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Rashin zafi na ruwa

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Rashin zafi na ruwa
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Guguwar zafi
Taswirar duniya da ke nuna raƙuman ruwa da yawa a wurare daban-daban a watan Agusta da Satumba 2023. Rashin zafi na ruwa a yammacin Kudancin Amurka sanannen misali ne.

Rashin zafi na ruwa shine lokacin Yanayin zafi na teku idan aka kwatanta da yanayin zafi na baya don wani lokaci da yanki. Jiragen ruwa daban-daban suna haifar da zafi na ruwa. Wadannan sun hada da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi na gajeren lokaci kamar su gaba, abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi (kwana 30 zuwa 90), shekara-shekara, da kuma sau goma (shekaru 10) kamar abubuwan da suka gabata na El Niño, da Canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar.[1][2] Rashin zafi na ruwa yana shafar yanayin halittu a cikin teku.[3][4] Misali, ruwan zafi na ruwa na iya haifar da canje-canje masu tsanani na halittu kamar su murjaniyar murjani, cututtukan lalacewar tauraron teku, masu cutar algae masu cutarwa, da kuma Mutuwar jama'a na al'ummomin benthic.[5][6][7][8] Ba kamar raƙuman zafi a ƙasa ba, raƙuman ruwa na iya fadada wurare masu yawa, suna ci gaba da makonni zuwa watanni ko ma shekaru, kuma suna faruwa a matakan ƙasa.[9][10][11][12]

Manyan raƙuman ruwa sun faru misali a cikin Babban Barrier Reef a cikin 2002, [13] a cikin Bahar Rum a cikin 2003, [8] a Arewa maso Yammacin Atlantic a cikin 2012, da kuma Arewa maso gabashin Pacific a cikin 2013-2016. [14] [15][16] Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun sami tasiri mai tsanani da na dogon lokaci a kan yanayin teku da na halittu a waɗancan yankuna.[8][17][7]

Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa mita, tsawon lokaci, ma'auni (ko yanki) da tsananin zafin ruwan teku za su ci gaba da karuwa. :1227Wannan shi ne saboda yanayin yanayin teku zai ci gaba da karuwa tare da dumamar yanayi. Rahoton kimantawa na shida na IPCC a cikin 2022 ya taƙaita binciken bincike har zuwa yau kuma ya bayyana cewa "zafin ruwan teku ya fi yawa [...], mafi tsanani kuma ya fi tsayi [...] tun daga 1980s, kuma tun aƙalla 2006 mai yiwuwa mai yiwuwa ne ga canjin yanayi na anthropogenic". :381Wannan ya tabbatar da binciken da aka yi a baya a cikin rahoton da IPCC ta yi a cikin 2019 wanda ya gano cewa "zafin ruwan teku [...] ya ninka sau biyu kuma ya zama mai tsayi, mai tsanani kuma ya fi girma (mai yiwuwa)". :67Girman ɗumamar teku ya dogara da yanayin fitar da iskar gas, don haka ƙoƙarin rage sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam. Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa zazzafar ruwan teku za ta zama "sau huɗu akai-akai a cikin 2081-2100 idan aka kwatanta da 1995-2014" a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙarancin iskar gas mai ƙaƙƙarfan yanayi, ko sau takwas akai-akai a ƙarƙashin yanayin hayaki mafi girma. [18] :1214

Ma'anar

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Halayen zafi na duniya da yankuna masu nazarin shari'a: matsakaicin kaddarorin zafi na ruwa bisa ga bayanan yanayin zafi na yau da kullun.

Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya bayyana yanayin zafi na ruwa kamar haka: "Lokacin da zafin ruwa yake da zafi sosai a lokacin shekara dangane da yanayin zafi na tarihi, tare da wannan matsanancin zafi yana ci gaba da kwanaki zuwa watanni. Abin da ya faru na iya bayyana a kowane wuri a cikin teku kuma a sikelin har zuwa dubban kilomita. "

Wani wallafe-wallafen ya bayyana shi kamar haka: wani abu mai zafi mai zafi shine ruwan zafi na ruwa "idan ya dauki kwanaki biyar ko fiye, tare da yanayin zafi fiye da kashi 90 bisa ga lokacin tarihi na shekaru 30".[19]

An kirkiro kalmar ruwan zafi bayan wani abin da ba a taɓa gani ba a gabar yammacin Ostiraliya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2011, wanda ya haifar da saurin mutuwar gandun daji da sauye-sauyen yanayin halittu tare da daruruwan kilomita na bakin teku.

