Rbuwar Baƙar fata
 Rbuwar Baƙar fata | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
separatism (en)  |
Rabuwar Baƙar fata ko Black separatism wani yunkuri ne na siyasa na rabuwa da ke neman ci gaban tattalin arziki da al'adu daban-daban ga mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka ta kudu da Sahara a cikin al'ummomi, musamman a Amurka. Rarrabawar baƙar fata ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayin hadin kan launin fata, kuma yana nuna cewa ya kamata baƙar fata su tsara kansu bisa ga launi na fata, tseren su, al'adunsu, da al'adun Afirka.[1] Akwai jimlar kungiyoyin 'yan baƙar fata 255 da aka rubuta a Amurka tun daga shekarar 2019. [2][3]
Rarrabawar baƙar fata a cikin mafi kyawun tsari ya tabbatar da cewa baƙar fata da fararen mutane ya kamata su kafa kasashe biyu masu zaman kansu.[1] Bugu da ƙari, masu rabuwa da baƙar fata galibi suna neman komawa ƙasarsu ta asali ta Afirka.[4] Wannan ra'ayi ya jagoranci Marcus Garvey da Universal Negro Improvement Association a cikin 1920s.[5] Masu rabuwa da baƙar fata gabaɗaya suna tunanin cewa baƙar fata suna hanawa a cikin al'umma mai rinjaye fari.
Ra'ayoyi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin tattaunawarsa game da kishin kasa na baƙar fata a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin, masanin tarihi Wilson Jeremiah Moses ya lura cewa "rabuwa da baƙar fata, ko kame kai, wanda a cikin matsanancin yanayinsa ya ba da shawarar rabuwa ta jiki ta dindindin, yawanci ana magana ne kawai ga rabuwa mai sauƙi, ko sha'awar ganin baƙar fata suna yin ƙoƙari mai zaman kansu don ci gaba da kansu a cikin yanayin ƙiyayya. "[6]
Masana Talmadge Anderson da James Stewart sun ci gaba da nuna bambanci tsakanin "tsarin gargajiya na Black separatism wanda Booker T. Washington ya ba da shawara" da "ka'idar rabuwa ta zamani". Sun lura cewa "Shawarwarin mai karɓar bakuncin Washington" a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara "ya kasance ga baƙi kada su tayar da hankali ga zamantakewa, ilimi, da daidaito na sana'a tare da fararen fata". Sabanin haka, sun lura, "masu rabuwa na zamani suna gargadi baƙi ba kawai su daidaita fararen fata ba amma su wuce su a matsayin haraji da kuma fansar al'adun Afirka. " [7] Anderson da Stewart sun kara da cewa, gabaɗaya "rabuwa da baƙar fata na zamani yana da wuyar bayyanawa saboda kamanceceniya da kishin kasa na baki. "[7]
Lalle ne, takamaiman manufofi na rabuwa da baƙar fata sun kasance a tarihi kuma sun bambanta daga rukuni zuwa rukuni. Martin Delany a cikin karni na 19 da Marcus Garvey a cikin 1920s sun yi kira ga 'yan Afirka na Afirka su koma Afirka, ta hanyar ƙaura zuwa Laberiya. Benjamin "Pap" Singleton ya nemi kafa yankuna masu rabuwa a Yammacin Amurka. Ƙasar Islama ta yi kira ga jihohin baƙar fata masu zaman kansu da yawa a ƙasar Amurka. Ƙarin ra'ayoyi na yau da kullun a cikin rabuwa da baƙar fata suna riƙe da cewa baƙar fata za su fi dacewa da makarantu da kasuwancin da ke na musamman ga baƙar fata, da kuma 'yan siyasa da' yan sanda.
Kamanin da kishin kasa na baki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin kishin kasa da wariyar launin fata, galibi cewa dukansu suna ba da shawara ga haƙƙin jama'a na baƙar fata. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin su, duk da haka. Masu rabuwa da baƙar fata sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a raba baƙar fata daga wasu kabilu, da farko fararen fata; masu rabuwa da baki misali za su so wata al'umma ta daban ga baƙar fata. Misalan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye na baki sun hada da Nation of Islam da New Black Panther Party . [8]
Wannan ya ɗan bambanta da masu kishin ƙasa baƙar fata saboda masu kishin ƙasa na baƙar fata ba koyaushe suke gaskata da rabuwa ta jiki na baƙar mutane ba. A wasu nau'o'i, masu kishin kasa baƙi sun yi imani da rabuwa, amma ba rabuwa ta jiki ba. Masu kishin kasa na baki sun fi mayar da hankali kan girman kai, adalci, da kuma ainihi. Imani da suke yi shi ne cewa ya kamata baƙar fata su yi alfahari da nasu fata, al'adunsu, da kyau. Sun kuma yi imanin cewa ya kamata a sami adalci ga baƙar fata, musamman a Amurka.
Amfani da Cibiyar Shari'ar Talauci ta Kudu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar "Black separatism" an yi amfani da ita ta Cibiyar Shari'ar Talauci ta Kudu (SPLC), ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amurka, don rarraba kungiyoyi da yawa a Amurka da ke inganta ra'ayoyin Masu adawa da Yahudawa, masu adawa da LGBTQ da maza.[9]Koyaya, a watan Oktoba 2020, SPLC ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za su sake amfani da rukunin "Black separatism" ba, suna mai cewa an yi wannan ne don kauce wa ƙirƙirar daidaituwa ta ƙarya tsakanin Black separatism da White supremacist extremacist.[9]
Bayani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hall 1978.
- ↑ "United States - active hate groups by type 2019". Statista. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
- ↑ "Black Separatist". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021.
- ↑ "Back to Africa movement gathers pace". New African Magazine. 2019-01-04. Archived from the original on 2024-12-05. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
- ↑ "Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, The Twentieth Century, Divining America: Religion in American History, TeacherServe, National Humanities Center". nationalhumanitiescenter.org. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
- ↑ Moses 1988
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Anderson & Stewart 2007
- ↑ "New Black Panther Party". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hodges, Raven (October 8, 2020). "Equity Through Accuracy: Changes to Our Hate Map". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 2020-10-16.
Ƙara karatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Jenkins, B. L., & Phillis, S. (1976). Black separatism: a bibliography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
- Hall, R. L. (1977). Black separatism and social reality: rhetoric and reason. New York: Pergamon Press.
- Hall, R. L. (1978). Black separatism in the United States. Hanover, N.H.: Published for Dartmouth College by the University Press of New England.
- Bell, H. H., Holly, J. T., & Harris, J. D. (1970). Black separatism and the Caribbean, 1860. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Browne, R. S., & Vernon, R. (1968). On black separatism. New York: Pathfinder Press.
Majiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Anderson, Talmadge; Stewart, James B. (2007), Introduction to African American studies: Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications, Baltimore: Inprint, ISBN 978-1-58073-039-6.
- Hall, Raymond L. (1978), Black Separatism in the United States, University Press of New England.
- Malcolm X (1964), The Ballot or the Bullet, April 4, 1964.
- Moses, Wilson Jeremiah (1988), The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-520639-5.