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Reza Deghati

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Reza Deghati
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Tabriz, 26 ga Yuli, 1952 (73 shekaru)
ƙasa Faransa
Karatu
Makaranta University of Tehran (en) Fassara : karatun gine-gine
Harsuna Faransanci
Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a photojournalist (en) Fassara, war correspondent (en) Fassara, mai daukar hoto, ɗan jarida da gwagwarmaya
Employers Paris Match (en) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
rezaphotography.org

Reza Deghati ( Persian  ; an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1952) [1] ɗan jaridar hoto ne na Iran-Faransa. )[2]

Rayuwar farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi Reza a Tabriz, Iran. Shi dan ƙabilar Azabaijan ne. [3] Aikin Reza ya fara da karatu a gine-gine . [4] Bayan sha'awar daukar hoto, ya zama mai daukar hoto. Ya ɗauki hotonsa na farko yana ɗan shekara 14, kuma yana ɗan shekara 16 ya buga wata mujallar sakandare mai suna Parvaz. A boye ya nuna hotunansa a grid na jami'ar Tehran . Domin fafutukarsa na fasaha, an kama shi yana da shekaru 22, an daure shi na tsawon shekaru uku, kuma an azabtar da shi tsawon watanni biyar.

Rayuwa da aiki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarar 1979, ya bar gine-gine ya zama mai ɗaukar hoto. Ya ba da labarin juyin juya halin Iran [4] na kamfanin dillancin labarai na Sipa da mujallar Newsweek . Daga ƙarshe an tilasta masa yin gudun hijira a shekarar 1981 saboda hotunansa da aka buga a jaridun duniya . Sannan ya yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa birnin Paris na ƙasar Faransa. Kusan kusan shekaru arba'in, Reza ya rufe babban yanki na duniya don kafofin watsa labaru na duniya ( Time Magazine, Stern, Newsweek, El País, Paris Match da Geo ...), musamman ga National Geographic [5] Ayyukansa sun kai shi fiye da kasashe dari. Hotunan nasa shaida ne ga hargitsin Yaki, [6] barnar da ya yi da kuma rashin taimakon ’yan Adam da guguwar ta kama. Har ila yau, suna ba da labarin al'adu, al'adu, tarihi, da kuma, mafi mahimmanci, bege marar kuskure na Reza na duniya mafi kyau. Shekarar 1991 ita ce farkon dogon lokaci da haɗin gwiwa tare da mujallar National Geographic, wanda ya gudanar da batutuwa da yawa. Hotunan nasa sun kasance batun fafutuka 25 na mujallar. A shekara mai zuwa, Reza ya haɗu a cikin Paris, tare da matarsa Rachel Deghati, marubuci, ɗakin studio a kusa da hoton da kalmomi, Hukumar Gidan Hoto na Webistan. [7] Reza ya gamsu da sauri cewa akwai hanyoyi da yawa don ba da labari kamar yadda kafofin watsa labaru, wallafe-wallafen, shafukan yanar gizo, nune-nunen, shigarwa a cikin sararin jama'a, takardun shaida da ya yi shi ko a kan aikinsa, littattafai da tarurruka duk hanyoyin da za su dace da magana game da batun da yake shaida. Tun daga lokacin da aka kirkiro ta, hukumar ta ta taimaka wajen aiwatar da ayyukanta daban-daban.

A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, Hotunan Reza sun kasance a kan murfin Mujallar National Geographic, tare da ƙarin nunawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen duniya. Shi ne kuma marubucin litattafai goma sha bakwai, ciki har da War + Peace, na farko a cikin jerin jerin masu suna Masters of Photography by National Geographic, kuma mafi kwanan nan, Sindhbad, daidaitawar Reza na tafiye-tafiye bakwai na wannan hali mai ban mamaki daga tatsuniya, Dubu da Ɗaya. Alkawarin Yaro [8] shine labarin ganowa, wanda mutane uku suka ruwaito, game da alkawarin da Reza ya yi wa dansa, Delazad [9]

National Geographic

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya yi aiki a duniya don Mujallar National Geographic . National Geographic Television ta samar da fina-finai da yawa game da ayyukan Reza, musamman Frontline Diaries, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy a shekarar 2002. A cikin shekarar 2003, Reza ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Ƙirƙiri don mafi kyawun gani da gani na National Geographic, Inside Mecca. [2] [10] A matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Tafiya na Musamman, National Geographic ya fitar da wani shirin gaskiya [11] yana kallon aikin Reza a matsayin ɗan jarida mai ɗaukar hoto, tare da fasali na musamman waɗanda ke nuna babban aikin jin kai.