Matsayi

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Categories na teku zafi raƙuman ruwa

Rarrabawar ƙididdiga da inganci na guguwar zafi na yawa ya kafa tsarin suna, nau'ikan, da halaye don abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa na ruwa.[19] Ana amfani da tsarin suna ta wurin wuri da shekara: misali Bahar Rum 2003.[20][8] Wannan yana bawa masu bincike damar kwatanta direbobi da halaye na kowane taron, yanayin ƙasa da tarihin yanayin zafi na ruwa, da sauƙin sadarwa game da abubuwan zafi na ruwa yayin da suke faruwa a ainihin lokacin.[20]

Tsarin rarraba yana kan sikelin daga 1 zuwa 4. Sashe na 1 wani abu ne mai matsakaici, Sashe na 2 wani abu ne na karfi, Sashe ya 3 wani abu ne masu tsanani, kuma Sashe na 4 babban abu ne. Matsayin da aka yi amfani da shi ga kowane taron a ainihin lokacin an bayyana shi da farko ta hanyar yanayin zafin jiki na teku (SSTA), amma a tsawon lokaci ya zo ya haɗa da nau'ikan da halaye.[20]

Nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa suna da daidaituwa, saurin farawa, saurin farawa, ƙarancin ƙarfi, da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.[19] Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa na iya samun nau'o'i da yawa kamar saurin farawa, tsananin ƙarfi. Halayen abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa sun haɗa da tsawon lokaci, tsananin (mafi girma, matsakaici, tarawa), farawar farawa, raguwar raguwa, yanki, da mitar.[19]

Duk da yake an yi nazarin raƙuman ruwa a saman teku sama da Shekaru goma, suna iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin teku.[21]

Direbobin

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Sakamako na sarari da lokaci na halayen direbobi na MHW. Tsarin gano halayen direbobi na ruwa da kuma ma'aunin sararin samaniya da lokaci,

Hanyoyin cikin gida da yanayin yanayi na yanki

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Ana iya karya direbobin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa zuwa matakai na gida, matakai na Haɗin kai, da kuma Yanayin yanayi na yanki.[1][2] An ba da shawarar ma'auni guda biyu na waɗannan direbobi don gano yanayin zafi na teku, matsakaicin zafin jiki na teku da bambancin zafin jiki. [22] [2]

A matakin gida abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa sun mamaye advection na teku, iska-teku, kwanciyar hankali na thermocline, da damuwa na iska. Hanyoyin haɗin kai suna nufin yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi waɗanda ke haɗa yankuna masu nisa.[23] Ga ruwan zafi na ruwa, tsarin haɗin kai wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa shine toshewar yanayi / nutsewa, matsayin jet-stream, raƙuman kelvin na teku, damuwa na iska na yanki, zafin iska mai dumi, da sauyin yanayi na yanayi. Wadannan matakai suna ba da gudummawa ga yanayin dumama na yanki wanda ke haifar da tasirin iyakar Yamma.[22]

Tsarin yanayi na yanki kamar oscillations na interdecadal kamar El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sun ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na zafi kamar "The Blob" a Arewa maso gabashin Pacific.[24]

Direbobin da ke aiki a kan sikelin yankunan halittu ko Duniya gabaɗaya sune oscillations na shekaru goma, kamar oscillations decadal na Pacific (PDO), da kuma dumama teku na mutum saboda Canjin yanayi.[2] : 607 :607

Yankunan teku na sinks na carbon a tsakiyar latitudes na duka hemispheres da wuraren fitar da carbon a yankunan da ke tasowa na wurare masu zafi na Pacific an gano su a matsayin wuraren da ke ci gaba da yanayin zafi na ruwa; ana nazarin musayar iskar gas a cikin waɗannan yankuna.

