Red Crescent na Algeria

Red Crescent na Algeria
Bayanai
Suna a hukumance	Algerian Red Crescent, الهلال الأحمر الجزائري da Croissant-Rouge algérien
Iri	National Red Cross and Red Crescent society (en)
Masana'anta	emergency and relief (en)
Ƙasa	Aljeriya da Faransa
Aiki
Mamba na	Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya Ta Bada Agajin Gaggawa
Member count (en)	110 (2024)
Ma'aikata	110 (2021)
Mulki
Hedkwata	Aljir
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira	11 ga Janairu, 1956
cra.dz

Aljeriyan Red Crescent' (Larabci|جمعية الهلال الأحمر الجزائري|Jamʻīyat al-Hilāl al-Aḥmar al-Jazāʼirī الجزائري) ƙungiyar sa kai ce ta Aljeriya da aka kafa a 1957. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa ta amince da ita tun daga 1963.

Tarihi

Maganar Bayan ICRC da CRA

Yakin Aljeriya (1 Nuwamba 1954 - 19 Maris 1962), "yakin da bai dace ba na 'yanci na kasa", ya ga kasancewar yawan asarar rayuka da laifukan yaki (ciki har da kisan kiyashi na farar hula, fyade, da azabtarwa) daga duka Aljeriya National Liberation Front ( Front de liberation nationale, FLN) da kuma sojojin Faransa (Király, Bayar da 2023) daga Aljeriya. zuwa 1956 gwamnatin Faransa ta ki amincewa da "kasancewar rikici mai dauke da makamai a Aljeriya," a maimakon haka ta kwatanta juriya mai tasowa a matsayin "rikicin makami na cikin gida" (Peret da Bugnion, 2011; Király, 2023)

A cikin fagen yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil adama, kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross (ICRC) ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaki da 'yancin siyasa ga sojojin FLN, wadanda aka kama aka daure su a lokacin yaki. A cewar Common Mataki na III na Geneva Yarjejeniyar a kan Jiyya na Fursunoni na War (1949), a lokuta na makamai rikici ba na kasa da kasa hali, dukan ɓangarorin da alhakin kawo karshen "tashin lafiya ga rayuwa da kuma mutum [ciki har da azabtarwa], [...] shan garkuwa, [...] outrages a kan mutum mutunci [...] da dauke da fitar da kisa (a waje da kafa bayanai matakai na shari'a) RC da marasa lafiya da kuma 9 (9) da aka ji rauni da kuma rauni (ICbase) . Mataki na III na gama gari yana ƙara ba da izinin ƙungiyar jin kai mara son kai, kamar ICRC, don isar da agajin jin kai ga ɓangarorin biyu (Király, 2023) . Yayin da 'yan Aljeriya suka nace cewa duk yarjejeniyoyi hudu na Geneva ya kamata su shafi yakin Aljeriya (idan aka ba da "halayen kasa da kasa") a cikin watanni goma sha takwas, Faransa ta ki amincewa da " wanzuwar rikice-rikicen makami na kasa da kasa wanda Babban Shafi na III ya yi amfani da shi" (Johnson, 2016) Sakamakon haka, ikon mallakar Aljeriya yana nufin makomar shari'a daban-daban ga mayakan FLN. A cikin rikice-rikice na duniya, sojan FLN za a "gani a matsayin kayan aikin ƙasa;" don haka, ba za su kasance da alhakin ɗaukar makamai ba, kuma a maimakon haka ana ganin su suna bin dokoki da al'adun yaki (Peret and Bugnion, 2011) . Koyaya, a matsayin rikicin makami na duniya ba na duniya ba, an daure masu tada kayar baya na FLN da laifin shiga ayyukan yaki. Don haka, a mahangar Aljeriya, “kowane hukunci a kotuna [za a gan shi] a matsayin sabon rashin adalci, kuma kowane kisa a matsayin kisa” (Peret da Bugnion, 2011).

