Rediyon Hutu Power

Rediyon Hutu Power
Bayanai
Iri	tashar talabijin, tashar radio da hate media (en)
Ƙasa	Ruwanda
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira	8 ga Yuli, 1993
Dissolved	31 ga Yuli, 1994

Monogram na Rediyo Talabijin na Dubu Gwanin

Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines ( RTLM ) ( Kinyarwanda ), wanda ake yi wa lakabi da " Radiyon kisan kare dangi " ko " Hutu Power Radio ", gidan rediyo ne na kasar Rwanda wanda ya watsar daga ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1993, zuwa 31 ga Yuli, 1994. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tunzura kisan kiyashin da aka yi a kasar Ruwanda daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli 1994, kuma wasu masana sun bayyana shi da cewa ya kasance hannun Hutu na mulkin Ruwanda .

Sunan tashar Faransanci ne don "Rediyo da Talabijin na Dubban Hills", wanda ya samo asali ne daga bayanin Rwanda a matsayin "Land of a Thousand Hills". Ya sami tallafi daga Rediyon Rwanda mai sarrafawa, wanda da farko ya ba shi damar watsawa ta amfani da kayan aikin su.

Jama'a da yawa sun saurara shi, ya tsara Farfagandar ƙiyayya game da Tutsi, matsakaiciyar Hutu, Belgium, da Mataimakin Ofishin Jakadancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Rwanda (UNAMIR). Yawancin 'yan ƙasar Rwanda suna ɗaukarsa (ra'ayi kuma kotun laifukan yaki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta raba kuma ta bayyana) kamar yadda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haifar da yanayin ƙiyayya ta launin fata wanda ya ba da damar kisan kare dangi a kan Tutsis a Rwanda ya faru. Wani takarda mai aiki da aka buga a Jami'ar Harvard ya gano cewa watsa shirye-shiryen RTLM wani muhimmin bangare ne na aiwatar da tattara yawan jama'a, wanda ya dace da tarurrukan Umuganda. An bayyana RTLM a matsayin "kisan kare dangi na rediyo", "mutuwa ta rediyo" da kuma "sauti ga kisan kare doki".

Kafin kisan kare dangi

Tsare-tsare na RTLM ya fara ne a cikin 1992 ta 'yan Hutu masu tsaurin ra'ayi, don mayar da martani ga yadda Rediyon Ruwanda ke kara samun karbuwa da farin jini na Rediyon Muhabura na Patriotic Front (RPF) na Rwanda . An kafa RTLM a shekara mai zuwa, kuma ya fara watsa shirye-shirye a watan Yuli 1993. Gidan rediyon ya nuna rashin amincewa da tattaunawar zaman lafiya tsakanin Tutsis RPF mafi rinjaye da kuma Shugaba Juvénal Habyarimana, wanda danginsa suka goyi bayan gidan rediyon. Ya zama sanannen tasha tun lokacin da yake ba da zaɓi na kiɗa na zamani akai-akai, ba kamar rediyon gwamnati ba, kuma cikin sauri ya haɓaka masu sauraro masu aminci a tsakanin matasa Ruwanda, waɗanda daga baya suka zama mafi yawan 'yan tawayen Interhamwe .

Félicien Kabuga an yi zargin yana da hannu sosai a kafa da kuma ba da kuɗi na RTLM, da kuma mujallar Kangura . A shekara ta 1993, a wani taron tara kudade na RTLM da MRND ta shirya, Felicien Kabuga ya bayyana manufar RTLM a matsayin kare Ikon Hutu.

Ana ganin tashar ta yi amfani da babban kiyayya da kyamar Hutu da yawa. An sanya kalaman ƙiyayya tare da nagartaccen amfani da barkwanci da shahararriyar kiɗan Zaire . An kira Tutsis a matsayin "kaji" (misali: "Ku [Tutsis] kyankyasai ne! Za mu kashe ku!").

Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Rwanda ta haɓaka ƙirƙirar RTLM a matsayin "Radiyon Kiyayya", don kaucewa gaskiyar cewa sun sadaukar da kansu don hana " farfagandar rediyo mai lahani " a cikin sanarwar haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Maris 1993 a Dar es Salaam . Sai dai daraktan RTLM Ferdinand Nahimana ya yi ikirarin cewa an kafa gidan rediyon ne da farko don dakile farfagandar Rediyon Muhabura na RPF .

