya na radiative, sanyaya na hasken rana, sanyaya sararin samaniya, sanyaya radiative, da sanyaya radiatic na duniya[2][3][4]) shine amfani da wuraren da ba su da wutar lantarki, masu nunawa / masu fitar da zafi don rage zafin jiki na gini ko wani abu.[5][6]

An gabatar da shi azaman hanyar rage karuwar zafin jiki wanda iskar gas ta haifar ta hanyar rage makamashi da ake buƙata don sanyaya iska, [7] [8] rage Tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane, [9] da kuma rage Yanayin jiki mutum. [10] [1] [11] [12][13][7]

PDRCs na iya taimakawa tsarin da suka fi dacewa a yanayin zafi, kamar tsarin photovoltaic, [4] [14] na'urorin tattara raɓa, da janareto na thermoelectric.[14]

Wasu kimantawa sun ba da shawarar cewa keɓewa 1-2% na yankin duniya ga PDRC zai daidaita Yanayin zafi.[15][16] Bambance-bambance na yanki suna ba da damar sanyaya daban-daban tare da hamada da Yanayin yanayi mai matsakaici wanda ke amfana fiye da yanayin zafi, wanda aka danganta da tasirin danshi da girgije.[17][18][19] Ana iya haɗa PDRCs a cikin tsarin daidaitawa, sauyawa daga sanyaya zuwa dumama don rage duk wani tasirin "mai sanyaya".[20][21] Aikace-aikacen PDRC don sanyaya sararin samaniya yana girma tare da kimanin "girman kasuwa na ~ $ 27 biliyan a cikin 2025[22]

An tsara farfajiyar PDRC don zama mai girma a hasken rana don rage yawan zafi da ƙarfi a cikin infrared mai tsawo (LWIR) canja wurin zafi na radiation wanda ya dace da taga na infrared na yanayi (8-13 μm).[23][2][3] Wannan yana ba da damar zafi ya wuce ta cikin yanayi zuwa sararin samaniya.[6][2] 

PDRCs leverage the natural process of radiative cooling, in which the Earth cools by releasing heat to space.[24][25][7] PDRC operates during daytime.[26] On a clear day, solar irradiance can reach 1000 W/m2 with a diffuse component between 50-100 W/m2. The average PDRC has an estimated cooling power of ~100-150 W/m2, proportional to the exposed surface area.[4][27]

Ana tura aikace-aikacen PDRC a matsayin saman da ke fuskantar sama.[14] Kayan PDRC masu tsada masu tsada tare da yiwuwar samar da taro sun haɗa da sutura, fina-finai masu laushi, metafabrics, aerogels, da wuraren biodegradable.

Duk da yake yawanci fari, wasu launuka na iya aiki, kodayake gabaɗaya suna ba da ƙarancin sanyaya.[28][29]

Bincike, ci gaba, da sha'awar PDRCs sun karu da sauri tun daga shekarun 2010, wanda ya danganta da ci gaba a cikin amfani da photonic metamaterials don kara sanyaya rana a cikin 2014, [4] [30] tare da karuwar damuwa game da amfani da makamashi da dumama duniya.[31][32][33] PDRC za a iya bambanta da tsarin sanyaya na gargajiya (misali, masu sanyaya iska) waɗanda ke cinye makamashi mai yawa, suna da tasirin dumama (zauna waje fiye da sanyaya cikin gida), suna buƙatar samun dama ga wutar lantarki kuma galibi suna amfani da masu sanyaya waɗanda ke lalata ozone ko suna da tasirin greenhouse mai ƙarfi, [34][35]

Ba kamar kula da radiation na rana ba, PDRC yana ƙara fitar da zafi fiye da tunani mai sauƙi.[36]

Aiwatarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2019 ya ba da rahoton cewa "karɓar sanyaya mai haske na iya rage yawan zafin iska kusa da farfajiya, idan ba duk yanayin ba. " [5] Don magance dumamar yanayi, dole ne a tsara PDRCs "don tabbatar da cewa fitarwa ta hanyar taga na gaskiya na yanayi kuma ta fita zuwa sararin samaniya, maimakon kawai zuwa yanayi, wanda zai ba da damar sanyaya na gida amma ba na duniya ba. "[36]