Sa kai da malami

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun a shekarar 1983 Reza ya kasance mai aikin sa kai mai himma don horarwa a cikin harshen hoton, na yawan jama'a daga al'ummomin da ke fama da rikice-rikice don taimaka musu su yi ƙoƙarin samun ingantacciyar duniya. A cikin shekerar 1990, ya katse aikinsa a matsayin ɗan jarida mai ɗaukar hoto kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Afghanistan [12] na tsawon watanni tara a cikin shirin sake ginawa da taimakon jama'a a lardunan Arewacin ƙasar. Ya ɗauki kyamarorinsa don fara aiki da Mujallar National Geographic amma ya bi ayyukan da aka yi da son rai. A shekarar 1996 a kasar Ruwanda, ya yi aiki tare da UNICEF da ICRC domin ci gaba da aikin gano hotuna da wadannan kungiyoyi biyu suka fara ba da damar iyaye su gano 'ya'yansu da suka rasa yayin gudun hijira daga Rwanda zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira . Daga Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, an lika hotunan yara 12,000 a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira. A cikin shekarar 1998, Reza ya shiga cikin ginin makaranta don yara 'yan gudun hijira a Baku, Azerbaijan . A cikin shekarar 1991, Reza ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Afganistan, yana taimakawa wajen rarraba abinci ga al'ummar yankunan da yaki ya daidaita na kasar. A cikin 2001, ya kafa Aina (Persian for The Mirror), sabuwar ƙungiyar ba da riba ta duniya wacce ta buɗe cibiyar farko a Kabul, Afghanistan - sadaukar da kai don ilmantarwa da ƙarfafa sadaukarwa don ilmantarwa da ƙarfafa mata da yara na Afghanistan ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai. Ta hanyar ba da damammaki na ilimi a fagen sadarwa da multimedia. Aina ta yi niyyar baiwa Afganistan dabarun gina kasa mai dogaro da kai, dimokuradiyya, da hadin kai. Domin aikinsa a kan irin waɗannan dalilai na jin kai da kuma saboda aikinsa tare da Aina a Afghanistan, National Geographic ya ba shi lakabi na National Geographic Fellow [13] a cikin 2006. A cikin 2009, bayan horar da 'yan Afganistan 1,000, gami da 2012 Pulitzer Prize Prize Massoud Hossaini [14] ƙungiyar ta zama cikakkiyar 'yanci kuma Afghanistan ta jagoranci.[ana buƙatar hujja][ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Reza ya ci gaba da gudanar da taron karawa juna sani ga matasa a fadin duniya (yankin Italiya da Faransa, sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Kurdistan Iraqi, favelas a Buenos Aires, cibiyar samari da suka yi gudun hijira a Bamako da sauransu). Ta hanyar kafa kungiyar da ba ta riba ba Reza Visual Academy, [15] [16] wanda ke neman samar da matasa tsakanin 11 da 20 shekaru a cikin harshen hoton ta hanyar kayan aikin hoto. Wadanda abin ya shafa, sun zama shaidu na gani kuma, saboda haka 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin makomarsu. Cibiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da jami'o'i sun amince da aikinsa na jin kai da aikin jarida, ciki har da Jami'ar George Washington, Jami'ar Stanford, Jami'ar Beijing, da Sorbonne a Paris.

