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Rigakafin aikata laifuka na al'umma

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Rigakafin aikata laifuka na al'umma

Rubutu mai gwaɓi'Rigakafin aikata laifuka na al'umma' yana da alaƙa da tsoma baki akan tsara abubuwa don kawo gyare-gyare ga yanayin zamantakewa wanda ke tasiri, da ƙarfafawa, laifi a cikin al'ummomin zama. Rigakafin aikata laifuka na al'umma yana mai da hankali kan cibiyoyin zamantakewa da na gida da aka samu a cikin al'ummomi wanda zai iya rinjayar yawan aikata laifukan, musamman laifukan yara.[1]

Rigakafin aikata laifuka na al'umma yana mai da hankali sosai kan muhimmancin Tasirin tsara da Jagora wajen hana aikata laifukan. Kafa Dokar Laifin Tarayya a cikin 1994 ya haifar da amfani da rigakafin aikata laifuka na al'umma. Shirye-shiryen al'umma kamar Al'ummomin da ke kula (CTC), Pulling America's Communities Together (PACT), da Operation Weed and Seed duk misalai ne na ingantaccen shirye-shiryen jama'a waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da tasiri sosai wajen rage aikata laifuka a cikin al'ummomin zama.

Shirye-shiryen bayan makaranta (ASPs) an haɗa su da rage yawan laifuka yadda ya kamata. Sha'awar yin amfani da ASPs don rigakafin aikata laifuka ya karu sosai bayan rahotanni na bincike sun gano cewa yawan kama yara ya kai tsakanin 3:00 da 6:00 na yamma, lokacin da matasa ke iya kasancewa ba tare da kulawa ba. Akwai dalilai guda biyu da ya sa shirye-shiryen bayan makaranta su ne saitunan da za a tallafa wa ci gaban yara.[2] Na farko, inganta kiwon lafiya ya riga ya zama babban burin shirye-shiryen bayan makaranta, waɗanda ayyukansu ke inganta haɓaka ƙwarewar zamantakewa.[3] Abu na biyu, an tabbatar da shirye-shiryen bayan makaranta don inganta tasirin yara da ilimi, musamman yara masu karamin karfi.[4]

Dokar Laifin Tarayya ta 1994

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Dokar Laifukan Tarayya ta 1994, sau da yawa ana kiranta da Dokar Kula da Laifukan Ta'addanci da Doka ta 1994, Shugaba Clinton ta sanya hannu a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1994, a matsayin hanyar canzawa zuwa daidaita manufofin "tsauri kan aikata laifuka" yayin da ake fadada kasancewar 'yan sanda a cikin al'ummomin mazauna ta hanyar shiga tsakani na 'yan sanda da yawa..[5]

Kudin ya haifar da sauye-sauye masu zuwa: [5]

  • Ya kara amfani da hukuncin tarayya don wasu laifuka, yayin da yake nuna sabbin laifuka da za a hukunta ta hanyar mutuwa.
  • An sake rarraba laifuka da yawa a matsayin laifukan tarayya, gami da amma ba a iyakance su ga harbe-harbe da satar mota ba.
  • Samar da kudade na tarayya don tilasta bin doka (jiha da tarayya), rigakafin aikata laifuka, da kuma kafa sabbin gidajen kurkuku na jihohi.
  • Ƙara kudade na gaba ɗaya don tilasta bin doka ta tarayya, tare da ingantaccen mayar da hankali ga tsaron sintiri na kan iyaka da Shige da Fice da Naturalization Service (INS).