Samuwar Red Crescent ta Aljeriya

Kafin Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya, Ƙungiyar Red Cross ta Faransa ( Croix-Rouge française, CRF) ta tura don jin dadin jama'a, ilimi, da kiwon lafiya a cikin Aljeriya (Johnson, 2016) . Duk da yake zaɓaɓɓun rahotanni sun nuna cewa ƙungiyar ba ta sami babban zargi daga ko dai Faransawa ko Aljeriya ba, ƙayyadaddun iyaka na CRF shine wahalar "cire bambance-bambancen addini da daukar ma'aikatan Aljeriya na gida" (Johnson, 2016). David Forsythe, masani a fagen kare hakkin dan adam da al'amuran jin kai, ya kara da cewa "al'ummomin kasa [kamar CRF] ba su da cikakken 'yancin kai" saboda dangantakar da ke tsakanin jihohi da gwamnatinsu (Johnson, 2016). An tsaga tsakanin "aikin mulkin mallaka da na jin kai", CRF ta yi aiki a matsayin "jirgin mulkin mallaka na Faransa" kuma ta ki amincewa da yakin na tsawon watanni, duk da zalunci da rikici da ya barke a yankin. Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1956, an kafa Red Crescent ta Aljeriya ( Croissant-Rouge algérien, CRA) daga wani yanki na ayyukan jin kai na ICRC. Duk da haka, ICRC ba ta amince da haƙƙin CRA ba, ganin cewa ta kasa cika sharuddan da aka bayyana a cikin taron kasa da kasa na Red Cross na goma sha bakwai, musamman cewa "al'ummar ƙasa dole ne ta yi aiki a kan yankin ƙasa mai zaman kanta inda yarjejeniyar Geneva ke aiki" (Peret and Bugnion, 2011). Ba tare da samun amincewa a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta ko kuma amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ba, CRA ta ci gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da halaccinta a lokacin yakin Aljeriya.

Tun farkon kafa kungiyar, wakilai a cikin CRA suna da kyakkyawar manufa ta sa ido da bayar da rahoto "cin zarafin Faransanci na cin zarafin bil'adama da kuma yarjejeniyar Geneva a Aljeriya" (Peret da Bugnion, 2011; Kiraly, 2023). Kungiyar ba da agaji ta Red Crescent ta Aljeriya ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwa hudu: " cece-kuce game da yadda sojojin Faransa ke amfani da azabtarwa, da shirya bukukuwan sakin fursunonin, neman babbar cibiyar [ICRC don taimakon agaji da kudade], da yin kamfen a madadin 'yan gudun hijirar Aljeriya." (Johnson, 2016). Koyaya, CRA tana da babban aikin siyasa fiye da sabuwar gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Aljeriya ( Gwamnatin Provisoire de la République algérienne, GPRA). Dokta Jennifer Johnson, masanin kula da lafiyar jama'a da Afirka, ta rubuta cewa CRA za ta yi aiki kamar:

reshe na zamantakewa da ake buƙata na motsi na juyin juya hali, yana yaba da manufofinsa na farko na siyasa da na soja [...] [ta amfani da] manufofin bil'adama, ka'idoji, da maganganu don faɗaɗa goyon baya ga al'amuran kishin ƙasa ta hanyar haɗa tambayoyin siyasa na Aljeriya tare da na agaji (Johnson, 2016).

A takaice dai, ta hanyar amfani da harshe da cibiyoyi na cibiyoyi na kasa da kasa wadanda a baya suke yi wa kasashen yammacin duniya hidima, GRPA za ta iya samun goyon baya ga yunkurin 'yan mulkin mallaka na Aljeriya a kan wani faffadan dandali na kasa da kasa (Johnson, 2016; Király, 2023).

Kulawa mai zaman kansa na CRA na Sansanonin Ƙarfafawa

Bukatar kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasa da kasa ta samu wakilci a aikinsu na farko a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1955, lokacin da kungiyar ta aike da agaji ga wadanda ake tsare da su da iyalansu, wadanda ke fuskantar take hakkin dan Adam da kuma cin zarafi a lokacin da suke tsare. A wannan lokacin, tare da ƙwararren likita, ICRC ta gudanar da tarurruka tare da fursunonin kurkuku da ma'aikata game da yanayin wuraren tsafta, dakunan kwana da wuraren dafa abinci, da kuma bincike kan jiyya da kiwon lafiya. Nasarar wannan manufa ta kawo agaji, kayayyaki, shawarwari da kafa misali ga ICRC ta sake dawowa daga 12 ga Mayu zuwa 28 ga Yuni, 1956, don ziyarci sansanonin 61, inda suka sami shaidar azabtarwa da rashin da'a. Wadannan binciken suna da mahimmanci ga kafa kungiyar ba da agaji ta Red Crescent ta Aljeriya a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1957, saboda ana bukatar ci gaba da zama a Algiers don sa ido kan hakkokin bil'adama a wuraren da ake tsare da su.