Canjin yanayi

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Yanayin zafin jiki na teku tun 1979 a yankin extrapolar (tsakanin digiri 60 na kudu da digiri 60 na arewacin latitude)

Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa mitar, tsawon lokaci, sikelin (ko yanki) da tsananin raƙuman ruwa za su ci gaba da ƙaruwa. ::1227 Wannan shi ne saboda Yanayin zafi na teku zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa tare da dumama duniya, sabili da haka mitar da ƙarfin ruwan zafi na teku za su ƙaru. Matsayin dumamar teku ya dogara da yanayin fitarwa, kuma ta haka ne kokarin rage sauyin yanayi na mutane. A sauƙaƙe, yawan iskar gas (ko ƙarancin ragewa), yawan zafin jiki na teku zai tashi. Masana kimiyya sun lissafa wannan kamar haka: za a sami karamin karuwa (amma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci) na 0.86 ° C a cikin matsakaicin zafin teku don yanayin ƙarancin hayaki (wanda ake kira SSP1-2.6). Amma ga yanayin fitar da hayaki (wanda ake kira SSP5-8.5) karuwar zafin jiki zai kasance har zuwa 2.89 ° C.[18] :393  

Hasashen yanayin zafi na ruwa shine cewa zasu iya zama "sau huɗu akai-akai a cikin 2081-2100 idan aka kwatanta da 1995-2014" a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙananan hayaki, ko sau takwas akai-akai a ƙarƙashin yanayin mafi girma. :1214Ana kiran yanayin fitar da hayaki SSP don Rarraba Hanyoyi Tattalin Arziƙi na zamantakewa . Ana amfani da ƙirar lissafi mai suna CMIP6 don waɗannan tsinkaya. Hasashen shine na matsakaicin lokacin nan gaba (shekaru 2081 zuwa 2100) idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin lokacin da suka gabata (shekaru 1995 zuwa 2014). [18] :1227

Ana hasashen dumamar yanayi na duniya don tura Tekun Indiya mai zafi a cikin wani yanayi mai zafi na dindindin a ƙarshen karni na 21, inda ake hasashen dumama na ruwa zai karu daga kwanaki 20 a kowace shekara (a lokacin 1970-2000) zuwa kwanaki 220-250 a kowace shekara.

Yawancin jinsuna sun riga sun fuskanci waɗannan sauye-sauyen zafin jiki yayin abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa.[19] Akwai abubuwa masu yawa da suka karu da haɗari da tasirin kiwon lafiya ga al'ummomin bakin teku da na cikin gida yayin da matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya da abubuwan da suka faru suka karu.[25]

Jerin abubuwan da suka faru

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An yi rikodin yanayin zafi na teku tun daga 1904 a Port Erin, Isle of Man, [2] kuma ma'auni yana ci gaba ta hanyar kungiyoyin duniya kamar NOAA, NASA, da sauransu. Ana iya gano abubuwan da suka faru daga 1925 har zuwa yau.[2] Jerin da ke ƙasa ba cikakken wakilci ne na duk abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan da aka taɓa yin rikodin su ba.

Jerin wasu raƙuman ruwa 1999-2023
Yankin da kwanan wata Sashe Tsawon lokaci (kwanaki)
Ƙarfin (°C)
Yankin (miliyoyin kilomita2)

Tabbacin.
Bahar Rum 1999 1 8 1.9 NA [8]
Bahar Rum ta 2003 2 10 5.5 0.5 [20][22][8]
Bahar Rum ta 2003 2 28 4.6 1.2 [20][22][8]
Bahar Rum 2006 2 33 4.0 NA [20][22][8]
Yammacin Ostiraliya 1999 3 132 2.1 NA [20][22][26]
Yammacin Ostiraliya 2011 4 66 4.9 0.95 [20][22][26]
Babban Barrier Reef 2016 2 55 4.0 2.6 [20][22][13]
Tekun Tasman 2015 2 252 2.7 NA [20][22]
Arewa maso Yammacin Atlantic 2012 3 132 4.3 0.1–0.3 [20][22][16][27]
Arewa maso gabashin Pacific 2015 ("The Blob") 3 711 2.6 4.5–11.7 [3][14][15]
Santa Barbara 2015 3 93 5.1 NA
Kudancin California Bight 2018 3 44 3.9 NA [28]
Arewa maso gabashin Atlantic 2023 5 30 4.0–5.0 NA [29]

Tasirin

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A kan yanayin halittu na ruwa

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Canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafi na kwayoyin ƙasa da na ruwa na iya samun mummunar tasiri ga lafiyarsu da jin daɗi.[17][25] An nuna abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan zafi don kara lalacewar mazaunin, [17] sauyawar jinsuna, [1] rikitarwa gudanar da kamun kifi mai mahimmanci a cikin muhalli da tattalin arziki, ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar jinsuna, [30] [31] da kuma sake fasalin yanayin halittu gaba ɗaya. [4] [14][8][7][5][3][13][32]

