Rashin wariyar launin fata

 

Yunkurin Anti-Ku Klux Klan a Philadelphia, 1988

Samfuri:Racism topicsRashin wariyar launin fata ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da yawa da ayyukan siyasa waɗanda aka yi niyya don magance Nuna bambanci na launin fata, wariyar launin fatar tsarin, da kuma zaluntar takamaiman Ƙungiyoyin launin fata. Ana tsara wariyar launin fata a kan kokarin sani da ayyukan da aka yi niyya don ƙirƙirar daidaito ga dukkan mutane a kan mutum da kuma tsarin tsarin. A matsayin falsafar, ana iya shiga ta hanyar amincewa da gata na mutum, fuskantar ayyuka da tsarin nuna bambancin launin fata da / ko aiki don canza son kai na launin fata. Manyan kokarin adawa da wariyar launin fata na zamani sun hada da Black Lives Matter movement da kuma adawa da launin fata a wurin aiki.

Tarihi

Asalin Turai

Yammacin Turai ya yada wariyar launin fata zuwa Amurka, amma an yi tambaya game da ra'ayoyin kafa lokacin da aka yi amfani da su ga 'Yan asalin ƙasar. Bayan gano Sabon Duniya, yawancin malamai da aka aika zuwa Sabon Duniya waɗanda aka ilimantar da su a cikin sabbin dabi'un bil'adama na Renaissance, har yanzu sabo ne a Turai kuma ba Vatican ta tabbatar da su ba, sun fara sukar Spain da kuma Ikilisiyarsu da ra'ayoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da bayi. 

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1511, Antonio de Montesinos, wani ɗan Dominican, shi ne ɗan Turai na farko da ya tsawata wa hukumomin Spain da masu gudanarwa na Hispaniola a bayyane saboda "mugunta da zalunci" a cikin ma'amala da 'yan asalin Amurka da waɗanda aka tilasta su yi aiki a matsayin bayi. Sarki Ferdinand ya kafa Dokokin Burgos da Valladolid a matsayin martani. Tilasta aiki ba shi da kyau, kuma dole ne a yi Sabbin Dokoki na 1542 don ɗaukar layin da ya fi karfi. Saboda wasu mutane kamar Fray Bartolomé de las Casas sun yi tambaya ba kawai da kambin ba amma da Paparoma a cikin rikice-rikicen Valladolid ko 'yan asalin sun kasance maza da gaske waɗanda suka cancanci baftisma, Paparoma Paul III a cikin bijimin papal Veritas Ipsa ko Sublimis Deus (1537) ya tabbatar da cewa' yan asalin da sauran kabilu mutane ne masu cikakken hankali waɗanda ke da' yancin 'yanci da dukiyar sirri, koda kuwa suna da arna ne. Bayan haka, yunkurin Juyin Juya Halin Kirista ya sami ƙarfi tare da haƙƙin zamantakewa, yayin da yake barin wannan matsayi ba tare da amsawa ga 'yan Afirka na Black Race ba, kuma wariyar launin fata ta doka ta rinjayi ga Indiyawa ko Asiya. A wannan lokacin, rarrabuwar karshe ta sake fasalin ta faru a Turai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata tare da layin siyasa, kuma ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da darajar rayuwar ɗan adam na kabilu daban-daban ba a gyara su ba a ƙasashen Arewacin Turai, wanda zai shiga Tseren mulkin mallaka a ƙarshen karni da kuma na gaba, yayin da Daular Portugal da Spain suka ragu. Zai ɗauki wani ƙarni, tare da tasirin Daular Faransa a tsayinta, kuma hasken da ya biyo baya ya bunkasa a manyan bangarorin Kotun ta, don dawo da waɗannan batutuwan da ba a kammala su ba a gaban maganganun siyasa da mutane da yawa masu ilimi suka goyi bayan tun Rousseau. Wadannan batutuwan a hankali sun shiga cikin ƙananan matakan zamantakewa, inda su kasance gaskiyar da maza da mata na kabilu daban-daban suka rayu daga mafi yawan launin fata na Turai.