A cikin Janairun 1994, gidan rediyon ya watsa sakwanni suna zargin kwamandan UNAMIR Roméo Dallaire saboda gazawa wajen hana kashe kusan mutane 50 a yankin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware .

Bayan da aka harbo jirgin Habyarimana mai zaman kansa a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1994, RTLM ya shiga cikin jerin muryoyin da ke zargin 'yan tawayen Tutsi, kuma ya fara kiran "yaƙin karshe" don "kashe" Tutsis.

Lokacin kisan kare dangi da aka yi wa Tutsawa a Rwanda

A lokacin kisan kare dangin, RTLM ta zama wata hanyar yada propaganda ta hanyar hura wutar kiyayya da tashin hankali kan Tutsawa, da Hutuwa da suke goyon bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya, da Hutuwa da suka auri Tutsawa, da kuma yin kira ga kawar da dukkan Tutsawa a Rwanda. RTLM tana ba da labaran kisan gilla, nasarori da abubuwan siyasa ta hanyar da ke inganta ajandar kiyayya da Tutsawa. Don wulakanta da rage daraja, RTLM tana kiransu Tutsawa da RPF da suna 'kwari' a cikin shirinta. Wakokin Hutu mai suna Simon Bikindi sun kasance a kai a kai. Yana da wakoki guda biyu: "Bene Sebahinzi" ("‘Ya’yan Uban Manoma"), da "Nanga Abahutu" ("Ina ƙin Hutuwa"), wanda daga baya aka fassara a matsayin kira zuwa ƙiyayya da Tutsawa da kisan kare dangi.

Ku mutanen da ke zaune ... kusa da Rugunga ... ku fito. Za ku ga zubunan kwari (inkotanyi) a cikin ciyayi ... Ina tunanin masu bindiga su garzaya wurin wadannan kwari ... su kewaye su su kashe su ..."

Kantano Habimana a RTLM, 12 Afrilu, 1994

Daya daga cikin muhimman dalilan da suka sa RTLM ta yi tasiri a sadarwa shi ne rashin samun damar amfani da sauran hanyoyin labarai kamar talabijin da jaridu saboda karancin albarkatu. Bayan wannan tangardar sadarwa, yankunan da ke da yawan marasa ilimi da rashin samun damar karatu sun kasance cikin yankunan da suka fi tashin hankali a lokacin kisan kare dangin da aka yi wa Tutsawa. Kauyukan da ke wajen yankin da RTLM ke watsa shirye-shirye sun fuskanci tasirin tashin hankalin da ya samo asali daga kauyukan da ke karɓar shirye-shiryen rediyon. An kiyasta cewa kimanin kashi 10% na tashin hankalin da aka samu a lokacin kisan kare dangi ya samo asali ne daga irin wannan watsa shirye-shirye na kiyayya daga RTLM. Ba wai RTLM ta ƙara yawan tashin hankali ba kadai, har ma yankunan da suka sami cikakken rufin shirye-shiryen RTLM sun ƙaru da yawan mutanen da aka gurfanar da su a kan duk wani laifi da ya shafi tashin hankali da kimanin kashi 62–69%. Duk da haka, wani takarda daga shekarar 2018 ta kalubalanci sakamakon binciken.

Yayin da ake gudanar da kisan kare dangin, rundunar sojan Amurka ta tsara wani shiri don toshe shirye-shiryen RTLM, amma ba a aiwatar da wannan mataki ba, inda jami'ai suka ce kudin aikin, yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da "sadaukarwar Amurka ga 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki" sun sa aikin ya zama marar amfani.

Lokacin da dakarun Faransa suka shiga Rwanda a lokacin Opération Turquoise, wanda a zahiri aka yi don samar da wani yankin tsira ga masu gudun hijira, amma kuma ana zarginsu da goyon bayan gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Hutu, RTLM ta watsa daga Gisenyi, tana kira ga 'yan mata Hutu su wanke kansu su sa kaya masu kyau don tarbar abokan Faransa. Ta ce ‘yan mata Tutsawa sun mutu gaba ɗaya, don haka ga damarku.

Lokacin da dakarun RPF da Tutsawa ke jagoranta suka karɓi mulki a watan Yuli, RTLM ta ɗauki kayan watsa shirye-shiryenta ta gudu zuwa Zaire tare da 'yan gudun hijirar Hutu.