Yana ciyar da yawancin lokacinsa a matsayin malami, mai ba da horo, da farfesa mai ziyara, yana ba da gabatarwa da gudanar da bita kan al'amuran duniya. Cibiyoyin kasa da kasa da jami'o'i sun amince da aikinsa na jin kai da aikin jarida, ciki har da Jami'ar George Washington, Jami'ar Stanford, Jami'ar Beijing da Sorbonne a Paris. Ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan shirye-shirye don gidan yanar gizon daukar hoto na Faransa 24h.com . Hotunan Reza an baje ko'ina a duniya. War+Peace (2009), nuni da ke nuna darajar shekaru talatin na abubuwan ban sha'awa na aikin jarida na Reza, an gudanar da shi a Caen Memorial (Peace Museum) a Normandy, Faransa. Duniya ɗaya, kabila ɗaya (2006), ita ce nunin waje na farko na Gidan Tarihi na National Geographic a Washington DC, da nunin tarihi na Reza a Paris, [17] ya jawo baƙi miliyan.

nune-nunen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Reza Deghati in Strasburg exhibition (2022)
Reza Deghati a Strasburg nuni (2022)

Hotunan Reza [18] an nuna su a manyan biranen duniya. Daga kayan aiki masu mahimmanci a cikin sararin samaniya zuwa mafi girman nunin nunin gida, Reza yana ƙoƙari ya sa daukar hoto ya isa ga kowa. A cikin shekarar 1998, ya sanya, a karon farko a sararin samaniya, a Carrousel du Louvre, nunin Mémoires d'exil. Wannan yana farawa dogon jerin abubuwan shigarwa na asali a wajen gidajen tarihi, yana ba kowa damar saduwa da fasahar gani da bayanai. Don haka, don buga waɗannan kawai, Destins Croisés, a kan grids na Jardin du Luxembourg [19] a cikin Paris a cikin 2003, Duniya ɗaya, Kabila ɗaya, nunin farko na National Geographic Museum a Washington DC a cikin shekarar 2006, War + Peace, wanda aka fallasa a cikin shekarar 2009 a Caen Memorial a Normandy na Garouse da kuma a kan 2011 na banki. [20] Akwai kusan nune-nunen hotuna na 450 a Faransa da kasashen waje, ciki har da manyan kayan aiki a kan Corniche a Doha (Qatar), [21] a cikin manyan biranen Corsica, a Kew Gardens a London, a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York, Majalisar a Brussels, da UNESCO, gidan kayan gargajiya na Petit Palais da bankunan Seine a Paris. A cikin shekarar 2013, Reza ya tsara, farkon 370-mita giant bangon bango tare da bankunan Seine da ke fuskantar Musée d'Orsay, [22] sadaukar da Ma'aikatan Coffee [23] [24] a duniya. A cikin 2015, ya sake maimaita wannan babban shigarwa mai suna Dream of Humanity. Ya gabatar da aikinsa na daukar hoto a kan 'yan gudun hijira a duniya da kuma hotunan da matasa 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya suka dauka a wani sansanin a Kurdistan na Iraqi waɗanda suka bi tun ƙarshen 2013 horar da ɗaukar hoto na ƙungiyar ta Reza Workshops. A cikin shekarar 2018, ya baje kolin aikin sa fuska da fuska a kasar Sin.

  • Ƙaddamar Ƙaddamarwa (2003) a cikin Paris a kan shinge na Jardin du Luxembourg . [25]
  • Duniya ɗaya, Ƙabilu ɗaya (2006) nunin hoto a gidan tarihi na National Geographic a Washington, DC [25]
  • HOPE (2012) nunin hoto a filin shakatawa na Sheraton akan Corniche a Doha . [26]
  • Mafarkin ɗan adam (2015) tare da bankunan Seine a Paris daura da gidan kayan tarihi na Orsay (hotunan Reza a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, hotunan 'yan gudun hijirar da mai daukar hoto Ali Bin Thalith ya ɗauka da kuma hotunan da yaran 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya da ke zaune a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Kawergosk a Iraki). [27]