Shirye-shiryen Quaker

Albarkar John Brown

A shekara ta 1688, baƙi Jamusawa zuwa lardin Pennsylvania sun ba da takardar koke na yaƙi da bautar da ke adawa da bauta a yankin. Bayan an ware shi kuma an manta da shi, an sake gano shi ta hanyar abolitionists na Amurka a 1844, a cikin 1940s ba daidai ba, kuma an sake gano shi a cikin Maris 2005. Kafin juyin juya halin Amurka, wani karamin rukuni na Quakers, ciki har da John Woolman da Anthony Benezet, sun rinjayi yawancin 'yan uwan Quakers don 'yantar da bayin Quaker, da yin watsi da manufofin Quaker. bauta. Wannan ya baiwa ƙungiyoyin addini ma'aunin ikon ɗabi'a don taimakawa fara yunkurin kawar da Amurkawa. Woolman ya mutu sakamakon cutar sankarau a Ingila a shekara ta 1775, jim kadan bayan ya tsallaka Tekun Atlantika don yada sakonsa na yaki da bauta ga Quakers na Birtaniyya. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need

A lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka da kuma bayan juyin juya halin Amurka, ayyukan Quaker da wa'azi game da bauta sun fara yaduwa fiye da darikarsu. A shekara ta 1783, Quakers 300, musamman daga Landan, sun gabatar da koke ga Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya kan shigar da Burtaniya ke yi a cinikin bayi na Atlantic. A shekara ta 1785, dan Ingila abolitionist Thomas Clarkson, yana karatu a Cambridge, kuma a cikin hanyar rubuta makala a cikin Latin (Anne liceat invitos in servitutem dare (Shin ya halatta a bautar da marasa yarda?), karanta ayyukan Benezet, kuma ya fara ƙoƙari na rayuwa don kawar da cinikin bayi na Birtaniya. A cikin 1787, British abolition Committee Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce za ta iya shiga cikin nasara ta hanyar haɗa Anglicans, waɗanda, ba kamar Quakers ba, za su iya zama bisa doka a majalisar wakilai goma sha biyu sun haɗa da Quakers tara da Anglican na farko na farko: Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, da William Wilberforce - duk Kiristoci na bishara.  [ana hujja]

Abolitionism

Daga baya nasarorin da aka samu wajen adawa da wariyar launin fata sun samu nasara ne daga ƙungiyar abolitionist a Ingila da Amurka. Kodayake yawancin Abolitionists ba su ɗauki baƙi ko Mulatto daidai da fari ba, sun yi, gabaɗaya, sun yi imani da 'Yanci kuma sau da yawa ma da daidaito ga dukan mutane. Wasu, kamar John Brown, sun ci gaba. Brown ya yarda ya mutu a madadin, kamar yadda ya ce, "miliyoyin a cikin wannan ƙasar bawa waɗanda mugayen, mugunta, da rashin adalci suka yi watsi da hakkinsu ..." Yawancin baƙar fata Abolitionists, kamar Frederick Douglass, a bayyane sun yi jayayya game da bil'adama na baƙi da mulattoes, da daidaito na dukan mutane. 

Saboda juriya a Kudancin Amurka da kuma rushewar manufa a Arewa, sake ginawa ya ƙare, yana ba da hanyar lalacewar dangantakar launin fata ta Amurka. Lokacin daga kimanin 1890 zuwa 1920 ya ga sake kafa Dokokin Jim Crow. Shugaba Woodrow Wilson, wanda ya dauki sake ginawa a matsayin bala'i, ya ware gwamnatin tarayya. Ku Klux Klan ya girma zuwa mafi girman shahararsa da ƙarfi; nasarar D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan karuwar memba.

A cikin 1911 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Farko ta haɗu a London, inda masu magana da suka fi dacewa daga kasashe da yawa na kwanaki huɗu suka tattauna matsalolin kabilanci da hanyoyin inganta dangantakar kabilanci.

Tsarin zamantakewa

Karl Marx ya goyi bayan Tarayyar a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka kuma ya ba da shawarar matakan abolitionist masu tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da Adireshin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ga Ibrahim Lincoln a 1864. Lincoln zai mayar da martani ya yaba da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya don goyon bayansu kuma ya bayyana cewa cin nasarar Kudu za ta zama nasara ga dukan bil'adama.

An fahimci Juyin Juya Halin Rasha a matsayin rushewa tare da mulkin mallaka don gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama daban-daban da kuma samar da sarari ga kungiyoyin da aka zalunci a duk faɗin duniya. An ba da ƙarin amincewa tare da Tarayyar Soviet da ke tallafawa ƙungiyoyin Duniya ta uku masu adawa da mulkin mallaka tare da kudade na kuɗi a kan ikon mulkin mallaka na Turai.