Rashin lalacewar mazaunin yana faruwa ne ta hanyar canje-canje na yanayin zafi da sake fasalin da ya biyo baya kuma wani lokacin cikakkiyar asarar wuraren zama na halitta kamar gadajen seagrass, corals, da gandun daji na kelp.[30][31] Wadannan wuraren zama suna dauke da wani muhimmin rabo na halittu masu ciyawa na teku.[17] Canje-canje a cikin tsarin yanzu na teku da yanayin zafi na gida sun sauya yawancin nau'ikan wurare masu zafi zuwa arewa, yayin da nau'ikan da ke da matsakaici suka rasa iyakokinsu na kudanci. Babban canji, tare da barkewar furanni masu guba, sun shafi nau'o'i da yawa a fadin taxa.[7] Gudanar da waɗannan nau'ikan da abin ya shafa ya zama da wahala yayin da suke ƙaura a kan iyakokin gudanarwa da canjin tsarin yanar gizo na abinci. 

Karin zafin jiki na teku an danganta shi da raguwar yawan jinsuna kamar yawan mace-mace na nau'in halittu 25 a cikin Bahar Rum a cikin 2003, cututtukan tauraron teku, da abubuwan da suka faru na murjani.[8][17][5] Canjin yanayi na musamman na ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum a cikin 2015-2019 ya haifar da mutuwar manyan mutane a cikin shekaru biyar a jere.[33] Sauye-sauyen zafi na ruwa a Arewacin Pacific ya haifar da canje-canje masu ban mamaki a cikin yawan dabbobi, alaƙar dabba da ganima, da kuma kwararar makamashi a duk faɗin yanayin halittu.[3] Tasirin abubuwan da suka faru na ruwa masu yawa da tsawo za su sami mummunar tasiri ga rarraba jinsuna. :610 