Mutane da suka shafi tashar

Masu gabatarwa/masu shirya

• Kantano Habimana, wanda aka fi sani da "Kantano". Shi ne mafi shahara daga cikin masu shirya shirin dangane da lokacin da yake hawa kai tsaye. Kantano ya kira masu bindiga da su "je wurin waɗannan kwari su kewaye su, su kashe su..."
• Valérie Bemeriki, ita ce mace kaɗai daga cikin masu shirya. Bemeriki ta shahara da kira ga amfani da babbar wuƙa wajen yin ƙisa; sabanin Kantano wanda ya fi so a harbe da bindiga, ita ta ce "kar ku kashe waɗannan kwari da harsashi – ku yankasu da babbar wuƙa”.
• Noël Hitimana, wanda kafin haka ya kasance mai gabatarwa a Radio Rwanda kafin aka kore shi saboda zagin Shugaban ƙasa Juvénal Habyarimana a yayin da ya bugu.
• Georges Ruggiu, wani fararen fata daga Belgium ɗan asalin ƙasar Italy wanda bayan ya bar gida yana da shekaru 35 don aiki a Liège, ya haɗu da wani ɗan ƙabilar Hutu daga Rwanda. Bayan saduwa da Shugaban ƙasa Juvénal Habyarimana, ya fara ziyarar Rwanda kuma daga ƙarshe ya koma can kafin faruwar kisan ƙare dangi. A RTLM, Ruggiu ya kira jama'a da su goyi bayan "Ikon Hutu" duk da cewa ba ɗan ƙasar Rwanda bane, yana roƙon masu sauraro da su kashe 'yan Tutsi kuma yana faɗin "kaburbura na jiran cike".
• Froduald Karamira, mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar MDR. Shi ne wanda ya fara amfani da kalmar "Ikon Hutu" a hukumance. Yana gabatar da shirye-shiryen kullum masu ƙarfafa kisan kare dangi ga 'yan Tutsi kuma yana kula da wuraren duba ababan hawa inda aka aikata kisan. An kashe shi a 1998.

Sauran fitattun mutane

• Félicien Kabuga, "Shugaban Darakta-Janar" ko kuma "Shugaban Majalisar Gabaɗaya na masu hannun jari". Attajiri wanda ya kasance aboki na kusa da Shugaba Juvénal Habyarimana, Kabuga ya kasance yana ɗaukar nauyin kafafen yaɗa labarai masu goyon bayan ƙabilar Hutu.
• Ferdinand Nahimana, darakta. Tarihi ya san shi a matsayin masani wanda ya karɓi digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Paris Diderot. Ya shiga RTLM bayan an kore shi daga Radio Rwanda a shekarar 1993.
• Jean Bosco Barayagwiza, shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa. Mutum mai tasiri a siyasa wanda ya kasance daraktan manufofi a cikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin gwiwa a lokacin kisan kare dangi na Rwanda.
• Gaspard Gahigi, babban edita
• Phocas Habimana, mai gudanar da ayyuka na yau da kullum

Sakamakon Bayan Kisan Kare Dangi

Aikin Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya kan Rwanda (ICTR) akan RTLM ya fara a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2000 – tare da shari’ar Hassan Ngeze, darekta kuma edita na mujallar Kangura.

A ranar 19 ga Agusta 2003, a kotun Arusha, aka nemi hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai ga shugabannin RTLM Ferdinand Nahimana da Jean Bosco Barayagwiza. An tuhume su da laifukan kisan kare dangi, tunzura kisan kare dangi, da laifukan da suka shafi ɗabi’a da halin ɗan adam, kafin da kuma a lokacin kisan kare dangin da aka yi wa Tutsawa a 1994.

A ranar 3 ga Disamba 2003, kotun ta samu dukkanin wadanda ake tuhuma da laifi, inda ta yankewa Nahimana da Ngeze hukuncin daurin rai da rai, yayin da Barayagwiza ya samu hukuncin shekaru 35 a kurkuku – wanda aka daukaka kara a kai. Hukuncin daukaka kara da aka yanke a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2007 ya rage wa dukkanin uku hukuncin – Nahimana ya samu shekaru 30, Barayagwiza shekaru 32, kuma Ngeze shekaru 35, inda kotu ta soke tuhuma a wasu bangarori.