A cikin aikinsa, The Socialist Revolution and the Rights of Nation to Self-Determinism, Vladimir Lenin ya rubuta cewa kwaminisanci zai tilasta cikakken daidaito na dukkan al'ummomi kuma "ya ba da tasiri ga haƙƙin al'ummomin da aka zalunta ga ƙaddamar da kansu". Lenin zai sanya adawa da mulkin mallaka a matsayin ka'idar Marxist kuma ya daidaita juyin juya hali ta hanyar Comintern.

Masanin ilimin Marxist Leon Trotsky ya ba da shawarar cin gashin kai na kasa ga baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A mayar da martani ga takardar shirye-shiryen Jam'iyyar Hagu ta Afirka ta Kudu, ya rubuta a 1935:

"Dole ne mu yarda da ƙuduri kuma ba tare da wani ajiya ba cikakkiyar haƙƙin baƙi ga 'yancin kai. " Sai kawai bisa ga gwagwarmayar juna da mamayar masu cin zarafin fari za a iya haɓaka hadin kan masu baƙar fata da fararen fata".

A cikin shekarun 1930, Trotskyists ne suka kafa Kungiyoyin kwadago na baƙar fata na farko a Transvaal, Afirka ta Kudu.

Masu sharhi na hagu na zamani sun yi jayayya cewa jari-hujja tana inganta wariyar launin fata tare da yaƙe-yaƙe na al'adu kan batutuwa kamar shige da fice da wakiltar kabilun kabilanci yayin da suke ƙin magance Rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki.

Ƙungiyoyin gurguzu sun kuma kasance suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da wariyar launin fata kamar su Love Music Hate Racism, Stand Up to Racism, Anti-Nazi League da Unite Against Fascism .

Yawancin masu gwagwarmayar gurguzu da kungiyoyi sun haɗa biyan diyya don bautar da mulkin mallaka tare da manyan buƙatun adawa da jari-hujja don sake fasalin tattalin arzikin duniya. A cikin wannan ra'ayi, sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin gurguzu na duniya zai gyara gyare-gyare da haɓaka ingancin ilimi, kiwon lafiya da yanayin rayuwa na al'ummomin da aka ware da kuma ma'aikata.

Kimiyya

Friedrich Tiedemann na ɗaya daga cikin mutane na farko da suka kalubalanci wariyar launin fata a kimiyya. A cikin 1836, ta amfani da ma'aunin kwakwalwa da kwakwalwa (wanda ya dauka daga Turawa da baƙar fata daga sassa daban-daban na duniya), ya karyata imanin yawancin masu ilimin halitta da masu ilimin jikin mutum na zamani cewa baƙar fata suna da ƙananan kwakwalwa kuma saboda haka suna da ƙarancin hankali ga fararen mutane, yana mai cewa ba shi da tushe a kimiyya kuma ya dogara ne kawai akan ra'ayoyin nuna bambanci na matafiya da masu bincike. Masanin ilimin juyin halitta Charles Darwin ya rubuta a cikin 1871 cewa '[i]t za a iya shakkar ko wani hali da za a iya ba da suna wanda ya bambanta da tseren kuma yana da mahimmanci' kuma cewa 'ko da yake tseren mutum da ke akwai sun bambanta a fannoni da yawa, kamar a launi, gashi, siffar kwanyar, daidaitattun jiki, da sauransu, duk da haka idan an yi la'akari da dukkan tsarin su suna kama da juna a cikin maki da yawa.[a]

Masanin ilimin lissafi na Jamus Adolf Bastian ya inganta ra'ayin da aka sani da "haɗin kai na ɗan adam", imani da tsarin tunani na duniya da ke cikin dukkan mutane ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba. Rudolf Virchow, masanin ilimin ɗan adam na farko ya soki rarrabawar ɗan adam ta Ernst Haeckel zuwa "mafi girma da ƙananan jinsi". Marubutan biyu sun rinjayi masanin ilimin ɗan adam na Amurka Franz Boas wanda ya inganta ra'ayin cewa bambance-bambance a cikin halayyar tsakanin al'ummomin mutane na al'adu ne kawai maimakon bambance-mbance na halitta. Daga baya masana kimiyyar ɗan adam kamar Ashley Montague, Ruth Benedict, Marcel Mauss, Bronisław Malinowski, Pierre Clastres, da Claude Lévi-Strauss sun ci gaba da mai da hankali kan al'adu da ƙin tsarin launin fata na bambance-bambance a cikin halayyar ɗan adam.