A cikin bazara na 1955, hukumomin Faransa sun ayyana dokar ta-baci tare da korar masu goyon bayan FLN zuwa sansanonin horarwa ( "cibiyoyin d'hébergement" ko wuraren zama ) (Király, 2023) . Musamman a farkon rikicin, ba a amince da fursunonin Aljeriya da ake tsare da su a matsayin “ fursunonin yaƙi ba. Ta hanyar rashin fahimta, jami'an gidan yarin na Faransa sun sami damar yin amfani da "tsarin da aka yi ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma cin zarafi na dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa [musamman azabtarwa]" ( Király, 2023) . Don gyara wannan manufar, wakilan ICRC sun nemi "samun garantin Faransa cewa mayakan FLN da aka kama yayin da suke riƙe da makamai a fili za a ba su kariya iri ɗaya kamar fursunonin yaki a cikin rikici na duniya" (Peret da Bugnion, 2011). Yayin da hukumomin Faransa suka ba da izini ga wakilan ICRC, an ba su izini na musamman don bincika kawai "yanayin da ake tsare da su a cikin sansanonin, ba dalilai na ɗaurin kurkuku ba; [musayar] wasiƙa tsakanin fursunoni da iyalansu, da [...] [rarraba] taimako ga fursunoni da iyalansu "( Peret da Bugnion, 2011 ) Mafi yawan abin da ya shafi ganowa da kuma tabbatar da cewa Faransanci dole ne a gudanar da bincike a tsakanin RC. jami'ai.

Tare da waɗannan garanti, manufa ta farko (23 Fabrairu 1955 zuwa 30 Maris 1955), ta rufe sansani arba'in da ɗaya a Maroko da kusan fursunoni 2,000 (Johnson, 2016) . "Mambobin ICRC sun sami damar yin hira da fursunoni game da yiwuwar cin zarafi, amfani da likitoci don tabbatar da lafiyar fursunoni, da kuma ba da shawarwari ga jami'an gidan yari" (Peret and Bugnion, 2011) A cikin shekaru uku, ICRC ta matsa lamba ga Faransa don sake dawo da ar a Aljeriya "cikin tsarin doka kawai wanda zai iya ƙunshe da tashin hankali na kasa da kasa." A ranar 19 ga Maris 1958, babban kwamandan sojojin Faransa na lokacin a Aljeriya ya ba da umarnin "ƙirƙirar 'sansanoni na musamman' ga mayakan ALN yayin da suke riƙe da makamai a fili," wanda ya haramta ayyukan azabtarwa. Ziyarar daruruwan sansanoni da wuraren tsare mutane a Aljeriya saboda kafaffen hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin ICRC, FLN, da jami'an soji na ALN, ICRC ta taka rawar gani wajen mutunta dokokin yaki da aka kafa a duniya. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da ba a cika samun musayar fursunoni ba (don ba da izini ga mayakan FLN), kayan hira daga tsoffin POWs na Aljeriya da iyalansu daga masanin Raphaëlle Branche, suna nuna yadda fursunonin Aljeriya suka kasance cibiyar ciniki tsakanin ICRC da sojojin Faransa (Johnson, 2016) . Ta hanyar bukukuwan sakin fursunoni da aka yaɗa, wannan sabon ɗaukar hoto shine "yunƙurin farfaganda da aka ƙididdigewa da nufin cin nasara kan ra'ayin jama'a na duniya" kuma ya himmatu ga dokokin yaƙi (Johnson, 2016).

Koyaya, buga rahotannin sirri kan manufa ta bakwai na ICRC a Aljeriya ta Jaridar Faransa Le Monde ta karya madaidaicin daidaito tsakanin gwamnatin Faransa, ICRC, da FLN ( Király, 2023) . Ya ƙunshi rahotanni na rashin isassun yanayin kurkuku, da kuma shari'o'in azabtarwa da bacewar tilastawa, wannan rahoton da aka fitar ya kara karya abin da masana tarihi Françoise Perret da François Bugnion ke magana a matsayin, "sashe mafi raɗaɗi na layin kuskure [Faransa]" (Peret da Bugnion, 2011) . Domin hirarraki da binciken da aka yi sun fito ne daga wata cibiya "da ake mutunta tsaka-tsaki da rashin son kai," kuma an rubuta sakamakon binciken a zahiri, jama'ar Faransa da sauran kasashen duniya suna da tabbacin zargin da 'yan kishin Aljeriya ke yi kan laifukan Faransa.

