Rashin zafi, iska, da sanyaya iska
 Rashin zafi, iska, da sanyaya iska | |
|---|---|
industry (en)  | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | mechanical system (en) , home appliance (en) da building services engineering (en) |
| ISCO-88 occupation class (en) | 7127 |
| Merchant Category Code (en) | 1711 |
Zafi, ventilation, da iska sanyaya (HVAC //ˈeɪtʃˌvæk/ /) shine amfani da fasahohi daban-daban don sarrafa zafin jiki, danshi, da tsabtace iska a cikin wani sarari mai rufewa. Manufarta ita ce samar da ta'aziyya mai zafi da ingancin iska na cikin gida. Tsarin tsarin HVAC wani bangare ne na injiniyan injiniya, bisa ka'idodin thermodynamics, injiniyan ruwa, da canja wurin zafi. "Refrigation" wani lokacin ana kara shi a cikin raguwar filin kamar yadda HVAC&R ko HVACR, ko kuma "ventilation" ya sauke, kamar yadda yake a cikin HACR (kamar yadda yake a sanya HACR-rated circuit breakers).
HVAC wani muhimmin bangare ne na tsarin zama kamar gidaje na iyali guda, gine-ginen gidaje, otal-otal, da manyan wuraren zama; matsakaici zuwa manyan gine-gidan masana'antu da ofisoshi kamar gine-gine da asibitoci; motoci kamar motoci, jiragen kasa, jiragen sama, jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa; kuma a cikin yanayin ruwa, inda ake sarrafa yanayin gini mai aminci da lafiya dangane da zafin jiki da danshi, ta amfani da iska mai kyau daga waje.
Ventilating ko ventilation ("V" a cikin HVAC) tsari ne na musayar ko maye gurbin iska a kowane sarari don samar da ingancin iska na cikin gida wanda ya haɗa da kula da zafin jiki, cikawar iskar oxygen, da cire danshi, ƙanshi, hayaki, zafi, ƙura, ƙwayoyin cuta, carbon dioxide, da sauran iskar gas. Ventilation yana cire ƙanshi mara kyau da danshi mai yawa, yana gabatar da iska ta waje, kuma yana ci gaba da iska ta ciki. Ana rarraba hanyoyin iska na gini a matsayin na inji (tilasta) ko na halitta.
Bayani na gaba ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manyan ayyuka guda uku na dumama, iska, da sanyaya iska suna da alaƙa da juna, musamman tare da buƙatar samar da ta'aziyya mai zafi da ingancin iska na cikin gida a cikin shigarwa mai kyau, aiki, da farashin kulawa. Ana iya amfani da tsarin HVAC a cikin gida da kuma yanayin kasuwanci. Tsarin HVAC na iya samar da iska, da kuma kula da alaƙar matsin lamba tsakanin sarari. Hanyar isar da iska da cirewa daga sarari an san shi da rarraba iska na ɗaki.
Tsarin mutum
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin gine-gine na zamani, tsarin ƙira, shigarwa, da sarrafa waɗannan ayyuka an haɗa su cikin tsarin HVAC ɗaya ko fiye. Ga ƙananan gine-gine, 'yan kwangila galibi suna kimanta ƙarfin da nau'in tsarin da ake buƙata sannan kuma su tsara tsarin, zaɓar mai sanyaya da ya dace da abubuwan da ake buƙatu. Ga manyan gine-gine, masu zanen sabis na gini, injiniyoyin injiniya, ko injiniyoyin sabis na gini suna nazarin, tsarawa, da ƙayyade tsarin HVAC. Masu kwangila na injiniya na musamman da masu samarwa sa'an nan kuma su ƙirƙira, shigar da kuma ba da umarnin tsarin. Ana buƙatar izinin gini da binciken bin ka'idojin shigarwa don duk girman gine-gine
Cibiyoyin sadarwa na gundumar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kodayake ana aiwatar da HVAC a cikin gine-gine ko wasu wuraren da aka rufe (kamar hedkwatar NORAD ta karkashin kasa), kayan aikin da ke ciki a wasu lokuta shine fadada babbar hanyar dumama gundumar (DH) ko hanyar sanyaya gundumar (DC), ko kuma haɗin hanyar sadarwar DHC. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ana sauƙaƙa bangarorin aiki da kulawa kuma ana amfani da ma'auni don lissafin makamashi da aka cinye, kuma a wasu lokuta makamashi wanda aka mayar da shi ga tsarin da ya fi girma. Misali, a wani lokaci daya gini na iya amfani da ruwan sanyi don sanyaya iska kuma ruwan dumi da ya dawo ana iya amfani dashi a wani gini don dumama, ko kuma don ɓangaren dumama na cibiyar sadarwa ta DHC (watakila tare da makamashi da aka kara don bunkasa zafin jiki). [1]
Tushen HVAC a kan babbar hanyar sadarwa yana taimakawa samar da tattalin arziki na sikelin wanda sau da yawa ba zai yiwu ba ga gine-gine daban-daban, don amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar zafi na rana, sanyi na hunturu, [2] [3] damar sanyaya a wasu wurare na tabkuna ko ruwan teku don sanyaya kyauta, da kuma ba da damar aiki na ajiyar makamashi na yanayi. Amfani da tushen halitta don HVAC na iya amfana sosai da muhalli da inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da wasu hanyoyin.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]HVAC ya dogara ne akan abubuwan kirkirar da abubuwan da Nikolay Lvov, Michael Faraday, Rolla C. Carpenter, Willis Carrier, Edwin Ruud, Reuben Trane, James Joule, William Rankine, Sadi Carnot, Alice Parker da sauransu da yawa suka yi.