Sanarwar Jena, wacce kungiyar Zoological Society ta Jamus ta buga a shekarar 2019, ta ki amincewa da ra'ayin "tseren" ɗan adam kuma ta nisanta kanta daga Ka'idodin launin fata na Ernst Haeckel da sauran masana kimiyya na karni na 20. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Bambancin kwayar halitta tsakanin Yawan mutane ya fi karami fiye da a cikinsu, yana nuna cewa ra'ayin halittu na "tseren" ba shi da inganci. Sanarwar ta nuna cewa babu takamaiman kwayoyin halitta ko alamun kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka dace da rarrabuwa launin fata na al'ada. Har ila yau, ya nuna cewa ra'ayin "ƙabilar" ya dogara ne akan wariyar launin fata maimakon kowane gaskiyar kimiyya.

Lokacin tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe: Shirin Daidaita Ra'ayi

Bayan ƙarshen ɓoyewa a cikin shekarun 1850, Japan ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta dace ba, abin da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Ansei, amma nan da nan ya zo neman daidaito tare da ikon Yamma. Gyara wannan rashin daidaito ya zama batun kasa da kasa mafi gaggawa na gwamnatin Meiji. A cikin wannan mahallin, tawagar Japan zuwa Taron Zaman Lafiya na Paris na 1919 sun ba da shawarar sashi a cikin Alkawari na Kungiyar Al'ummai . Makino Nobuaki ne ya gabatar da daftarin farko ga Hukumar Tarayyar Al'ummai a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu a matsayin gyare-gyare ga Mataki na 21:

Daidaitawar kasashe shine ka'idar ka'idar League of Nations, Babban Jam'iyyun Yarjejeniya sun amince da ba da izini, da wuri-wuri, ga dukkan 'yan kasashen waje na Kasashen membobin League daidai da adalci a kowane bangare, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, ko dai a cikin doka ko a zahiri, saboda tseren su ko ƙasa.

Bayan jawabin Makino, Ubangiji Cecil ya bayyana cewa shawarar Jafananci ta kasance mai rikitarwa sosai kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa watakila batun ya kasance mai rikitawa sosai da bai kamata a tattauna shi ba. Firayim Ministan Girka Eleftherios Venizelos ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a cire wani sashi na hana nuna bambanci na addini tunda hakan kuma lamari ne mai rikitarwa. Wannan ya haifar da rashin amincewa daga wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Portugal, wanda ya bayyana cewa kasarsa ba ta taba sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ba kafin hakan bai ambaci Allah ba, wanda ya sa Cecil ya yi tsokaci watakila a wannan lokacin, dukansu za su sami damar kauce wa fushin Mai Iko Dukka ta hanyar kada su ambaci Shi.

Firayim Ministan Australiya Billy Hughes ya fayyace adawarsa kuma ya sanar a wani taro cewa "Casain da biyar daga cikin ɗari ɗari na Australiya sun ƙi ainihin ra'ayin daidaito. Hughes ya shiga siyasa a matsayin ɗan kasuwa kuma, kamar sauran sauran masu aiki, ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da ƙaura na Asiya zuwa Ostiraliya. hujja]

Wakilan kasar Sin, wadanda ba haka ba sun kasance a kan wuka da aka zana tare da Jafananci kan batun tsohon mulkin mallaka na Jamus na Qingdao da sauran izinin Jamus a Lardin Shandong, sun kuma ce za su goyi bayan sashi. Wani jami'in diflomasiyyar kasar Sin na zamani ya ce tambayar Shandong ta fi muhimmanci ga gwamnatinsa fiye da sashi. Firayim Ministan Burtaniya David Lloyd George ya sami kansa a cikin wani yanayi mara kyau tun lokacin da Burtaniya ta sanya hannu kan kawance da Japan a 1902, amma kuma yana so ya riƙe wakilan Daular Burtaniya tare.