Mayar da hankali na CRA akan 'yan gudun hijirar Aljeriya

Duk da yake bukukuwan sakin fursunonin sun taimaka wa 'yan kishin kasa na Aljeriya kamar yadda suke dagewa ga dokokin yaki, "mayar da hankali ga 'yan gudun hijirar Aljeriya zai taimaka musu su nuna tausayi na kasa da kasa game da sakamakon irin wannan mummunan yakin da kuma kawo gagarumin taimakon kudi da kayan aiki daga kowace nahiya" (Johnson, 2016) Ta hanyar Shirin Challe da yanki na yanki ("wuta wanda ya haifar da kisan gilla a cikin kasar Aljeriya") 'Yan Aljeriya 200,000 sun fara tserewa daga ƙasarsu ta asali "don neman kayan yau da kullun kamar abinci, tufafi, da magunguna" (Johnson, 2016) A kan haka, Red Crescent ta Aljeriya ta ɗauki batun 'yan gudun hijirar tare da mayar da batun a matsayin wani yanki na ajandar CRA. Ta hanyar dandamali na kasa da kasa, irin su Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta 1959 a Geneva, CRA ta sami damar matsawa gwamnatin Faransa a fili don kiyaye yarjejeniyar Geneva da mayar da mazaunan da suka yi gudun hijira zuwa ƙasarsu ta asali (Johnson, 2016) . Tare da wannan tsattsauran ra'ayi na farfaganda da diflomasiyya, kasashen da ke ciki da wajen kasashen Larabawa sun ba da taimakon raya kasa na kasashen waje (daga Jamus zuwa Arewacin Vietnam zuwa Vatican) ta hanyar magunguna, abinci, da tallafin kuɗi (Johnson, 2016) . Kamar yadda Dr. Jennifer Johnson ya ci gaba da rubutawa, "Martanin duniya a rabi na biyu na yakin shine mai nuna alama mai karfi na nasarar Red Crescent ta Aljeriya wajen gina saƙon jin kai wanda ya wuce ƙawancen Larabawa da ƙungiyoyi masu adawa da mulkin mallaka" (Johnson, 2016).

An fara kafa ƙungiyar a wurare biyu, Tangier, Maroko da Tunis, Tunisiya, inda shugabannin ƙungiyar 'yantar da 'yancin kai (NLF) ke zaune a gudun hijira. Mamia Chentouf ta kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa a Tunis. Bayan kafuwarta, kungiyar ba da agaji ta Red Crescent ta Aljeriya ta taimaka wa ICRC wajen ba da taimako ga 'yan gudun hijira dubu arba'in a makwabciyar kasar Maroko, sakamakon sabon samun 'yancin kai a ranar 2 ga Maris, 1956.

Yarjejeniyar Evian da Ƙarshen Shiga ICRC

Daga bangaren Aljeriya, tsayin daka na FLN ga binciken ICRC na fursunonin yakin Faransa ya fuskanci tsayin daka. Mafi mahimmanci, daya daga cikin shugabannin FLN, Ben Bella, ya sanar da tawagar ICRC cewa saboda yanayin yakin da ake yi, ziyarar ICRC ba ta yiwuwa; don haka, FLN ta ƙi ba da wani bayani game da jerin sunayen mayaƙan Faransa da aka gudanar, da kuma yanayin su (Peret and Bugnion, 2011) . A lokaci guda, bayan yarjejeniyar Evian (18 Maris 1962) da tsagaita wuta (19 Maris 1962), wanda ya tsara matsayin Aljeriya a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta, ICRC tana da alhakin tattaunawar fursunoni bayan karshen yakin (Peret da Bugnion, 2011) . Yayin da hukumomin Faransa suka sanar da ICRC wuraren fursunoni 3,600 da aka kama, sabuwar gwamnatin Aljeriya ta yi tsayin daka wajen baiwa ICRC damar ga wadanda ake tsare da su. Tare da kame jama'a na harkis (wadanda suka kasance 'yan Aljeriya masu biyayya ga Faransa) da kuma 'yan gudun hijirar Turai, ICRC ta ci gaba da ziyartar wadanda har yanzu suke tsare da kuma neman sauran mutanen da suka bace, har zuwa karshen aikinta a cikin Satumba 1963 (Peret and Bugnion, 2011; Király, 2023) . Ga sabuwar gwamnatin Aljeriya da aka kafa, yayin da suka fahimci cewa ba za su iya shiga cikin shari'a a kan harkis ba, gwamnati ta ji cewa ICRC ba ta da alhakin, kawai hukumomin Faransa sun dawo da sojojin Faransa (Johnson, 2016) .

