Reparations (transitional justice)
 Reparations (transitional justice) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
compensation (en)  |
| Fuskar |
Reparation of damage (en) |
Ana fahimtar ramuwa a matsayin diyya da aka bayar don zagi ko rauni. Ma'anar magana ta ramuwa ta canza sosai a cikin ƙarni da ya gabata. A farkon shekarun 1900, ramuwar gayya ta kasance musanya tsakanin jihohi (duba ramuwar gayya) waɗanda suka kasance hanyoyin ladabtarwa ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka biya ta ɓangaren miƙa wuya na wani rikici, kamar diyya na yakin duniya na ɗaya da Jamus da kawayenta suka biya. Yanzu an fahimci ramuwar gayya ba wai ɓarnar yaki kaɗai ba, har da diyya da sauran matakan da aka bayar ga waɗanda ke fama da mummunar take hakkin ɗan adam daga ɓangarorin da ke da hannu a ciki. [1] Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta sami haƙƙin wanda aka yi wa rauni na karɓar diyya da aikin ɓangaren da ke da alhakin samar da su.
A cikin shari'ar riƙon kwarya, ramawa matakan da gwamnati ke ɗauka don gyara manyan tsare-tsare na take hakkin bil'adama ko dokar jin kai ta hanyar gudanar da wani nau'i na diyya ko ramuwa ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Daga cikin dukkan hanyoyin tabbatar da adalci na riƙon kwarya, ramuwa na musamman ne saboda suna magana ne kai tsaye ga yanayin waɗanda abin ya shafa. Sakamako, idan an tsara shi da kyau, amincewa da wahalar da waɗanda abin ya shafa suka sha, yana ba da matakan gyara, da kuma wani nau'i na biyan diyya don cin zarafi. [2] Maimaitawa na iya zama alama da abu. Za su iya zama a cikin nau'i na yarda da jama'a ko neman uzuri don cin zarafi na baya, yana nuna jajircewar jiha da zamantakewa don amsawa ga tsoffin cin zarafi.
Magoya bayan ramuwa sun bayyana [3] cewa don yin tasiri, dole ne a yi amfani da ramuwa tare da wasu matakan adalci na rikon kwarya kamar tuhuma, neman gaskiya, da sake fasalin hukumomi. [4] Irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna tabbatar da cewa matakan ramawa ba alkawuran wofi ba ne, matakan dakatarwa na ɗan lokaci, ko ƙoƙarin siyan shiru na waɗanda abin ya shafa. [3]
Nau'uka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ma’anar ramuwa ta shari’a tana da abubuwa guda biyu: ‘yancin wanda aka yi masa rauni ya sami ramuwa, da kuma aikin wanda ke da alhakin raunin na samar da magani. [5] Mutane na iya neman biyan diyya ta hanyar tsarin shari'a, ko kuma su zama manufofin da jihar ta ɓullo da su don magance damuwa ko buƙatun jama'a. Yayin da dabara ta farko tana taimakawa wajen samar da tsarin shari'a, na biyu shine hanya mafi inganci don gane damuwar mutane da yawa.
Babban Ka'idoji da Sharuɗɗa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da Haƙƙin Magani da Rarraba ga waɗanda aka zalunta da Babban take hakkin Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya da Mummunan take haƙƙin Dokokin Bil Adama na Duniya [6] ya bayyana nau'ikan ramawa biyar na yau da kullun: ramawa, diyya, gyarawa, gamsuwa, da kuma garantin rashin maimaitawa.
- Maidowa - matakan da ke aiki don "mayar da wanda aka azabtar zuwa ainihin halin da ake ciki kafin babban laifin ya faru". Wannan na iya haɗawa da: maido da 'yanci, jin daɗin 'yancin ɗan adam, ainihi, rayuwar iyali da zama ɗan ƙasa, dawo da wurin zama, maido da aiki, da dawo da dukiya.
- Lalacewar lalacewa- samar da ramuwa "ga duk wani lalacewar tattalin arziki, kamar yadda ya dace kuma ya dace da nauyin cin zarafi da yanayin kowane hali". Irin wannan lalacewa ya haɗa da: lahani na jiki ko tunani, damar da aka rasa, lalacewar kayan aiki da asarar samun kuɗi, lalacewar ɗabi'a, tsadar shari'a, likita, tunani, da sabis na zamantakewa.
- Gyarawa - likita, tunani, sabis na zamantakewa, da taimakon shari'a
- Gamsuwa - matakai daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da dakatar da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafi, neman gaskiya, neman bacewar, dawo da sake binne gawarwaki, takunkumin shari'a da gudanarwa, gafarar jama'a, tunawa, da tunawa.
- Tabbatar da rashin maimaitawa - gyare-gyaren da ke tabbatar da hana cin zarafi na gaba, ciki har da: ikon farar hula na sojoji da jami'an tsaro, ƙarfafa shari'a mai zaman kanta, kare ma'aikatan farar hula da ma'aikatan haƙƙin ɗan adam, gabaɗayan haɓaka ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kafa hanyoyin hanawa da kuma lura da rikice-rikicen zamantakewa da warware rikice-rikice. [3]
Wanda ke karbar ramuwa/diyya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu na haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa ko dokar jin ƙai suna da haƙƙoƙin gaggawa, isasshe, da ingantaccen biya. Waɗanda abin ya shafa na iya zama ɗaiɗaikun mutane ko gungun mutanen da suka fuskanci irin wannan cin zarafi. Zuriyar waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma suna da haƙƙin ramawa saboda rashin adalci da ya shafi jin daɗin rai da kuɗi na dangin da suka mutu. Irin waɗanda abin ya shafa, kamar yadda ka’idojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka ayyana a kan lamarin, su ne:
"Mutanen da suka sha wahala daban-daban ko kuma tare da juna, ciki har da rauni na jiki ko tunani, wahalar tunani, asarar tattalin arziki, ko naƙasu mai mahimmanci na haƙƙinsu, ta hanyar ayyuka ko tsallakewa waɗanda ke haifar da babban take haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, ko babban take hakkin dokar jin kai ta duniya… [3]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Racism and Human Rights: An Approach to Reparations". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
- ↑ See de Greiff 2008
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Magarrell 2007.
- ↑ Cf. United Nations General Assembly 2005
- ↑ United Nations General Assembly 2005.
- ↑ "OHCHR Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2018-12-01.