Duk da cewa shawarar ta samu rinjaye (11 cikin 16) na kuri'u, har yanzu shawarar tana da matsala ga shugaban Amurka mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Woodrow Wilson, wanda ke bukatar kuri'un 'yan Democrat masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don samun nasarar samun kuri'un da ake bukata ga Majalisar Dattawan Amurka don amincewa da yarjejeniyar. Ƙarfin adawa daga tawagar daular Burtaniya ta ba shi hujjar kin amincewa da shawarar. Hughes [1] da Joseph Cook sun yi adawa da shi sosai yayin da ya lalata manufofin White Ostiraliya. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

Farfadowar Amurka a tsakiyar karni

  An farfado da adawa da wariyar launin fata a cikin shekarun 1920 da 1930. A wannan lokacin, masana kimiyyar ɗan adam kamar Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, da Ashley Montagu sun yi jayayya don daidaito na mutane a tsakanin kabilanci da al'adu. Eleanor Roosevelt ta kasance mai ba da shawara sosai ga haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru a wannan lokacin. Kungiyoyin Masu adawa da jari-hujja kamar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu na Duniya, waɗanda suka sami shahara a lokacin 1905-1926, sun kasance a bayyane masu daidaito.

A cikin shekarun 1940 Springfield, Massachusetts, ta kira Shirin Springfield don hada dukkan mutane a cikin al'umma.

Farawa tare da Harlem Renaissance kuma ci gaba zuwa cikin shekarun 1960, yawancin marubutan Afirka-Amurka sun yi jayayya da karfi game da wariyar launin fata.

Yaduwar shekarun 1960

Maris na 1963 a kan mahalarta Washington da shugabannin da ke tafiya daga Washington Monument zuwa Lincoln MemorialAbin tunawa da Lincoln

Yunkurin da aka yi da wariyar launin fata a Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville ya ga karuwar ra'ayoyin da ke adawa da wariyar jinsi na kowane irin.

A lokacin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama, an soke Dokokin Jim Crow a Kudu kuma baƙi a ƙarshe sun sake samun damar jefa kuri'a a jihohin Kudancin. Dokta Martin Luther King Jr. ya kasance mai tasiri, kuma jawabinsa "Ina da Mafarki" ya taƙaita ra'ayinsa na daidaito.

Karni na 21

Masu zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata a zanga-zambe na George Floyd na 2020 a Minneapolis, Minnesota, Amurka

Tattara jama'a a kusa da motsi na Black Lives Matter sun haifar da sabunta sha'awar adawa da wariyar launin fata a cikin Amurka. Shirye-shiryen motsi na jama'a sun kasance tare da kokarin ilimi don bincike game da adawa da launin fata a siyasa, sake fasalin shari'a na laifi, hadawa da ilimi mafi girma, da adawa le wariyar launin fatara a wurin aiki.

Shirye-shiryen

Rashin wariyar launin fata ya ɗauki nau'o'i daban-daban kamar ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a da nufin ilimantar da mutane game da hanyoyin da za su iya ci gaba da wariyar launin fatar, inganta fahimtar al'adu tsakanin kungiyoyin launin fata, magance wariyar launin launin fata "kowace-kowace" a cikin saitunan hukumomi, da kuma yaki da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama Neo-Nazi da kungiyoyin Neo-Fascist.

'Yancin jama'a da dokar adawa da nuna bambanci

Masu adawa da wariyar launin fata da suka mayar da hankali kan wariyar launin fatar ma'aikata da tsarin sun yi yaƙi, gami da ta hanyar rashin biyayya ga farar hula da kuma kamfen na majalisa, don dokokin adawa da nuna bambanci, kamar yadda aka kwatanta da Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Amurka, 1964 da Dokokin Dangantaka ta Burtaniya daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960. yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata a cikin shekarun 1980 ya yi kamfen a duniya don kawo karshen nuna bambancin launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.

Kungiyar al'umma da gwagwarmayar al'adu

Kungiyoyin da aka yi niyya da wariyar launin fata sun gina ƙungiyoyin siyasa da al'adu don neman girmamawa da amincewa da sake darajar mutanen da aka zalunta. Misalan sun hada da Al'adun Zionism, Harlem Renaissance, negritude, Black Arts Movement, da Black pride / Black power da Chicano power movements.

Mai fafutukar adawa da fascism

Masu adawa da Fascists sun dauki masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a zahiri, ta amfani da dabarun babu wani dandamali don hana su muryar jama'a.

Shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani

Masu goyon bayan wariyar launin fata suna da'awar cewa microaggressions na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako a cikin yanayin aiki, yanayin ilmantarwa, da kuma fahimtar kansu gaba ɗaya. Ayyukan adawa da wariyar launin fata suna da niyyar yaki da microaggressions da taimakawa wajen karya wariyar launin fatar ta hanyar mai da hankali kan ayyukan adawa da nuna bambanci da zalunci. Tsayawa da nuna bambanci na iya zama babban aiki ga mutanen launin fata waɗanda aka yi niyya a baya. Masu adawa da wariyar launin fata suna da'awar cewa microinterventions na iya zama kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi don yin aiki akan nuna bambancin launin fata.