Labarai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Paix en Galilée, Les Editions de Minuit, 1983
  • Bayan Ko, Jaca Book, 1986
  • Paris-Pekin-Paris, Ɗabi'u d'Art Phoebus, 1987
  • Race Race A Duniya, Imax, 1992
  • Kurdes. Les rera brulés , Benteli, 1993
  • Massoud, des Russes aux talibans, 20 ans de résistance afghane, n°1, 2001
  • La Faransa. Midi-Pyrénées et Languedoc Rousillon , National Geographic Society, 2001
  • Eternités Afghanes, Editions du Chêne et Unesco, 2002
  • Tare da Jacques Giès, Laure Feugère da André Coutin, Le pinceau de Bouddha, La Martinière, 2002
    • Fentin Buda na Xinjiang, Ian West ya fassara, Gidan Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, 2002
  • Plus loin sur la Terre, Hors Collection, 2002
  • Destins Croisés – Carnets d'un mai daukar hoto, Hors Collection, 2003
  • Insouciances, Castor & Pollux, 2004
  • Sur la Route de la Soie, Hoëbeke, 2007
  • Yakin Reza + Aminci, Mahimmin Bayani, 2008
  • Reporters Sans Frontières - hotuna 100 pour la liberté de la presse, RSF, 2008
  • Vers l'Orient, Sindbad da Reza, Glénat, 2009
  • Chemins Parallèles, Hoëbeke, 2009
  • Sindbad ta Reza, Glénat, 2009
  • derrière l'Objectif, Hoëbeke, 2010
  • Les âmes tawaye (Ruwan Tawaye), Littattafan Demokraɗiyya, 2010
  • L'Envol, La Conférence des Oiseaux (Soaring : Taron Tsuntsaye), Littattafan Dimokuradiyya, 2010
  • Aljeriya, Michel Lafon, 2012
  • Koyon Rayuwa, Buga Gidauniyar Bloomsbury Qata, 2012
  • Chants de Café, [28] Bugawan Michel Lafon, Neuilly-sur-Seine, 2013.
  • L'élégance du feu, [29] Paris, Webistan Paris, 2014
  • Le Massacre des Innocents, [30] Webistan, Paris, 2014
  • Kurdistan Renaissance, [31] Webistan, Paris, 2017
  • "Iran, Rêves et Dérives" Hoebeke/Mawallafin Galimard, Paris, 2019; [32]

Kyaututtuka ma bambanta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1996, Reza ya lashe lambar yabo ta Hope don ba da gudummawa ga aikin haɗin gwiwa tare da UNICEF a Ruwanda mai taken Hotunan Yara da suka ɓace. A cikin 2005, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Chevalier de l' Ordre National du Mérite, mafi girman karramawar farar hula na Faransa, saboda aikin taimakonsa a cikin ilimin yara da ƙarfafa mata a cikin ƙarfafa mata a kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2006, Yarima Felipe na Spain ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Yariman Asturias a madadin National Geographic . A wannan shekarar, Reza ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa [33] daga Jami'ar Missouri - Columbia School of Journalism "don sanin gudunmawar da ya bayar na tsawon rayuwarsa, ta hanyar daukar hoto, ga adalci da mutunci ga 'yan ƙasa na duniya." Ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta karrama ayyukan jin kai daga Jami'ar Chicago . A cikin 2008, Reza ya zama babban jami'in Gidauniyar Ashoka, kuma a cikin Mayu 2009, ya sami digiri na girmamawa na Doctor Honoris Causa [34] daga Jami'ar Amurka ta Paris (AUP) don nasarorin da ya samu a aikin jarida da ayyukan jin kai. A cikin Oktoba 2009, ya karbi lambar yabo ta Lucie [35] don Nasara a cikin Documentary daga Cibiyar Lucie Foundation ta New York da kuma a watan Mayu 2010, a New York, lambar yabo ta Infinity na ICP ( Cibiyar Hotuna ta Duniya ) ta girmama Reza don sabon rahotonsa game da Afghanistan ; "Da zarar kan lokaci, daular Rasha", a cikin nau'in aikin jarida.

  • Kyautar Hoto ta Biyu ta 1983 [36]
  • Kyautar bege na UNICEF [37] na 1996 don aikinsa kan Sansanonin 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Ruwanda
  • 2005 Chevalier de l'ordre National du Mérite [38]
  • 2006 Prince of Asturias Prize [39] a matsayin wakilin National Geographic Society
  • 2006 Missouri Honor Medal [40] na mafi kyawun ɗan jarida
  • 2008 Babban Abokin Gidauniyar Ashoka [41]
  • 2009 "Doctor Honoris Causa" daga Jami'ar Amurka ta Paris (AUP) don nasarorin da ya samu a aikin jarida da aikin jin kai [42]
  • Kyautar Lucie na 2009 don Nasara a cikin Takardu [43] daga Gidauniyar Lucie na tushen New York
  • Kyautar Infinity Cibiyar Hoto ta Duniya ta 2010 [44]
  • Kyautar Kyautar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta 2010 Na Musamman "Tashi daga gida"
  • Kyautar Yabon Hoto na 2013, Dubai
  • 2013 National Geographic Society Explorer [45]
  • 2022 Dostlug Order, Azerbaijan