Sukar ICRC

Duk da haka, Dokta Jennifer Johnson ya yi jayayya cewa saboda ICRC ba ta da wani yanki na siyasa a cikin yakin, shawarwarin ba su yi nisa ba saboda "ci gaba da dangantaka mai kyau tare da abokan hulɗarsa" (Johnson, 2016) A cikin yin haka, "ICRC ta ba da shawarwari masu kyau don ingantawa amma, gaba ɗaya, ya kasance mai lura da hankali ga waɗannan batutuwa masu mahimmanci" (16son, IC) ya ba da shawarar taimako. gudanar da ayyuka, "[ƙungiyar] dole ne ta yi buƙatu ta hanyar gwamnatocin Turai, ba ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa ba, don ƙasashe ba su da ikon tukuna" (Johnson, 2016) Musamman, don fahimtar sukar sa ido kan sansanonin ɗaiɗai, mahimman abubuwan ayyukan IRIC ya kamata su kasance tattaunawa da waɗanda aka tsare; a maimakon haka, Johnson ya gano cewa "An ba da izinin ƙungiyar IRIC kawai ta yi magana da fursunoni na Aljeriya ba tare da kulawar Faransanci rabin lokaci ba" (Johnson, 2016) David Forsythe, wanda ya rubuta game da tarihin ICRC, ya kara da cewa "mafi yawancin ICRC wallafe-wallafen ba mai mahimmanci ba ne kuma ba mai tunani ba ne" (Johnson, 2016, Aljeriya ba ta buƙatar rahotannin da suka fi dacewa ba) tsaftar muhalli, kuma bai yi Allah wadai da zaluncin 'yan sandan Faransa ba" (Johnson, 2016) Yayin da ICRC ta maimaita ayyukan da suka haifar da inganta yanayin gidajen yari da kafa sansanonin sojoji, masu sukar ICRC suna jayayya cewa ayyukansu ba su daina yin azabtarwa ba yayin tambayoyin fursunoni. Don haka, saboda kowane bangare na ziyarar ICRC yana ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin mallaka, dangantakar da ke tsakanin Faransa a ICRC ta kasance mafi mahimmanci a matsayin maƙasudin da ke nuna ƙaddamar da Faransanci ga ka'idodin jin kai, ba bin ta ba.

Ayyukan Red Crescent na Aljeriya

Tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar ba da agaji ta Red Crescent ta Aljeriya a shekara ta 1957, kungiyar ta ci gaba da taka rawa wajen bayar da agajin jin kai a duk fadin kasar ta Aljeriya. Kamar yadda Pierre Gaillard ya bayyana daga kwarewarsa da kungiyar agaji ta Red Crescent ta Aljeriya a lokacin da aka yi awon gaba da wani jirgin Isra'ila daga kamfanin jiragen sama na El Al zuwa Algiers a shekarar 1962, kungiyar ba da agaji ta Red Crescent ta kasar Aljeriya ta himmatu wajen karbar wakilan ICRC tare da jagorantar wadanda ke da alhakin gurfanar da su a gaban kotu, tare da kiyaye lafiyar 'yan kasar ta Aljeriya yadda ya kamata.

A baya-bayan nan, a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2008, kungiyar agaji ta Red Crescent ta Aljeriya ta mayar da martani ga wani bala'in zaftarewar laka a yankin Ghardaïa, wanda ya yi sanadin jikkatar mutane goma sha biyu, da kuma raba 'yan kasar Aljeriya sama da dubu daya da muhallansu. Sama da 'yan kungiyar agaji ta Red Crescent ta Aljeriya sama da dari hudu da hamsin ne suka ba da gudummawar agajin ta hanyar kwashe fararen hula, da bayar da agajin farko da kuma rarraba agajin gaggawa da suka hada da gidaje na wucin gadi, allunan tsarkake ruwa, kayan tsafta, barguna, kayan dafa abinci, kiwon lafiya na asali da shirye-shiryen tallafin tunani.

A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2016, kungiyar ta ba da tallafin abinci mai gina jiki dari biyar ga al'ummomin Tizi Mahdi, Bouaichoune, Bouchrahil, da Guelb El Kebir a yankin Wilaya de Médea bayan girgizar kasa ta afku a kauyukan kauyukan da ba a san su ba ( Hameaux ).

Majiya

• Perret, Françoise; Bugnion, François (30 September 2011). "Between insurgents and government: the International Committee of the Red Cross's action in the Algerian War (1954–1962) - ICRC". www.icrc.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 4 July 2017.