Rashin zama na halitta
 Rashin zama na halitta | |
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| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
ordinance (en)  |
Rashin zama ɗan ƙasa shine asarar 'yan ƙasa ba tare da son zuciyar mutumin da ya shafi ba. Sau da yawa ana amfani da lalata ga 'yan tsiraru da masu adawa da siyasa. Rashin zama na iya zama hukunci ga ayyukan da jihar ta dauka masu laifi, sau da yawa kawai don kurakurai a cikin tsarin zama na asali kamar zamba. Tun bayan Hare-haren 9/11, raguwar mutanen da ake zargi da ta'addanci ya karu. Saboda haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa, wanda yarjejeniyar ƙasa da yawa ta amince da shi ciki har da Mataki na 15 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights, sau da yawa ana ɗaukar rashin izini a matsayin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Denaturalization shine yanayin da jihar ta soke kasa- zama ɗan ƙasa ko ƙasa ba tare da son ɗan ƙasa ba. A aikace, bazai sami bambanci tsakanin sokewa ba tare da amincewa ba da kuma watsi da zama ɗan ƙasa. Wasu kafofin sun bambanta denaturalization - juyawa na naturalization - daga denationalization, sokewa na zama ɗan ƙasa gabaɗaya.[1][2]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya la'akari da lalata a matsayin sabon nau'i na tsohuwar al'adar fitarwa, wanda ya ragu a amfani bayan kafa Kurkuku da raguwa a yankin da ake la'akari le terra nullius.[3] Ayyukan Burtaniya na jigilar azabtarwa ya haifar da mutane 380,000 da aka tura gudun hijira a wasu sassan daular a tsakiyar karni na sha tara.[4] Ayyukan zamani na denaturalization sun bunkasa a ƙarshen karni na sha tara a lokaci guda kamar yadda kula da shige da fice.[2] Bayan ci gaban jihar jin dadin jama'a, kasashe da yawa sun halatta shige da fice da rashin izini saboda dalilai masu amfani don kauce wa tallafawa matalauta masu dawowa.[5] Daular Jamus ta lalata duk masu ƙaura waɗanda suka kasance a ƙasashen waje na shekaru goma don kauce wa dawowar masu ƙaura marasa nasara.[5][6] 'Yan ƙasa da suka koma ƙasarsu sun fuskanci asarar sabon ƙasarsu yayin da aka ɗauka sun yanke alakarsu da ƙasar. A cikin Dokar 'yan kasa ta Kanada, wannan aikin ya ci gaba har zuwa 1974. [3] Dokar Faransanci ta ba da izinin lalata tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara amma ba a yi amfani da ita sosai ba kafin Yaƙin Duniya na . [1]
Dangane da tsarin jihar na zamani, jihohi suna da alhakin shigar da 'yan ƙasarsu kuma suna iya fitar da wadanda ba na ƙasa ba.[3] A ko'ina cikin yawancin kasashen Yamma, an zartar da dokokin denaturalization a farkon karni na ashirin, gami da Dokar Naturalization ta 1906 a Amurka, dokokin Faransa a 1915 da 1927, da Dokar Ƙasar Burtaniya da Matsayin Baƙi a 1914 da 1918.[7] Yaƙin Duniya na I bincike game da amincin 'yan ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da karuwar rashin izini; kusan dukkanin masu fafatawa sun yi amfani da rashin izini. [1][6] A lokuta da yawa, rashin amincewar siyasa (musamman imani na Kwaminisanci) ko kuma zargin tausayi ga ƙasar abokin gaba shine dalilin da ya sa aka lalata su, kodayake a aikace lalata su da farko an yi niyya ne ga mutane bisa ga wurin haihuwar su.[3][6] Dokokin da aka karɓa a matsayin matakin gaggawa a lokacin yakin sun ci gaba daga baya.[6]
Tsawon lalacewa ya kasance a farkon rabin karni na ashirin.[2] Masanin ilimin zamantakewa David Scott FitzGerald ya ce, "Rashin amincewa da launin fata ya kasance tare da korar jama'a da canja wurin jama'a a kan sikelin da yawa biyo bayan sake yin kasashe-kasashe a kusa da yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya. " Tsoffin 'yan ƙasa miliyan biyu na Daular Rasha, "fararen 'yan gudun hijira", Tarayyar Soviet ta lalata su kuma ta sanya su marasa ƙasa a cikin 1921. [8][6][2][1] A cikin Yammacin duniya, lalata kusan ya ɓace bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II.[7] Kokarin da aka yi na lalata jama'ar Japan da Jafananci da Kanada gaba ɗaya bayan yaƙin sun gaza saboda hukunce-hukuncen kotu da canje-canje a cikin ra'ayin jama'a.