Shirye-shiryen Microintervention suna da niyyar samar da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don fuskantarwa da ilimantar da masu zaluntar launin fata. Takamaiman dabarun sun haɗa da: bayyana ɓoyayyen nuna bambanci ko ajanda a bayan ayyukan nuna bambanci, katsewa da ƙalubalanci harshe mai zalunci, ilimantar da masu laifi, da haɗi tare da wasu abokan tarayya da membobin al'umma don yin aiki game da nuna bambanci. Ka'idar ita ce waɗannan ƙananan abubuwan suna ba da damar mai zalunci ya ga tasirin kalmomin su, kuma ya samar da sarari don tattaunawa ta ilimi game da yadda ayyukansu zasu iya zaluntar mutane da aka ware.

Microaggressions na iya zama ayyukan sani inda mai aikata laifin ya san laifin da suke haifar, ko ɓoyewa da kuma sadarwa ba tare da sanin mai aikata laicin ba. Ba tare da la'akari da ko microaggressions suna da hankali ko kuma ba tare da sani ba, matakin farko na adawa da wariyar launin fata shine a ambaci hanyoyin da yake da lahani ga mutum mai launi. Kira da wani aiki na nuna bambanci na iya zama mai karfafawa saboda yana samar da harshe ga mutane masu launin fata don kawo wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da suka faru kuma yana tabbatar da nuna bambanci a ciki.

Shirye-shiryen adawa da wariyar launin fata sun haɗa da fuskantar ƙalubalen ƙarancin launin fata ta hanyar ƙalubalen waje da rashin yarda da ƙarancin ƙarancin da ke cutar da mutum mai launi. Microinterventions kamar magana ta baki na "Ba na so in ji wannan magana" da kuma motsi na jiki na rashin amincewa sune hanyoyin fuskantar microaggressions. Ba a amfani da microinterventions don kai farmaki ga wasu game da son kai, amma a maimakon haka ana amfani da su don ba da damar sarari don tattaunawa ta ilimi. Koyar da mai aikata laifin game da son kai na iya buɗe tattaunawa game da yadda niyyar tsokaci ko aiki zai iya haifar da mummunar tasiri. Misali, jimloli kamar "Na san kana nufin wannan wasa ya zama mai ban dariya, amma wannan nau'in ya cutar da ni sosai" na iya ilimantar da mutum game da bambancin da ke tsakanin abin da aka nufa da kuma yadda yake da lahani ga mutum mai launi. Hanyoyin shiga tsakani na wariyar launin fata suna ba da kayan aiki ga mutane masu launi, fararen abokan tarayya, da masu kallo don yaƙi da microaggressions da ayyukan nuna bambanci.

Wata dabarar ta haɗa da inganta yanayin da ya haɗa da inganta lafiyar al'adu, tawali'u na al'adu da tawali'un labari. Tsaron al'adu yana ƙarfafa mutane su bincika ainihin su da halayensu, suna ƙirƙirar sarari waɗanda ke da aminci ga kowane mutum yayin da suke tabbatar da ainihin asali da bukatun mutane daga al'adu daban-daban. Tawali'u na al'adu ya cika wannan ta hanyar jaddada tunani na kai, haɗin kai, da haɗin gwiwa tare da membobin al'umma, yana jaddada darajar ci gaban da aka raba. Tawali'u na labari ya kara inganta wannan hanyar ta hanyar ƙarfafa mutane su saurari labarun wasu, suyi tunani game da matsayinsu a cikin waɗannan labaran, kuma su kasance a buɗe ga ra'ayoyin da ke kalubalantar nasu. Tare, waɗannan hanyoyin suna aiki don rushe rashin daidaito na tsarin da haɓaka mahalli da aka kafa akan girmamawa, fahimta ta raba, da shiga cikin aiki.

Tasiri

Tun daga shekarun 1960, an yi bikin ranar 20 ga Nuwamba a Brazil a matsayin Ranar Sanarwar Baƙi.