Shirye-shiryen al'umma

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Al'ummomin da ke kula da su

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Al'ummomin da ke kula da su (CTC) tsarin rigakafin aikata laifuka ne wanda aka yi niyyar karkatar da matasa daga halayyar aikata laifukan ta hanyar inganta mayar da hankali da kimantawa game da haɗari da abubuwan kariya.[6] Dokta J. David Hawkins da Dokta Richard F. Catalano ne suka kirkiro tsarin.[7] Manufar ita ce ta tabbatar da dangantaka mai karfi ta zamantakewa tare da iyali, makaranta da al'umma ta hanyar samar da matasa da dama, ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci da kuma sanarwa mai ma'ana. Ƙaddamar da haɗin kai yana motsa matasa su karɓi ƙa'idodin lafiya don halayyar.[8] Babban CTC shine dabarun ci gaban zamantakewa wanda ke ganowa da ƙarfafa mahimman abubuwan kariya waɗanda ke jagorantar matasa daga aikata laifuka kuma a ƙarshe suna inganta ingantaccen ci gaban matasa.[9] Ta hanyar tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a, CTC tana taimaka wa al'ummomi gano abubuwan haɗari da albarkatun da ake buƙata don samun nasarar magance matsalolin da matasa ke fuskanta a duk faɗin al'umma. CTC ta kasance mai tasiri wajen samar da raguwa mai kyau a cikin laifukan matasa- musamman amfani da barasa da taba da kuma aikata laifuka da tashin hankali gaba ɗaya.[8]

Tsarin CTC na matakai biyar yana amfani da farkon shiga tsakani da tsarin rigakafi don jagorantar al'ummomi don ganowa da fahimtar bukatun su na gida, saita fifiko, da aiwatar da dabarun da aka gwada don magance waɗannan bukatun.[10]

  1. Farawa - Ganowa da kuma daukar masu ruwa da tsaki na al'umma da masu yanke shawara masu mahimmanci don bin tsarin CTC.
  2. Shirya - Shirye-shiryen da yanke shawara don kokarin CTC a cikin al'ummomi ana gina su ne ta hanyar kwamitin al'umma da sauran mahimman tsarin mulki
  3. Ci gaba da bayanin martaba - An haɓaka bayanin martaba na al'umma. Ta hanyar tattara bayanai daga Binciken Matasa na CTC, bayanan jama'a, da kimantawa na albarkatun al'umma da ƙarfin da ke akwai, an gano mayar da hankali ga shiga tsakani na al'umma.
  4. Samar da shirin - Kwamitin al'umma yana gina Shirin aikin al'umma wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tsarawa da aiwatar da aikin rigakafi a cikin al'umma.
  5. Aiwatarwa da kimantawa - Ana fara aiwatar da Shirin aikin al'umma daidai

Dabarun hulɗa [8]

  • Hanyoyi: Bayar da matasa dama daban-daban na ci gaba, wanda ke ƙarfafa shiga da kuma motsa kyakkyawar hulɗa tare da waɗanda ke ƙarfafa halayyar al'ada
  • Kwarewa: Taimaka wa matasa su sami ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don samun nasara
  • Godiya: Bayar da matasa tare da karbuwa ta yau da kullun da kuma godiya ga kokarin su, nasarorin da suka samu, da kuma ingantawa gaba ɗaya
  • Haɗin kai: Haɗa ƙoƙarin saurayi kuma inganta kyakkyawar haɗin kai - jin daɗin haɗi da sadaukarwa ga waɗanda ke ba da sanarwa mai ma'ana. Haɗin kai na iya faruwa tare da ma'aikata, malamai, masu horar da su, dangi, da sauransu.
  • Ka'idoji masu kyau don halayyar: Ta hanyar haɗin kai tare da wasu masu fa'ida, matasa suna motsawa su karɓi halayen lafiya na waɗanda suka kafa kyakkyawar dangantaka da

Cire Al'ummomin Amurka Tare

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Jawo Al'ummomin Amurka Tare (PACT) wani tsari ne na tarayya da aka kafa a cikin 1993 don tsawaita tasirin fa'ida da haɗin kai, ƙirar gida da aiwatar da dabarun yaƙi da tashin hankali. Manufar PACT ita ce tabbatar da shigar da hukumomin tarayya da kuma tasiri wajen samar da dabarun rage laifuka ta hanyar kawar da shingayen gwamnati da karfafa hadin gwiwa tare da birane, kananan hukumomi da jihohi. Wakilan hukumomin tarayya na PACT sun haɗa da: Sashen Ilimi, Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama'a, Gidaje da Ci gaban Birane, Shari'a, Ma'aikata, da Ofishin National Drug Control Policy.[11]