Yanayin hamada yana da mafi girman yiwuwar sanyaya saboda karancin zafi na shekara-shekara da girgije, yayin da Yanayin zafi yana da karancin yiwuwar saboda zafi mafi girma da girgije.[5][37] Kudin aiwatarwa na duniya an kiyasta su a $ 1.25 zuwa $ 2.5 tiriliyan ko kusan 3% na GDP na duniya, tare da tattalin arzikin da ake tsammani.[36] An haɓaka kayan haɓaka masu ƙarancin farashi don aiwatarwa mai yawa, kodayake wasu ƙalubale zuwa Kasuwanci sun kasance. [38][39]

Wasu binciken sun ba da shawarar ƙoƙari don kara yawan hasken rana ko albedo na farfajiya, tare da burin fitar da zafi na 90%. Misali, karuwar haskakawa daga 0.2 (aikin rufin) zuwa 0.9 ya fi tasiri fiye da inganta farfajiyar da ta riga ta nuna, kamar daga 0.9 zuwa 0.97. [13]  

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022). "Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications". EcoMat. 4. doi:10.1002/eom2.12153. S2CID 240331557 Check |s2cid= value (help). Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global warming. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. 1 2 3 Wang, Tong; Wu, Yi; Shi, Lan; Hu, Xinhua; Chen, Min; Wu, Limin (2021). "A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling". Nature Communications. 12 (365): 365. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7. PMC 7809060. PMID 33446648. Accordingly, designing and fabricating efficient PDRC with sufficiently high solar reflectance (𝜌¯solar) (λ ~ 0.3–2.5 μm) to minimize solar heat gain and simultaneously strong LWIR thermal emittance (ε¯LWIR) to maximize radiative heat loss is highly desirable. When the incoming radiative heat from the Sun is balanced by the outgoing radiative heat emission, the temperature of the Earth can reach its steady state. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1222" defined multiple times with different content.
  3. 1 2 Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018). "Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach". Energy. 152: 27. Bibcode:2018Ene...152...27Z. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.084. S2CID 116318678 – via Elsevier Science Direct. An alternative, third geoengineering approach would be enhanced cooling by thermal radiation from the Earth's surface into space." [...] "With 100 W m2 as a demonstrated passive cooling effect, a surface coverage of 0.3% would then be needed, or 1% of Earth's land mass surface. If half of it would be installed in urban, built areas which cover roughly 3% of the Earth's land mass, a 17% coverage would be needed there, with the remainder being installed in rural areas. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Zeven 2018" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Heo, Se-Yeon; Ju Lee, Gil; Song, Young Min (June 2022). "Heat-shedding with photonic structures: radiative cooling and its potential". Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 10 (27): 9915–9937. doi:10.1039/D2TC00318J. S2CID 249695930 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via Royal Society of Chemistry. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Heo 2022 Ju lee" defined multiple times with different content.
  5. 1 2 3 Aili, Ablimit; Yin, Xiaobo; Yang, Ronggui (October 2021). "Global Radiative Sky Cooling Potential Adjusted for Population Density and Cooling Demand". Atmosphere. 12 (11): 1379. Bibcode:2021Atmos..12.1379A. doi:10.3390/atmos12111379. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":21" defined multiple times with different content.
  6. 1 2 Chen, Jianheng; Lu, Lin; Gong, Quan (June 2021). "A new study on passive radiative sky cooling resource maps of China". Energy Conversion and Management. 237: 114132. Bibcode:2021ECM...23714132C. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114132. S2CID 234839652 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via Elsevier Science Direct. Passive radiative cooling utilizes atmospheric transparency window (8–13 μm) to discharge heat into outer space and inhibits solar absorption. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content.
  7. 1 2 3 Bijarniya, Jay Prakash; Sarkar, Jahar; Maiti, Pralay (November 2020). "Review on passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, recent researches, challenges and opportunities". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 133: 110263. Bibcode:2020RSERv.13310263B. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110263. S2CID 224874019 – via Elsevier Science Direct. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content.
