Jump to content

Ray Dalio

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Ray Dalio
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Jackson Heights (en) Fassara, 1 ga Augusta, 1949 (76 shekaru)
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mazauni Westport (mul) Fassara
Greenwich (mul) Fassara
Ƙabila Italian Americans (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Yara
Karatu
Makaranta Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard. 1973) Master of Business Administration (en) Fassara
LIU Post (en) Fassara Digiri a kimiyya
Herricks High School (en) Fassara
Harsuna Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a hedge fund manager (en) Fassara, investor (en) Fassara da financier (en) Fassara
Muhimman ayyuka Principles: Life & Work (en) Fassara
IMDb nm4734656

Raymond Thomas Dalio (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 1949) hamshakin attajiri ne kuma manajan asusun hedge, wanda ya kasance babban jami'in saka hannun jari na Bridgewater Associates tun 1985. Ya kafa Bridgewater a 1975 a cikin gidansa mai ɗakunan kwana biyu a birnin New York.

An haifi Dalio a birnin New York kuma ya halarci Kwalejin CW Post ta Jami'ar Long Island kafin ya sami digiri na MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard a shekarar 1973.

A shekarar 2013, an sanya Bridgewater a matsayin asusun hedge mafi girma a duniya . [1] [2]

Dalio shine marubucin littafin 2017, Principles: Life & Work, game da tsarin gudanarwa na kamfanoni da falsafar saka hannun jari da kuma The Changing World Order kan dalilin da yasa kasashe ke cin nasara da gazawa. Ya zuwa Disamba 2024, Dalio yana matsayi na #124 a cikin Mutane Mafi Arziki a Duniya na Forbes tare da dukiyar dala biliyan 15.4. [3]

Rayuwar farko da ilimi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Dalio a unguwar Jackson Heights da ke Queens Borough ta birnin New York. [4] Shi ɗan mawaƙin jazz na Italiya ne, Marino Dallolio (1911–2002), da kuma Ann, mai kula da gida. [4] [5] Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 8, iyalinsa sun ƙaura daga Jackson Heights zuwa Manhasset a gundumar Nassau, Long Island, New York .

Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Herricks . [6]

Daga nan ya sami digirin farko a fannin kuɗi daga Kwalejin CW Post ta Jami'ar Long Island . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin CW Post, Dalio ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York . [6]

Ya sami digirin MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard a shekarar 1973. [7] [8]

Sana'ar saka hannun jari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A lokacin da yake Harvard, Dalio da abokansa sun ƙirƙiri kamfanin da daga baya ya zama Bridgewater Associates. [9] Manufarta ita ce cinikin kayayyaki, amma wannan kamfani bai samar da wani amfani ba. [6] Daga baya Dalio ya yi amfani da sunan "Bridgewater" don asusun shingensa.

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Harvard, Dalio ya koma Wilton, Connecticut, inda ya yi ciniki da wani gidan ajiya da aka canza. [4] Daga nan ya yi aiki a bene na Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York kuma ya yi ciniki da makomar kayayyaki. [7] Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Kayayyaki a Dominick & Dominick LLC . A shekarar 1974, ya zama dillalin gaba kuma dillali a Shearson Hayden Stone, wani kamfanin tsaro [7] wanda Sandy Weill ke gudanarwa, wanda daga baya ya shahara da gina Citigroup . A kamfanin, aikin Dalio shine ya ba wa masu kiwon shanu, masu noman hatsi, da sauran manoma shawara kan yadda za su katse haɗari, musamman game da makomar. [10] An kori Dalio daga Shearson Hayden Stone bayan ya buge shugabansa a fuska yayin da yake buguwa a wani bikin Sabuwar Shekara a 1974. [10]

Kafa Bridgewater Associates

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarar 1975, ya kafa Bridgewater Associates . Bridgewater ya fara aiki a matsayin kamfanin ba da shawara kan dukiya, wanda ke yi wa abokan ciniki da yawa hidima, galibi daga aikin Dalio a Shearson Hayden Stone. [6] Kamfanin ya fara buga rahoton bincike na biyan kuɗi, Daily Observations, inda ya yi nazarin yanayin kasuwa na duniya. [11] Babban hutun Dalio ya zo ne lokacin da McDonald's ya sanya hannu a matsayin abokin ciniki na kamfaninsa. Daga nan Bridgewater ya fara girma cikin sauri. Kamfanin ya sanya hannu kan manyan abokan ciniki, gami da asusun fansho na Bankin Duniya da Eastman Kodak . A shekarar 1981, kamfanin ya buɗe ofishi a Westport, Connecticut, inda Ray da matarsa ke son fara iyali. [6] Dalio ya fara shahara a wajen Wall Street bayan ya sami riba daga faduwar kasuwar hannun jari ta 1987 . A shekarar 1991, ya ƙaddamar da dabarun Bridgewater mai suna "Pure Alpha", wanda ke nuni ga harafin Girka wanda, a cikin kalmomin Wall Street, ke wakiltar ribar da mai kula da kuɗi zai iya ƙirƙira ban da ribar kasuwa idan aka daidaita shi da haɗari. [12] A shekarar 1996, Dalio ya ƙaddamar da All Weather, wani asusu wanda ya fara dabarun da ba su da haɗari wanda daga baya aka san shi da daidaiton haɗari . [13]