Daidaitawa ya kasance mai haɓaka ga ƙungiyoyin mata, masu adawa da yaƙi, da masu adawa le mulkin mallaka. Henry David Thoreau na adawa da yaki Mexican-Amurka, alal misali, ya dogara ne a wani bangare akan tsoron da yake ji cewa Amurka tana amfani da yakin a matsayin uzuri don fadada Bautar zuwa sabbin yankuna. An rubuta amsar Thoreau a cikin sanannen rubutunsa "Civil Disobedience", wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen kunna nasarar jagorancin Mahatma Gandhi na ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Indiya. Misali na Gandhi ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amurka. Kamar yadda James Loewen ya rubuta a cikin Lies My Teacher Told Me: "A duk faɗin duniya, daga Afirka zuwa Arewacin Ireland, ƙungiyoyin mutanen da aka zalunta suna ci gaba da amfani da dabaru da kalmomin da aka aro daga ƙungiyoyinmu na abolitionist da na kare hakkin bil'adama. "

Rashin amincewa

Wasu daga cikin wadannan amfani sun kasance masu jayayya. Masu sukar a Burtaniya, kamar Peter Hain, sun bayyana cewa a Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe ya yi amfani da maganganun adawa da wariyar launin fata don inganta rarraba ƙasa, inda aka karɓi ƙasa mai zaman kanta daga fararen manoma kuma aka rarraba ga baƙar fata na Afirka (duba: Gyaran ƙasa a Zimbabwe). Bishops na Roman Katolika sun bayyana cewa Mugabe ya tsara rarraba ƙasa a matsayin hanyar 'yantar da Zimbabwe daga mulkin mallaka, amma cewa "fararen mazauna da suka taɓa amfani da abin da ke Rhodesia an maye gurbinsu da baƙar fata wanda yake daidai da zalunci".

Mai sukar al'adu Fredrik deBoer ya zargi mutane da cibiyoyi masu "tsarin ra'ayi" saboda rashin nasarar da aka samu na BLM a matsayin motsi na zamantakewa.

Hamayya

Ka'idar makircin kisan kare dangi na fari

Kalmomin "Anti-racist kalma ce ta lambar don adawa da fari", wanda fararen 'yan kasa Robert Whitaker ya kirkira, galibi ana danganta shi da batun kisan kare dangi, Ka'idar makirci fararen dan kasar wanda ya bayyana cewa ana inganta shige da fice, Haɗuwa, ƙarancin haihuwa da zubar da ciki a kasashe masu yawa don su zama fararen fata da gangan kuma sa fararen mutane su ƙaura ta hanyar tilasta daidaitawa An hango wannan magana a kan allon talla a kusa da Birmingham, Alabama a cikin 2014, kuma an hango shi a kan allunan talla a Harrison, Arkansas a cikin 2013.

Organizations and institutions

Duniya

• Ranar Kasa da Kasa don kawar da nuna bambanci tsakanin launin fata
• Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan nau'ikan wariyar launin fata na zamani, nuna bambancin launin fata, xenophobia da nau'ikan rashin haƙuri
• Taron Duniya game da wariyar launin fata

Turai

• Aktion Courage (Jamus)
• Kungiyar Anti-Nazi (United Kingdom)
• Aktion Kinder na Holocaust (Switzerland)
• Ayyukan adawa da Fascist (United Kingdom)
• Black Equity Organization (United Kingdom)
• Yakin Yaki da wariyar launin fata da Fascism (United Kingdom)
• Cibiyar Daidaita Daidaitawa da Hamayya da wariyar launin fata (Belgium)
• Hukumar Tarayyar Turai game da wariyar launin fata da rashin haƙuri
• Félag Anti-Rasista (Iceland)
• Dangi na Har abada (United Kingdom)
• Hepimiz Zokorayız (Turkey)
• Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci (United Kingdom)
• A cikin IUSTITIA (Jamhuriyar Czech)
• Les Indivisibles (Faransa)
• Ƙaunar Waƙoƙi Ƙin wariyar launin fata (United Kingdom)
• Yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata da kuma abota tsakanin mutane (Faransa)
• Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yaki da wariyar launin fata (United Kingdom)
• "Babu sakewa" Ƙungiyar (Poland)
• Newham Monitoring Project (United Kingdom)
• Cibiyar Kula da Halin wariyar launin fata da Xenophobic (Poland)
• Mazauna Yaki da wariyar launin fata (Ireland)
• Rock Against Racism (United Kingdom)
• Nuna wariyar launin fata Red Card (United Kingdom)
• SOS wariyar launin fata (Faransa)
• Tsaya da wariyar launin fata (United Kingdom)
• Haɗa Kan Fascism (United Kingdom)
• UNITED don Ayyukan Al'adu (dukan Turai)