  8. ↑ Benmoussa, Youssef; Ezziani, Maria; Djire, All-Fousseni; Amine, Zaynab; Khaldoun, Asmae; Limami, Houssame (September 2022). "Simulation of an energy-efficient cool roof with cellulose-based daytime radiative cooling material". Materials Today: Proceedings. 72: 3632–3637. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.411. S2CID 252136357 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  9. ↑ Khan, Ansar; Carlosena, Laura; Feng, Jie; Khorat, Samiran; Khatun, Rupali; Doan, Quang-Van; Santamouris, Mattheos (January 2022). "Optically Modulated Passive Broadband Daytime Radiative Cooling Materials Can Cool Cities in Summer and Heat Cities in Winter". Sustainability. 14 (3): 1110. Bibcode:2022Sust...14.1110K. doi:10.3390/su14031110. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  10. ↑ Liang, Jun; Wu, Jiawei; Guo, Jun; Li, Huagen; Zhou, Xianjun; Liang, Sheng; Qiu, Cheng-Wei; Tao, Guangming (September 2022). "Radiative cooling for passive thermal management towards sustainable carbon neutrality". National Science Review. 10 (1): nwac208. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwac208. PMC 9843130 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36684522 Check |pmid= value (help).
  11. ↑ Munday, Jeremy (2019). "Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling". Joule. 3 (9): 2057–2060. Bibcode:2019Joule...3.2057M. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010. S2CID 201590290. By covering the Earth with a small fraction of thermally emitting materials, the heat flow away from the Earth can be increased, and the net radiative flux can be reduced to zero (or even made negative), thus stabilizing (or cooling) the Earth.
  12. ↑ Yin, Xiaobo; Yang, Ronggui; Tan, Gang; Fan, Shanhui (November 2020). "Terrestrial radiative cooling: Using the cold universe as a renewable and sustainable energy source". Science. 370 (6518): 786–791. Bibcode:2020Sci...370..786Y. doi:10.1126/science.abb0971. OSTI 1712833. PMID 33184205. S2CID 226308213. ...terrestrial radiative cooling has emerged as a promising solution for mitigating urban heat islands and for potentially fighting against global warming if it can be implemented at a large scale.
  13. 1 2 Anand, Jyothis; Sailor, David J.; Baniassadi, Amir (February 2021). "The relative role of solar reflectance and thermal emittance for passive daytime radiative cooling technologies applied to rooftops". Sustainable Cities and Society. 65: 102612. Bibcode:2021SusCS..6502612A. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102612. S2CID 229476136 – via Elsevier Science Direct. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":22" defined multiple times with different content.
  14. 1 2 3 Ahmed, Salman; Li, Zhenpeng; Javed, Muhammad Shahzad; Ma, Tao (September 2021). "A review on the integration of radiative cooling and solar energy harvesting". Materials Today: Energy. 21: 100776. Bibcode:2021MTEne..2100776A. doi:10.1016/j.mtener.2021.100776 – via Elsevier Science Direct. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":34" defined multiple times with different content.
  15. ↑ Munday, Jeremy (2019). "Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling". Joule. 3 (9): 2057–2060. Bibcode:2019Joule...3.2057M. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010. S2CID 201590290. If only 1%–2% of the Earth’s surface were instead made to radiate at this rate rather than its current average value, the total heat fluxes into and away from the entire Earth would be balanced and warming would cease.
  16. ↑ Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018). "Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach". Energy. 152: 27. Bibcode:2018Ene...152...27Z. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.084. S2CID 116318678 – via Elsevier Science Direct. An alternative, third geoengineering approach would be enhanced cooling by thermal radiation from the Earth's surface into space." [...] "With 100 W m2 as a demonstrated passive cooling effect, a surface coverage of 0.3% would then be needed, or 1% of Earth's land mass surface. If half of it would be installed in urban, built areas which cover roughly 3% of the Earth's land mass, a 17% coverage would be needed there, with the remainder being installed in rural areas.