Tashi zuwa matsayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kamfanin Bridgewater Assoc. Tsarin kasuwar hannayen jari na Pure Alpha I ya dawo idan aka kwatanta da S&P 500.

Bridgewater Associates ta zama babbar asusun hedge a duniya a shekarar 2005. A shekarar 2007, Bridgewater ta annabta rikicin kuɗi na 2008, [4] kuma a shekarar 2008, Dalio ta buga "Yadda Injin Tattalin Arziki Ke Aiki: Samfuri don Fahimtar Abin da Ke Faruwa Yanzu", wani rubutu da ke tantance yuwuwar tattalin arziki daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban.

A shekarar 2011, Dalio ya buga wani littafi mai shafuka 123, Principles, wanda ke bayyana falsafarsa ta saka hannun jari da gudanar da kamfanoni. [14] A shekarar 2012, ya bayyana a cikin jerin mutane 100 na shekara-shekara na Time 100 daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya. A shekarar 2011 da 2012, Bloomberg Markets ta lissafa shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane 50 mafi tasiri .

Tsarin Ritaya na Malamai na Texas (TRS) ya sayi hannun jari a Bridgewater Associates Intermediate Holdings, LP, kan dala miliyan 250 a watan Fabrairun 2012. Wannan hannun jarin ba ya cikin ƙuri'a, don haka ya samar wa asusun fansho ƙarancin iko kan harkokin gudanarwa na kamfanoni. Kamfanin Alpha na Masu Zuba Jari na Cibiya ya sanya Dalio a matsayi na 2 a cikin Jerin Masu Arziki na 2012. [15] Dalio ya mallaki Bridgewater Associates tare da abokan hulɗarsa Bob Prince da Greg Jensen tun lokacin da aka kafa shi.

Dalio ya kasance shugaban kamfanin Bridgewater na tsawon watanni 10 kafin ya sanar a watan Maris na 2017 cewa zai sauka daga mulki a matsayin wani bangare na wani gagarumin sauyi da zai yi a dukkan kamfanoni nan da ranar 15 ga Afrilu. [16] Dalio ya sayar da hannun jarinsa na karshe a asusun hedge a shekarar 2025. [17]

Falsafar saka hannun jari

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Dalio, Bridgewater Associates "kamfanin duniya na macro ne", yana zuba jari a kan yanayin tattalin arziki, kamar canje-canje a cikin ƙimar musayar kuɗi, hauhawar farashi, da haɓakar GDP. [4] Dabarun Dalio ya fi mayar da hankali kan kuɗaɗen waje da kasuwannin samun kuɗi masu tsayayye. Dalio ya kuma shahara da tsarin daidaiton haɗari, wanda yake amfani da shi don gudanar da haɗari da rarrabawa a cikin Bridgewater Associates . Dalio ya fara amfani da kalmar "d-process" a watan Fabrairun 2009 don bayyana tsarin rage darajar kuɗi da rage darajar kuɗi na masana'antar jinginar gida ta ƙasa a matsayin wanda ya bambanta da koma bayan tattalin arziki, kuma daga baya ya haɗa kalmar a cikin falsafar saka hannun jarinsa.

Takaddama

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani rahoton bincike na jaridar New York Times ta watan Nuwamban 2023 ya tayar da tambayoyi game da ikirarin da Dalio da asusun suka yi game da falsafar saka hannun jari da hanyoyinsa. Misali, rahoton ya nuna cewa jarin asusun ya dogara ne akan zaɓɓukan Ray Dalio, ba tsarin saka hannun jari mai kyau da Dalio da kamfanin suka yi ta ikirari ba; kuma zaɓin saka hannun jari yana gudana ne ta hanyar bayanan sirri, waɗanda aka samu bisa doka, waɗanda aka samo daga hulɗar Dalio da manyan jami'an gwamnati. Lauyoyin Dalio sun yi barazanar gurfanar da MacMillan a gaban kuliya kan abin da suka yi zargin ba daidai ba ne game da kamfanin da Dalio.