Arewacin Amurka

• Rashin wariyar launin fata da ƙiyayya (Amurka)
• Ta Duk wata hanya da ake bukata (BAMN) (Amurka)
• Ayyukan adawa da wariyar launin fata (Amurka ta Arewa)
• Black Lives Matter (Amurka)
• Shirin Catalyst (Amurka)
• Abokai suna tsaye United (Amurka)
• Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (Amurka)
• Shirin Mutum Daya (Amurka)
• Tushen Resistance (Kanada) [ya mutu]
• Red da Anarchist Skinheads (Amurka)
• Redneck Revolt (Amurka)
• Bayyanawa don Adalci na launin fata (Amurka)
• Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice (Amurka)
• Dakatar da Ƙiyayya ta AAPI (Amurka)
• Cibiyar Jama'a don Rayuwa da Bayan (Amurka)
• Cibiyar Shari'a ta Vera

Ilimi

• Jami'ar Amurka - Cibiyar Bincike da Manufofin Anti-CiracistCibiyar Bincike da Manufofin Anti-Diracist
• Jami'ar Boston - Cibiyar Nazarin Rashin Ƙabilar Ƙasa, wanda Ibram X. Kendi ke jagoranta
• Jami'ar Georgetown - Cibiyar Shari'ar Ra'ayiCibiyar Shari'ar launin fata
• Jami'ar Haikali - Cibiyar Anti-RacismCibiyar Rashin Ciniki da wariyar launin fata
• Jami'ar Rutgers - Cibiyar Nazarin Adalci na Kasa ta Duniya
• Jami'ar Jihar Ohio - Cibiyar Kirwan don Nazarin Kabilanci da Kabilanci
• Jami'ar California, Berkeley - Sauran & Cibiyar

Pacific

• All Together Now (ƙungiyar ba da riba) (Australia)
• Yaki Dem Back (Australia da New Zealand)
• Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Anti-Candism (Japan)

Ƙarin karantawa

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• Michael, Ali (2014) Tallafa Tambayoyin Tsaro, Malamai Kwalejin Press.
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• Gil-Riaño, Sebastián (7 May 2018). "Relocating anti-racist science: the 1950 UNESCO Statement on Race and economic development in the global South". The British Journal for the History of Science. 51 (2): 281–303. doi:10.1017/S0007087418000286. PMID 29730996.
• Binhas, Adi; Cohen, Nissim (28 June 2019). "Policy entrepreneurs and anti-racism policies". Policy Studies. 42 (4): 327–345. doi:10.1080/01442872.2019.1634190. S2CID 198739874.
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• Slocum, Rachel (March 2006). "Anti-racist Practice and the Work of Community Food Organizations". Antipode. 38 (2): 327–349. Bibcode:2006Antip..38..327S. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00582.x.
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• Gillborn, David (2006). "Critical Race Theory and Education: Racism and anti-racism in educational theory and praxis". Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education. 27 (1): 11–32. doi:10.1080/01596300500510229. S2CID 6105266.
• Kobayashi, Audrey; Peake, Linda (June 2000). "Racism out of Place: Thoughts on Whiteness and an Antiracist Geography in the New Millennium". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 90 (2): 392–403. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00202. S2CID 128707952.
• Carrim, Nazir (6 July 2006). "Anti-racism and the 'New' South African Educational Order". Cambridge Journal of Education. 28 (3): 301–320. doi:10.1080/0305764980280304.
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• Nelson, Jacqueline K.; Dunn, Kevin M.; Paradies, Yin (December 2011). "Bystander Anti-Racism: A Review of the Literature". Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. 11 (1): 263–284. doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2011.01274.x.
• Berman, Gabrielle; Paradies, Yin (February 2010). "Racism, disadvantage and multiculturalism: towards effective anti-racist praxis". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 33 (2): 214–232. doi:10.1080/01419870802302272. S2CID 38546112.

Haɗin waje

The dictionary definition of Anti-racism at Wiktionary Media related to Anti-racism at Wikimedia Commons

• Anti-racism Digital Library da kuma Anti-racialism na kasa da kasa Thesaurus Archived 2023-06-05 at the Wayback Machine
• Dukkanin Tare Yanzu