  17. ↑ Han, Di; Fei, Jipeng; Li, Hong; Ng, Bing Feng (August 2022). "The criteria to achieving sub-ambient radiative cooling and its limits in tropical daytime". Building and Environment. 221 (1): 109281. Bibcode:2022BuEnv.22109281H. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109281 – via Elsevier Science Direct. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  18. ↑ Huang, Jingyuan; Lin, Chongjia; Li, Yang; Huang, Baoling (May 2022). "Effects of humidity, aerosol, and cloud on subambient radiative cooling". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 186: 122438. Bibcode:2022IJHMT.18622438H. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.122438. S2CID 245805048 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  19. ↑ Liu, Junwei; Zhang, Ji; Zhang, Debao; Jiao, Shifei; Xing, Jingcheng; Tang, Huajie; Zhang, Ying; Li, Shuai; Zhou, Zhihua; Zuo, Jian (September 2020). "Sub-ambient radiative cooling with wind cover". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 130: 109935. Bibcode:2020RSERv.13009935L. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.109935. S2CID 219911962 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  20. ↑ Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022). "Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications". EcoMat. 4. doi:10.1002/eom2.12153. S2CID 240331557 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  21. ↑ Wang, Zhaochen; Kim, Sun-Kyung; Hu, Run (March 2022). "Self-switchable radiative cooling". Matter. 5 (3): 780–782. doi:10.1016/j.matt.2022.01.018. S2CID 247329090 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  22. ↑ Yang, Yuan; Zhang, Yifan (2020). "Passive daytime radiative cooling: Principle, application, and economic analysis". MRS Energy & Sustainability. 7 (18). doi:10.1557/mre.2020.18. S2CID 220008145. Archived from the original on 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  23. ↑ "What is 3M Passive Radiative Cooling?". 3M. Archived from the original on 2021-09-22. Retrieved 2022-09-27. Passive Radiative Cooling is a natural phenomenon that only occurs at night in nature because all nature materials absorb more solar energy during the day than they are able to radiate to the sky.
  24. ↑ Yu, Xinxian; Yao, Fengju; Huang, Wenjie; Xu, Dongyan; Chen, Chun (July 2022). "Enhanced radiative cooling paint with broken glass bubbles". Renewable Energy. 194: 129–136. Bibcode:2022REne..194..129Y. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.094. S2CID 248972097 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via Elsevier Science Direct. Radiative cooling does not consume external energy but rather harvests coldness from outer space as a new renewable energy source.
  25. ↑ Ma, Hongchen (2021). "Flexible Daytime Radiative Cooling Enhanced by Enabling Three-Phase Composites with Scattering Interfaces between Silica Microspheres and Hierarchical Porous Coatings". ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 13 (16): 19282–19290. arXiv:2103.03902. doi:10.1021/acsami.1c02145. PMID 33866783 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 232147880 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via ACS Publications. Daytime radiative cooling has attracted considerable attention recently due to its tremendous potential for passively exploiting the coldness of the universe as clean and renewable energy.
  26. ↑ Aili, Ablimit; Yin, Xiaobo; Yang, Ronggui (October 2021). "Global Radiative Sky Cooling Potential Adjusted for Population Density and Cooling Demand". Atmosphere. 12 (11): 1379. Bibcode:2021Atmos..12.1379A. doi:10.3390/atmos12111379.