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "National Geographic biography". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "National Geographic biography". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2018-06-26. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "National Geographic" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ "Реза Дегати: "Считаю своим долгом показать миру Азербайджан" - ИНТЕРВЬЮ". Day.Az (in Rashanci). 2014-11-28. - Дело в том, что я сам родился в Тебризе, знаю язык, я сам азербайджанец. Несмотря на то, что я гражданин Франции, проживаю в Париже, у меня азербайджанское происхождение.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Witness of the Iranian Revolution". 15 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-26. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Witness of the Iranian Revolution" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ "Reza at National Geographic". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  6. ↑ "Reza on Saatchi art Platform". Archived from the original on 2016-07-23. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  7. ↑ "Webistan Photo Agency". Archived from the original on 2008-09-04. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
  8. ↑ "A Childhood Promise on National Geographic Channel". Archived from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  9. ↑ "A Childhood Promise on National Geographic Channel". Archived from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  10. ↑ "Inside Mecca on The Internet Movie Database". IMDb. Archived from the original on 2017-02-17. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
  11. ↑ "Shooting Back". YouTube. 31 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  12. ↑ "Reza a UN contributor in Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  13. ↑ "Reza a National Geographic Fellow". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  14. ↑ "Massoud Hossaini 2012 Pulitzer Prize Winner". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  15. ↑ "Reza Visual Academy". Archived from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  16. ↑ "Reza Visual Academy". Images & Voices of Hope. 21 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  17. ↑ "Reza Exhibition at the French Senate". Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  18. ↑ "Reza on Social Documentary Network". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  19. ↑ "Reza at the Jardins du Luxembourg". Archived from the original on 2017-10-27. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  20. ↑ "Reza in Toulouse". Archived from the original on 2017-07-25. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  21. ↑ "Reza in Doha". 10 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  22. ↑ "Soul of Coffee". YouTube. 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-03-30. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  23. ↑ "Soul of Coffee on the Telegraph". 11 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2018-06-16. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  24. ↑ "Soul of Coffee Exhibition". Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Dirck Halstead (January 2007). "Reza's One World, One Tribe". THE DIGITAL JOURNALIST. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  26. ↑ "WISE Presents HOPE: A Retrospective by Reza". Qatar Foundation, the World Innovation Summit for Education (WISE). 8 November 2012. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  27. ↑ Celine Schmitt, Zeinab Abouquir and Fadma Moumtaz (5 August 2015). "Reza's "A Dream of humanity" opens on the banks of the Seine in Paris" (in English). UNHCR. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  28. ↑ "Chants de café". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  29. ↑ "L'élégance du feu". Archived from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  30. ↑ "Le Massacre des Innocents". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  31. ↑ "Kurdistan, Renaissance". Archived from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  32. ↑ "Hoëbeke/Gallimard Editions". Archived from the original on 2019-11-06. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  33. ↑ "Reza receiving the Missouri Honor Medal". 27 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  34. ↑ Reza receiving Doctor Honoris Causa by the American University of Paris on YouTube
  35. ↑ "Lucie Award". Archived from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  36. ↑ "Reza World Press Photo Second Prize". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  37. ↑ "Reza UNICEF Hope Prize Winner". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-08.
  38. ↑ "Reza receiving the National Order of merit in France". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  39. ↑ "Reza receiving the Prince of Asturias Price". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  40. ↑ "Reza Missouri Honor Medal of best journalist". 27 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  41. ↑ "Reza Senior fellow of the Ashoka Foundation". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  42. ↑ "Doctor Honoris Causa from the American University of Paris". YouTube. 3 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  43. ↑ "Lucie Award for Achievement in Documentary". Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  44. ↑ "ICP Infinity Award". 23 February 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
  45. ↑ "2013 National Geographic Society Explorer". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-26.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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