Rashin zafi na ruwa da ake kira "The Blob" wanda ya faru a Arewa maso gabashin Pacific daga 2013 zuwa 2016.[34]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Oliver, Eric C. J. (2019-08-01). "Mean warming not variability drives marine heatwave trends". Climate Dynamics. 53 (3): 1653–1659. Bibcode:2019ClDy...53.1653O. doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04707-2. ISSN 1432-0894. S2CID 135167065. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Oliver, Eric C. J.; Donat, Markus G.; Burrows, Michael T.; Moore, Pippa J.; Smale, Dan A.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Feng, Ming; Sen Gupta, Alex; Hobday, Alistair J.; Holbrook, Neil J. (2018-04-10). "Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 1324. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.1324O. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5893591. PMID 29636482. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Gomes, Dylan G. E.; Ruzicka, James J.; Crozier, Lisa G.; Huff, David D.; Brodeur, Richard D.; Stewart, Joshua D. (13 March 2024). "Marine heatwaves disrupt ecosystem structure and function via altered food webs and energy flux". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 1988. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.1988G. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46263-2. PMC 10937662 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 38480718 Check |pmid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Gomes" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Smith, Kathryn E.; Burrows, Michael T.; Hobday, Alistair J.; King, Nathan G.; Moore, Pippa J.; Sen Gupta, Alex; Thomsen, Mads S.; Wernberg, Thomas; Smale, Dan A. (16 January 2023). "Biological Impacts of Marine Heatwaves". Annual Review of Marine Science. 15 (1): 119–145. Bibcode:2023ARMS...15..119S. doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-121437. PMID 35977411 Check |pmid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bates, AE; Hilton, BJ; Harley, CDG (2009-11-09). "Effects of temperature, season and locality on wasting disease in the keystone predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 86 (3): 245–251. doi:10.3354/dao02125. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 20066959. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":16" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Eisenlord, Morgan E.; Groner, Maya L.; Yoshioka, Reyn M.; Elliott, Joel; Maynard, Jeffrey; Fradkin, Steven; Turner, Margaret; Pyne, Katie; Rivlin, Natalie; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Harvell, C. Drew (2016-03-05). "Ochre star mortality during the 2014 wasting disease epizootic: role of population size structure and temperature". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1689): 20150212. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0212. PMC 4760142. PMID 26880844.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 McCabe, Ryan M.; Hickey, Barbara M.; Kudela, Raphael M.; Lefebvre, Kathi A.; Adams, Nicolaus G.; Bill, Brian D.; Gulland, Frances M. D.; Thomson, Richard E.; Cochlan, William P.; Trainer, Vera L. (2016-10-16). "An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (19): 10366–10376. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..4310366M. doi:10.1002/2016GL070023. ISSN 0094-8276. PMC 5129552. PMID 27917011. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":13" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 Garrabou, J.; Coma, R.; Bensoussan, N.; Bally, M.; Chevaldonné, P.; Cigliano, M.; Diaz, D.; Harmelin, J. G.; Gambi, M. C.; Kersting, D. K.; Ledoux, J. B. (May 2009). "Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave". Global Change Biology. 15 (5): 1090–1103. Bibcode:2009GCBio..15.1090G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x. S2CID 55566218. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Bond, Nicholas A.; Cronin, Meghan F.; Freeland, Howard; Mantua, Nathan (2015-05-16). "Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific: 2014 WARM ANOMALY IN THE NE PACIFIC". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 42 (9): 3414–3420. doi:10.1002/2015GL063306. S2CID 129149984.
  10. ↑ Schaeffer, A.; Roughan, M. (2017-05-28). "Subsurface intensification of marine heatwaves off southeastern Australia: The role of stratification and local winds: SUBSURFACE MARINE HEAT WAVES". Geophysical Research Letters (in Turanci). 44 (10): 5025–5033. doi:10.1002/2017GL073714. S2CID 134464357.
  11. ↑ Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E.; King, A. D.; Cougnon, E. A.; Holbrook, N. J.; Grose, M. R.; Oliver, E. C. J.; Lewis, S. C.; Pourasghar, F. (2019-01-01). "The Role of Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Climate Change in the 2017/18 Tasman Sea Marine Heatwave". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (in Turanci). 100 (1): S105–S110. Bibcode:2019BAMS..100S.105P. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0116.1. ISSN 0003-0007. S2CID 127347944. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  12. ↑ Laufkötter, Charlotte; Zscheischler, Jakob; Frölicher, Thomas L. (2020-09-25). "High-impact marine heatwaves attributable to human-induced global warming". Science (in Turanci). 369 (6511): 1621–1625. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1621L. doi:10.1126/science.aba0690. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32973027. S2CID 221881814.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Frölicher, Thomas L.; Laufkötter, Charlotte (December 2018). "Emerging risks from marine heat waves". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 650. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..650F. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03163-6. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5811532. PMID 29440658. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Cavole, Leticia; Demko, Alyssa; Diner, Rachel; Giddings, Ashlyn; Koester, Irina; Pagniello, Camille; Paulsen, May-Linn; Ramirez-Valdez, Arturo; Schwenck, Sarah; Yen, Nicole (2016). "Biological Impacts of the 2013–2015 Warm-Water Anomaly in the Northeast Pacific: Winners, Losers, and the Future". Oceanography. 29 (2). doi:10.5670/oceanog.2016.32. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":10" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Gentemann, Chelle L.; Fewings, Melanie R.; García-Reyes, Marisol (2017-01-16). "Satellite sea surface temperatures along the West Coast of the United States during the 2014–2016 northeast Pacific marine heat wave: Coastal SSTs During "the Blob"". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (1): 312–319. doi:10.1002/2016GL071039. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":11" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Gulf of Maine Research Institute; Pershing, Andrew; Mills, Katherine; Dayton, Alexa; Franklin, Bradley; Kennedy, Brian (2018-06-01). "Evidence for Adaptation from the 2016 Marine Heatwave in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean". Oceanography. 31 (2). doi:10.5670/oceanog.2018.213. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":9" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Smale, Dan A.; Wernberg, Thomas; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Thomsen, Mads; Harvey, Ben P.; Straub, Sandra C.; Burrows, Michael T.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming (April 2019). "Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services". Nature Climate Change. 9 (4): 306–312. Bibcode:2019NatCC...9..306S. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 91471054. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :20
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Hobday, Alistair J.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Perkins, Sarah E.; Smale, Dan A.; Straub, Sandra C.; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Burrows, Michael T.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming; Holbrook, Neil J.; Moore, Pippa J.; Scannell, Hillary A.; Sen Gupta, Alex; Wernberg, Thomas (2016-02-01). "A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves". Progress in Oceanography (in Turanci). 141: 227–238. Bibcode:2016PrOce.141..227H. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014. ISSN 0079-6611. S2CID 49583270. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":21" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  21. ↑ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) & University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) (17 Mar 2023). "Scientists identify heat wave at bottom of ocean". Phys.org.
  22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  23. ↑ Gu, D. (1997-02-07). "Interdecadal Climate Fluctuations That Depend on Exchanges Between the Tropics and Extratropics". Science. 275 (5301): 805–807. doi:10.1126/science.275.5301.805. PMID 9012341. S2CID 2595302.
  24. ↑ Schwing, Franklin B.; Mendelssohn, Roy; Bograd, Steven J.; Overland, James E.; Wang, Muyin; Ito, Shin-ichi (2010-02-10). "Climate change, teleconnection patterns, and regional processes forcing marine populations in the Pacific". Journal of Marine Systems. Impact of climate variability on marine ecosystems: A comparative approach. 79 (3): 245–257. Bibcode:2010JMS....79..245S. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.027. ISSN 0924-7963.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Greene, Scott; Kalkstein, Laurence S.; Mills, David M.; Samenow, Jason (October 2011). "An Examination of Climate Change on Extreme Heat Events and Climate–Mortality Relationships in Large U.S. Cities". Weather, Climate, and Society. 3 (4): 281–292. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-11-00055.1. ISSN 1948-8327. S2CID 49322487. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Pearce, Alan F.; Feng, Ming (2013-02-01). "The rise and fall of the "marine heat wave" off Western Australia during the summer of 2010/2011". Journal of Marine Systems. 111–112: 139–156. Bibcode:2013JMS...111..139P. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.10.009. ISSN 0924-7963.
  27. ↑ Herring, Stephanie C.; Hoell, Andrew; Hoerling, Martin P.; Kossin, James P.; Schreck, Carl J.; Stott, Peter A. (December 2016). "Introduction to Explaining Extreme Events of 2015 from a Climate Perspective". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 97 (12): S1–S3. Bibcode:2016BAMS...97S...1H. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0313.1. ISSN 0003-0007.
  28. ↑ Fumo, James T.; Carter, Melissa L.; Flick, Reinhard E.; Rasmussen, Linda L.; Rudnick, Daniel L.; Iacobellis, Sam F. (May 2020). "Contextualizing Marine Heatwaves in the Southern California Bight Under Anthropogenic Climate Change". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (in Turanci). 125 (5). Bibcode:2020JGRC..12515674F. doi:10.1029/2019JC015674. ISSN 2169-9275. S2CID 218992543.
  29. ↑ "Record-breaking North Atlantic Ocean temperatures contribute to extreme marine heatwaves". Copernicus Climate Change Service. European Commission. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Salinger, M James; Renwick, James; Behrens, Erik; Mullan, A Brett; Diamond, Howard J; Sirguey, Pascal; Smith, Robert O; Trought, Michael C T; Alexander, Lisa; Cullen, Nicolas J; Fitzharris, B Blair (2019-04-12). "The unprecedented coupled ocean-atmosphere summer heatwave in the New Zealand region 2017/18: drivers, mechanisms and impacts". Environmental Research Letters. 14 (4): 044023. Bibcode:2019ERL....14d4023S. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab012a. ISSN 1748-9326. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Galli, Giovanni; Solidoro, Cosimo; Lovato, Tomas (2017-05-11). "Marine Heat Waves Hazard 3D Maps and the Risk for Low Motility Organisms in a Warming Mediterranean Sea". Frontiers in Marine Science. 4: 136. doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00136. ISSN 2296-7745. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":17" defined multiple times with different content
  32. ↑ Wernberg, T.; Bennett, S.; Babcock, R. C.; de Bettignies, T.; Cure, K.; Depczynski, M.; Dufois, F.; Fromont, J.; Fulton, C. J.; Hovey, R. K.; Harvey, E. S. (2016-07-08). "Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem". Science. 353 (6295): 169–172. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..169W. doi:10.1126/science.aad8745. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27387951. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  33. ↑ Garrabou, Joaquim; Gómez-Gras, Daniel; Medrano, Alba; Cerrano, Carlo; Ponti, Massimo; Schlegel, Robert; Bensoussan, Nathaniel; Turicchia, Eva; Sini, Maria; Gerovasileiou, Vasilis; et al. (18 July 2022). "Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea". Global Change Biology (in Turanci). 28 (19): 5708–5725. doi:10.1111/gcb.16301. ISSN 1354-1013. PMC 9543131 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35848527 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 250622761 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  34. ↑ Naranjo, Laura (2 November 2018). "The blob | Earthdata". earthdata.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
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