  27. ↑ Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022). "Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications". EcoMat. 4. doi:10.1002/eom2.12153. S2CID 240331557 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  28. ↑ Zhai, Huatian; Fan, Desong; Li, Qiang (September 2022). "Scalable and paint-format colored coatings for passive radiative cooling". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 245: 111853. Bibcode:2022SEMSC.24511853Z. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2022.111853. S2CID 249877164 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  29. ↑ Dang, Saichao; Xiang, Jingbo; Yao, Hongxin; Yang, Fan; Ye, Hong (March 2022). "Color-preserving daytime passive radiative cooling based on Fe3+-doped Y2Ce2O7". Energy and Buildings. 259: 111861. Bibcode:2022EneBu.25911861D. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.111861. S2CID 246105880 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  30. ↑ Raman, Aaswath P.; Anoma, Marc Abou; Zhu, Linxiao; Raphaeli, Eden; Fan, Shanhui (2014). "Passive Radiative Cooling Below Ambient air Temperature under Direct Sunlight". Nature. 515 (7528): 540–544. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..540R. doi:10.1038/nature13883. PMID 25428501. S2CID 4382732 – via nature.com.
  31. ↑ Banik, Udayan; Agrawal, Ashutosh; Meddeb, Hosni; Sergeev, Oleg; Reininghaus, Nies; Götz-Köhler, Maximilian; Gehrke, Kai; Stührenberg, Jonas; Vehse, Martin; Sznajder, Maciej; Agert, Carsten (2021). "Efficient Thin Polymer Coating as a Selective Thermal Emitter for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 13 (20): 24130–24137. doi:10.1021/acsami.1c04056. PMID 33974398 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 234471290 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via ACS Publications.
  32. ↑ Park, Chanil; Park, Choyeon; Nie, Xiao; Lee, Jaeho; Kim, Yong Seok; Yoo, Youngjae (2022). "Fully Organic and Flexible Biodegradable Emitter for Global Energy-Free Cooling Applications". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 10 (21): 7091–7099. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c01182 – via ACS Publications.
  33. ↑ Miranda, Nicole D.; Renaldi, Renaldi; Khosla, Radhika; McCulloch, Malcolm D. (October 2021). "Bibliometric analysis and landscape of actors in passive cooling research". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 149: 111406. Bibcode:2021RSERv.14911406M. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111406 – via Elsevier Science Direct. In the last three years, however, publications on radiative cooling and solar control have been the most numerous and hence are promising technologies in the field.
  34. ↑ Chen, Guoliang; Wang, Yaming; Qiu, Jun; Cao, Jianyun; Zou, Yongchun; Wang, Shuqi; Jia, Dechang; Zhou, Yu (August 2021). "A facile bioinspired strategy for accelerating water collection enabled by passive radiative cooling and wettability engineering". Materials & Design. 206: 109829. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109829. S2CID 236255835 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  35. ↑ Chang, Kai; Zhang, Qingyuan (2019). "Modeling of downward longwave radiation and radiative cooling potential in China". Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 11 (6): 066501. doi:10.1063/1.5117319. S2CID 209774036. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  36. 1 2 3 Munday, Jeremy (2019). "Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling". Joule. 3 (9): 2057–2060. Bibcode:2019Joule...3.2057M. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010. S2CID 201590290. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Munday" defined multiple times with different content.
  37. ↑ Yin, Xiaobo; Yang, Ronggui; Tan, Gang; Fan, Shanhui (November 2020). "Terrestrial radiative cooling: Using the cold universe as a renewable and sustainable energy source". Science. 370 (6518): 786–791. Bibcode:2020Sci...370..786Y. doi:10.1126/science.abb0971. OSTI 1712833. PMID 33184205. S2CID 226308213.
  38. ↑ Dong, Yan; Han, Han; Wang, Fuqiang; Zhang, Yingjie; Cheng, Ziming; Shi, Xuhang; Yan, Yujing (June 2022). "A low-cost sustainable coating: Improving passive daytime radiative cooling performance using the spectral band complementarity method". Renewable Energy. 192: 606–616. Bibcode:2022REne..192..606D. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.093 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
  39. ↑ Cui, Yan; Luo, Xianyu; Zhang, Fenghua; Sun, Le; Jin, Nuo; Yang, Weiman (August 2022). "Progress of passive daytime radiative cooling technologies towards commercial applications". Particuology. 67: 57–67. doi:10.1016/j.partic.2021.10.004. S2CID 243468810 Check |s2cid= value (help) – via Elsevier Science Direct.
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