Ta hanyar PACT, gwamnatin tarayya tana inganta ci gaban manyan shirye-shirye na gida da na jihar don tabbatar da lafiyar al'umma da kuma rage aikata laifuka yadda ya kamata. Al'ummomi suna ɗaukar alhakin samar da mafita masu dacewa da inganci don magance aikata laifuka da sauran batutuwan cikin gida.[12] Gwamnatin tarayya tana taimaka wa al'ummomi wajen gina haɗin gwiwa kuma tana ba da albarkatu da ilimi game da dabarun yaki da tashin hankali.[12] Wannan aikin ya haifar da ci gaban hadin gwiwa kan cibiyar cin zarafin (PAVNET). PAVNET tsarin kwamfuta ne wanda ke ba da mahimman bayanai game da taimakon fasaha, da kuma shirye-shiryen samfurin da suka shafi aikata laifuka da rage tashin hankali.[12] PAVNET tana tattara bayanai daga cibiyoyin samar da albarkatun tarayya sama da 30 ciki har da bayanai game da kudade, taimakon fasaha, da ƙarin bayani. PAVNET ya ƙunshi bayanai game da tashin hankali na al'umma, tashin hankali na matasa, tashin hankali a cikin iyali, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, da wadanda abin ya shafa.[11]

Ana iya samun shafukan PACT a Atlanta, Denver, Nebraska da Washington DC. Yawancin ayyukan da ke cikin shafukan PACT sun haɗa da: kimanta haɗarin yara, Haɗin bayanai, tattarawa da bincike, gano al'ummomin da ke da haɗari, bin diddigin masu laifi, raba bayanai, da kimanta haɗari da buƙatu.[11]

An san PACT don nasarori masu yawa, gami da:

  • Karfafa hadin kai tsakanin hukumomi da yawa a duk duniya
  • Bayar da tsari don tsara hanyoyin magance laifuka da tashin hankali
  • Haɗakar da hukumomi daban-daban da kungiyoyin al'umma don haɗin gwiwa don sake fasalin
  • Samar da kokarin hadin gwiwa a duniya don ragewa da hana aikata laifuka a cikin hukumomin cikin gida

Aikin Ciyawa da Iri

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Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta samar da Operation Weed and Seed a cikin 1991. Operation Weed and Seed wata hanya ce mai ra'ayin al'umma da yawa don aiwatar da doka, rigakafin laifuka, da maido da unguwanni.[1] An gina wannan dabarar a matsayin wata hanya ta rage laifuka da sauran laifukan da suka shafi muggan ƙwayoyi a zaɓaɓɓun unguwannin da ke da manyan laifuffuka tare da samar da yanayi mai aminci ga jama'a. Dabarun ciyawa da iri sun haɗu da tarayya, jihohi, hukumomin yaƙi da laifuka na gida, da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci tare da manufar gamayya na "kashe" laifukan tashin hankali da ayyukan ƙungiyoyi yayin da ake shukawa a lokaci guda cikin mahimman ayyukan zamantakewa da farfado da tattalin arziki..[13]

Shirin ciyawa da tsaba hanya ce ta bangarori biyu don kula da aikata laifuka da rigakafi: na farko, hukumomin tilasta bin doka da masu gabatar da kara suna ba da hadin kai wajen "kusa" masu laifi daga yankin da aka yi niyya, kuma, na biyu, "sanyawa" yana kawo rigakafi, shiga tsakani, magani, da ayyukan sake farfado da unguwa zuwa yankin.[13] Shirin Weed da Seed cikakkiyar amsa ce ga aikata laifuka da lalacewar unguwa, wanda ya ƙunshi ka'idoji huɗu masu mahimmanci: haɗin gwiwa, daidaitawa, shiga cikin al'umma, da kuma amfani da albarkatu.[13] Dabarun tsari ne na dabarun da ke kewaye da abubuwa huɗu na asali: tilasta bin doka, rigakafin 'yan sanda na al'umma, shiga tsakani da magani, da kuma maido da unguwa.