Ra'ayoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin jari-hujja da rashin daidaito

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da cewa Dalio ya bayyana cewa tsarin jari-hujja gabaɗaya shine mafi kyawun tsarin tattalin arziki, ya yi jayayya cewa yana buƙatar a gyara shi. [18] [19] A watan Yulin 2019, ya sake yin kira da a inganta tsarin jari-hujja kuma ya kira rashin daidaiton dukiya gaggawa ta ƙasa. [20] A watan Mayun 2020, ya jaddada mahimmancin gyara tsarin jari-hujja, ba watsi da shi ba. [21]

China

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Oktoban 2020, Dalio ya yi gargaɗi ga mutane da kada su yi kasa a gwiwa wajen ganin ci gaban China, [22] yana mai jayayya cewa ta ci gaba da bayyana a matsayin babbar ƙasa a duniya .

Ka'idoji

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Domin bin littafin New York Times mai suna Principles: Life & Work na shekarar 2017, Dalio ya buga wani zane mai zane a shekarar 2019 mai suna Principles for Success. A shekarar 2018, Dalio ya buga Principles for Navigating Big Debt Crises. A shekarar 2021, ya buga Principles for Tealing with the Changing World Order kuma ya samar da kimantawa ta mutum kyauta akan layi mai suna PrinciplesYou. [23] A shekarar 2025, Dalio ya buga How Countries Go Broke: The Big Cycle, [24] wanda ya zama mafi kyawun siyarwa a New York Times.

Rayuwa ta sirri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ray Dalio a wurin liyafar cin abinci ta Golden Plate ta taron kasa da kasa na shekarar 2012 a Washington, DC, tare da matarsa, Barbara, da kuma wakilan daliban Academy of Achievement guda biyu, Philip Thigo na Kenya da Julia Fan Li na Kanada

Iyali

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dalio yana zaune tare da matarsa Barbara, zuriyar mai sassaka Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, [4] a Greenwich, Connecticut . [7] Suna da 'ya'ya maza huɗu. [5] Babban ɗansu, Devon, ya mutu a hatsarin mota a shekarar 2020 yana da shekaru 42. Ɗansu na biyu, Paul Dalio (an haife shi a shekarar 1979), daraktan fina-finai ne. [25]

Dukiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarar 2014, an ruwaito cewa ya sami dala biliyan 1.1, gami da wani kaso na kuɗaɗen gudanarwa da ayyukan kamfaninsa, diyya ta kuɗi da kyaututtukan hannun jari da zaɓi. A shekarar 2015, Forbes ta kiyasta cewa dukiyarsa ta kai dala biliyan 15.4, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ya zama manajan asusun ajiyar shinge na biyu mafi arziki bayan George Soros . [26] A shekarar 2018, an kiyasta cewa Dalio ya sami diyya ta dala biliyan 2 a shekarar, bayan asusunsa ya sami ribar kashi 14.6%. [27] A watan Maris na 2019, Forbes ta naɗa Dalio ɗaya daga cikin manajoji da 'yan kasuwa masu samun kuɗi mafi girma. [28]

A cewar Forbes, Dalio yana da kimanin dukiyar dala biliyan 20 tun daga ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2022, wanda hakan ya sanya shi a matsayi na 88 a jerin masu kudinsu da kuma matsayi na 36 a jerin masu kudin Forbes 400. [A watan Janairun 2022, Bloomberg News ta ruwaito cewa Dalio ya mallaki dala biliyan 15.7, wanda hakan ya sanya shi a matsayi na 123 a cikin masu kudin duniya, bisa ga matsayinsu.

Taimakon jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dalio yana gabatar da jawabi kan ayyukan agaji

Gabaɗaya, iyalan Dalio sun ba da gudummawar sama da dala biliyan 5 ga Gidauniyar Dalio, [29] kuma gidauniyar ta bayar da tallafin agaji sama da dala biliyan 1. [30] A watan Afrilun 2011, Dalio da matarsa sun shiga cikin Alƙawarin Ba da Gudummawa, suna alƙawarin bayar da fiye da rabin dukiyarsa ga ayyukan agaji a cikin rayuwarsa.

Dalio ya zauna a kwamitin amintattu na Asibitin NewYork-Presbyterian tun daga shekarar 2020. [31] A watan Fabrairun 2020, Gidauniyar Dalio ta bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 10 don tallafawa kokarin murmurewa daga cutar coronavirus ta kasar Sin don mayar da martani ga annobar COVID-19 . A watan Maris na 2020, gidauniyar ta bayar da dala miliyan 4 ga jihar Connecticut don tallafawa harkokin kiwon lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki. A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2020, NYP ta kaddamar da Cibiyar Shari'a ta Lafiya ta Dalio [32] tare da kyautar dala miliyan 50. [33]