[3][2] Hukuncin kotu a Faransa da Amurka sun iyakance ikon rarrabewa.[7][2] Ɗaya daga cikin gardamar da aka gabatar don raguwa a cikin lalata shi ne karuwar ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam da haɓaka kariya ta doka game da rashin ƙasa.[7] Ƙasar Ingila, wacce ke da babban adadin denaturalization a cikin karni na ashirin da ɗaya, ba ta lalata kowa tsakanin 1973 da 2002 ba.[7] A shekara ta 2002, ya canza dokokin don Sakataren Cikin Gida ya iya lalata mutane ba tare da wucewa ta hanyar sake dubawa mai zaman kansa ba kafin a fara aiwatar da su. Bayan an canza dokar, an sami karuwa a cikin adadin denaturalizations.[7]
Hare-haren 11 ga Satumba sun haifar da tsoratar da ta'addanci; gwamnatoci sun yi ƙoƙari su rage duk wani cikas na doka ga yin amfani da ikon zartarwa mara iyaka da aka ɗauka ya zama dole don yaki da barazanar ta'addancin.[3] An ga Dokar Shige da Fice a matsayin kayan aiki mai karfi don ware mutanen da aka dauka barazana ga tsaron kasa, amma ana iya amfani da shi ne kawai a kan wadanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba. Saboda haka, gabatarwa ko fadada lalata.[3] Kasashen da suka gabatar, fadada, farfadowa, ko la'akari da dokokin lalata sun hada da Kanada, Faransa, Austria, Jamus, Norway, Netherlands, Australia, Masar, da Gulf States.[3]
Sakamakon
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]rashin ƙasa ba lallai ba ne ya haifar da mutum ya rasa haƙƙin zama na doka a cikin ƙasar da ta soke 'yancin su, amma sau da yawa yana yin hakan.[9] Sau da yawa ana tilasta wa mutanen da ba su da alaƙa da su da yawa tare da sakamako mai zurfi ga danginsu, sana'a, da rayuwar zamantakewa da jin daɗi.[9][10] Cire 'yan ƙasa da ba a yarda da su ba na iya buƙatar dogon shari'a dangane da shari'ar, kuma ƙasar da za a fitar da su na iya ƙin yarda da su, misali idan ba ta amince da su a matsayin ɗan ƙasa ba.[9] Rashin amincewa da mutumin da ke kasashen waje yawanci yana hana su komawa kasar.[9] Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ga dukkan kabilun, ana amfani da rashin izini a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙari na ƙarfafa mutane su bar ƙasar.[11] A baya, rashin kasa yafi yawa ya haifar da rashin izini.[12]
Ana jayayya ko denaturalization, a zahiri, hukunci ne na hukunci, matakin tsaro na kasa ba na hukunci ba, ko wani abu.[13] Kodayake ra'ayi mafi rinjaye shine kallon rashin izini a matsayin hukunci, masanin laifuka Milena Tripkovic ya yi jayayya cewa rashin izini shine "sanction sui generis, wanda ke neman sauƙaƙa mulkin waɗancan membobin da suka kasa biyan bukatun zama ɗan ƙasa".[14]
De facto denaturalization shine asarar 'yan ƙasa ba tare da janyewa ba. Misali shine umarnin cirewa na wucin gadi wanda wasu ƙasashe ke bayarwa don hana 'yan ƙasarsu shiga, ko soke fasfo wanda ake amfani da shi don wannan sakamako.[2] Daruruwan 'yan ƙasa daga ƙasashen Turai daban-daban, tun daga shekarar 2021, sun makale a Gabas ta Tsakiya saboda gwamnatinsu ta ki mayar da su ba tare da sakewa ba.[15] A madadin haka, wasu kasashe sun yi watsi da alhakin 'yan ƙasarsu da aka tsare a tsare har abada a Guantanamo Bay.[2] A kasashe da yawa na Afirka da sauran wurare, gami da Jamhuriyar Dominica da Texas, jami'ai da gangan sun musanta takardun da ake buƙata ga mutanen da suka cancanci zama 'yan ƙasa, wanda zai iya samun irin wannan sakamako kamar rashin izini. Sauran yara ba a yi rajista a lokacin haihuwa ba saboda dalilai na dabaru[12]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Zalc 2021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Gibney 2017.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Macklin 2021.
- ↑ Troy 2019.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lohr 2012.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Caglioti 2017.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Weil & Handler 2018.
- ↑ FitzGerald 2017.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Bolhuis & van Wijk 2020.
- ↑ Zedner 2016.
- ↑ McGarry 2010.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Belton 2017.
- ↑ Paulussen 2021.
- ↑ Tripkovic 2021.
- ↑ Said 2021.