A ranar 14 ga Disamba 2009, mai gabatarwa a RTLM Valérie Bemeriki ta samu hukunci a kotun gacaca a Rwanda, kuma aka yanke mata hukuncin daurin rai da rai saboda rawar da ta taka wajen tunzura ayyukan kisan kare dangi.

Nuna a Al’adu

An ji sautin RTLM da aka kwaikwaya a cikin fim ɗin Hotel Rwanda.

A cikin fim ɗin Sometimes in April, ɗan uwa ga jarumin fim ɗin yana aiki a RTLM. An samu cece-kuce kan kokarin gurfanar da masu gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo saboda batutuwan da suka shafi ’yancin faɗar albarkacin baki.

Fim ɗin Shooting Dogs ya yi amfani da rikodin daga RTLM.

Sunan littafin da ɗan jarida daga The New York Times Bill Berkeley ya rubuta, The Graves are Not Yet Full (2001), ya samo asali ne daga wani shirin RTLM da aka yi a Kigali, 1994: “Kun bar wasu makiya. Dole ne ku koma can ku gama da su. Kaburbura ba su cika ba tukuna!”

Daraktan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Switzerland Milo Rau ya sake gabatar da wata rediyo daga RTLM a cikin wasan sa Hate Radio, wanda aka fara a 2011 kuma aka nuna a wurin taron Berliner Festspiele a 2012 (tare da tattaunawa da masu sauraro). Hakanan ya mai da shi wasan rediyo da fim, sannan ya rubuta littafi a kai.

Manazarta

Tarihi na rubuce-rubuce

• Thompson, Allan (2007). The Media and the Rwanda Genocide (in Turanci). IDRC. ISBN 978-0-7453-2625-2.
• Danning, Gordon (2018). "Did Radio RTLM Really Contribute Meaningfully to the Rwandan Genocide?". Civil Wars. 20 (4): 529–554. doi:10.1080/13698249.2018.1525677. ISSN 1369-8249. S2CID 150075267.
• Grzyb, Amanda; Freier, Amy (2017). "Matsayin Radio Télévision Libre des Milles Collines a Kisan Kare Dangi na Ruwanda 1994". In Totten, Samuel; Theriault, Henry; Joeden-Forgey, Elisa von (eds.). Controversies in the Field of Genocide Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-29499-7.
• Herr, Alexis (2018). "Radio-Télévision Libre des Milles Collines". Rwandan Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide (in Turanci). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-5561-0.
• Kellow, Christine L.; Steeves, H. Leslie (1998). "Matsayin Rediyo a Kisan Kare Dangi na Ruwanda". Journal of Communication (in Turanci). 48 (3): 107–128. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02762.x. ISSN 0021-9916.
• Li, Darryl (2004). "Mahanga na tashin hankali: tunani kan rediyo da kisan kare dangi a Ruwanda". Journal of Genocide Research. 6 (1): 9–27. doi:10.1080/1462352042000194683. ISSN 1462-3528. S2CID 85504804.
• Somerville, K. (2012). Radio Propaganda and the Broadcasting of Hatred: Historical Development and Definitions (in Turanci). Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-28415-0.
• Wilson, Richard Ashby (2017). Incitement on Trial: Prosecuting International Speech Crimes (in Turanci). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-10310-8.

Karatu na gaba

• Gulseth, Hege Løvdal (2004). Amfani da Yaɗa Labarai a cikin Kisan Kare Dangi na Ruwanda: Nazari kan Radio-Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) (Thesis).
• Thompson, Allan, ed. (2007). The Media and the Rwanda Genocide (PDF). London: Pluto Press; Kampala: Fountain Publishers; Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. ISBN 978-0-745-32626-9. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)

Hanyoyin waje

• "Rediyon Kiɗa: Ruwanda" – ɓangare na Radio Netherlands mai bayani kan "Yaki da Rediyon Ƙiyayya"
• "Bayan kisan kare dangi, tuba", daga Mary Wiltenburg, The Christian Science Monitor, Afrilu 7, 2004
• Muryoyin Akan Goyon Bayan Ƙiyayya Tattaunawa da Gregory Gordon daga United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
• "RwandaFile": Rubuce-rubucen watsa shirye-shiryen RTLM
• https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/ : Rubuce-rubucen shirye-shiryen RTLM