Abubuwan kirkirar da yawa a cikin wannan lokacin sun riga sun fara tsarin sanyaya iska na farko, wanda Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) ya tsara a 1902 don Kasuwancin Kasuwancin New York, yayin da Willis Carrier ya sanye da Kamfanin Buga na Sacketts-Wilhems tare da tsarin AC a wannan shekarar. Kwalejin Coyne ita ce makarantar farko da ta ba da horo na HVAC a shekara ta 1899.[4] An shigar da AC na farko na zama a shekara ta 1914, kuma a cikin shekarun 1950 akwai "rarrabawar AC na zama".[5]
Abubuwan da aka kirkira na tsarin HVAC sun tafi hannu da hannu tare da Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, kuma sabbin hanyoyin sabuntawa, inganci mafi girma, da kuma kula da tsarin ana gabatar da su akai-akai ta kamfanoni da masu kirkiro a duk duniya.
Rashin zafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu dumama kayan aiki ne waɗanda manufar su ita ce samar da zafi (watau dumi) don ginin. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar dumama ta tsakiya. Irin wannan tsarin yana dauke da bututun ruwa, murhu, ko famfo mai zafi don dumama ruwa, tururi, ko iska a wani wuri na tsakiya kamar ɗakin murhu a cikin gida, ko dakin inji a cikin babban gini. Za'a iya canja wurin zafi ta hanyar convection, gudanarwa, ko radiation. Ana amfani da Masu dumama sararin samaniya don dumama ɗakuna guda ɗaya kuma suna kunshe da ɗayan ɗaya kawai.
Zamani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai masu zafi don nau'ikan man fetur daban-daban, gami da man fetur mai ƙarfi, ruwa, da iskar gas. Wani nau'in tushen zafi shine wutar lantarki, yawanci yana dumama layin da ke kunshe da waya mai tsayi (duba Nichrome). Ana amfani da wannan ka'idar don masu dumama da masu dumama. Ana amfani da masu dumama lantarki a matsayin madadin ko ƙarin zafi don tsarin famfo mai zafi.
Pump din zafi ya sami karbuwa a cikin shekarun 1950 a Japan da Amurka.[6] Fump din zafi na iya cire zafi daga tushe daban-daban, kamar iska ta muhalli, iska mai fitarwa daga gini, ko daga ƙasa. Fump din zafi yana canja wurin zafi daga waje zuwa cikin iska a ciki. Da farko, ana amfani da tsarin famfo na HVAC ne kawai a cikin yanayi mai matsakaici, amma tare da ingantaccen aiki na low zafin jiki da rage nauyin saboda gidaje masu inganci, suna ƙaruwa cikin shahara a cikin yanayi mafi sanyi. Hakanan suna iya aiki a baya don sanyaya ciki.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Rezaie, Behnaz; Rosen, Marc A. (2012). "District heating and cooling: Review of technology and potential enhancements". Applied Energy. 93: 2–10. Bibcode:2012ApEn...93....2R. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.020.
- ↑ "How Renewable Energy Is Redefining HVAC | AltEnergyMag". www.altenergymag.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-09-29.
- ↑ ""Lake Source" Heat Pump System". HVAC-Talk: Heating, Air & Refrigeration Discussion (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2015-10-03. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
- ↑ "History of Heating, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration". Coyne College. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016.
- ↑ "What is HVAC? A Comprehensive Guide".
- ↑ Staffell, Iain; Brett, Dan; Brandon, Nigel; Hawkes, Adam (30 May 2014). "A review of domestic heat pumps".