Gidauniyar ta tallafa wa Asusun Malamai, Gidauniyar David Lynch, [34] National Philanthropic Trust, da kuma TED 's Audacious Project . Jirgin ruwa na bincike na Dalio da jirgin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa sun bayyana a Tashar Discovery a lokacin Makon Shark kuma an yi amfani da su wajen farautar wani babban squid. [26] A cikin 2018, OceanX, wani shiri na dangin Dalio, da Bloomberg Philanthropies [35] sun bayar da dala miliyan 185 a cikin shekaru huɗu don kare tekuna. [36] A cikin 2019, ya yi alƙawarin dala miliyan 100 ga makarantun gwamnati na Connecticut. [37]

Dalio ya goyi bayan ƙungiyar Volcker Alliance, ƙungiyar manufofin jama'a wadda tsohon shugaban asusun ajiyar kuɗi na tarayya Paul Volcker ke jagoranta. [26]

Abubuwan sha'awa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dalio yana yin zuzzurfan tunani mai zurfi . [38] Dalio yana son farautar baka . [39]

Ayyukan da aka buga

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Yadda Injin Tattalin Arziki Ke Aiki; Samfuri Don Fahimtar Abin da Ke Faruwa Yanzu shine littafin Dalio na farko, wanda aka buga a 2007. [40]
  • Ka'idoji: Rayuwa & Aiki shine littafi na biyu na Dalio, wanda Simon & Schuster suka buga a shekarar 2017. [41] Littafin New York Times ne mai lamba 1 mafi sayarwa kuma littafin kasuwanci na Amazon na lamba 1 na shekarar 2017. [42] CNBC ta lissafa Ka'idoji daga cikin Mafi kyawun Littattafan Kasuwanci na 2017.
  • Ka'idoji Don Magance Matsalolin Bashi Masu Yawa shine littafi na uku na Dalio, wanda aka buga a shekarar 2018. [43]
  • An buga littafin "The Changing World Order : Me Yasa Kasashe Ke Nasara Da Faduwa" a shekarar 2021.
  • Yadda Kasashe Ke Karya, Ka'idojin Gudanar da Babban Tsarin Bashi, Inda Muke Nufinsa, da Abin da Ya Kamata Mu Yi, wanda za a fitar a shekarar 2025 [24]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  2. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  3. ↑ "The Richest People In The World".
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Cassidy" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "The Palm Beach Post from West Palm Beach, Florida on September 4, 2002 · Page 38". Newspapers.com. September 4, 2002. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "newspapers1" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Ray Dalio". Academy of Achievement (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-04-04. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":14" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Roose, Kevin (2011-04-10). "Pursuing Self-Interest in Harmony With the Laws of the Universe and Contributing to Evolution is Universally Rewarded". New York. Archived from the original on 2017-12-05. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NY Mag" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  9. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Comstock, Courtney. "The Crazy Story Of How Ray Dalio Got Fired From His First Wall Street Job". Business Insider. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
  11. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  12. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYT20170908
  14. ↑ Ovide, Shira (October 22, 2010). "More on Bridgewater's Ray Dalio, Wall Street's Oddest Duck". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  15. ↑ Taub, Steven (April 15, 2013). "The Rich List". Institutional Investor's Alpha. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  16. ↑ Cox, Jeff (2017-03-01). "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio to step down at Co-CEO on April 15". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2017-06-14. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
  17. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  18. ↑ Mark Niquette (April 7, 2019). "Dalio Says Capitalism's Income Inequality Is National Emergency". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  19. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  20. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  21. ↑ Ray Dalio (15 May 2020). "Ray Dalio: We must reform capitalism, not abandon it". CNN Business. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  22. ↑ "Don't be blind to China's rise in a changing world". www.linkedin.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-04-03.
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :12
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Billionaire Ray Dalio offers fresh tips on how to be a better investor". finance.yahoo.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2025-01-27. Retrieved 2025-01-30. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  25. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Vardi, Nathan. "Hedge Fund Billionaire Ray Dalio Steps Up Foundation Giving". Forbes (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-04-02. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  27. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  28. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  29. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  30. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  31. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  32. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  33. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  34. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  35. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  36. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  37. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  38. ↑ Clifford, Catherine (2018-03-16). "Hedge fund billionaire Ray Dalio: Meditation is 'the single most important reason' for my success". CNBC (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-04-04.
  39. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  40. ↑ "Bridgewater: How the Economic Machine Works A Template for Understanding What is Happening Now". Tamma Capital (in Turanci). 2012-08-08. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  41. ↑ "Book Review: Principles for Navigating Big Debt Crises". CFA Institute Enterprising Investor. 2019-08-09. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  42. ↑ "Bridgewater's Ray Dalio on the 'Principles' of Tough Love". www.alumni.hbs.edu. Harvard Business School. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2019-01-12. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
  43. ↑ "The Richest People In The World".
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Dalio&oldid=778095"