Abubuwa huɗu na Ciyawa da Tsiro: [14]

  • Cirewa
  • 'Yan sanda na al'umma
  • Rigakafi, shiga tsakani da magani
  • Maido da unguwa

Cirewa

  • Yana kawo rigakafi, shiga tsakani, magani, da sabis na farfado da unguwa ga yankin
  • 'Yan sanda na al'umma sun ƙunshi mahimman ra'ayoyi guda biyu: shiga cikin al'umma da warware matsalar. Ta hanyar wannan samfurin jami'an sun kafa dangantaka ta hadin gwiwa tare da mazaunan al'umma suna ba al'umma jin alhakin warware matsalolin aikata laifuka
  • Yana mai da hankali kan kokarin makwabta don tilasta abubuwan kariya yayin da yake rage duk wani haɗari mai yuwuwa don haka inganta halayyar al'ada wanda zai iya haifar da ci gaba mai kyau

Abubuwan haɗari: Rashin tattalin arziki, matsalolin gudanar da iyali, gazawar ilimi na farko

  • Yana mai da hankali kan inganta yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'ummomi tare da taimako daga tarayya, jiha, gida, kabilanci, da sauran albarkatun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu

Tasirin ASPs akan aikata laifuka

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LA's Best ya yi tasiri mai kyau a kan rage yawan laifukan yara. Wani binciken da aka gudanar a kan LA's Best a cikin 2008 ya nuna cewa ɗaliban da suka shiga cikin LA's Mafi Kyawu fiye da sauran ɗalibai sun aikata ƙananan laifuka.[15] Wani muhimmin abu da ya shafi tasirin LA's BEST a kan laifukan matasa shine aikin matasa: yawan shekarun da dalibi ya halarta da kuma yadda dalibi ya shiga cikin shirin a kan ci gaba. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa daliban da suka shiga cikin LA's Best sun fi amfana kuma suna iya guje wa aikata laifi. A shekara ta 2005, kusan kashi 87.5% na membobin ƙungiyar sarrafawa da ƙananan mahalarta LA mafi kyau sun guje wa bayanan aikata laifuka na yara.[15] Sabanin haka, kusan kashi 91.4% na matsakaiciyar shiga da kashi 93.1% na manyan ɗaliban LA mafi kyau sun guje wa rikodin laifukan yara.[15]

Big Brothers Big Sisters of America

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Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1998 ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 45 cikin 100 na matasa an nuna cewa ba sa iya fara amfani da muggan kwayoyi ko barasa, idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu. Bugu da kari, ana ganin su ba za su iya shiga fada ko rikici ba (32% kasa da na matasa masu kula da su), ko kuma tsallake makaranta (kadan 52% sai takwarorinsu, kashi 30 cikin 100 ba za su iya tsallake ranar makaranta kwata-kwata ba). Ana kuma ganin su sun fi ƙarfin gwiwa game da aikin makarantar su (ƙaramar GPA) da kuma hulɗar mafi kyau da inganta dangantaka da danginsu da kuma cikin gida (ƙarya ga iyayensu 37% ƙasa da yadda matasa masu kula da su). Bugu da ƙari, an sami wasu tasirin gaske ta launin fata da jinsi.[16]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Farrington, David P.; Welsh, Brandon C., eds. (2012-03-12). "The Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention". doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398823.001.0001. ISBN 9780195398823. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ↑ Frazier, Stacy L.; Cappella, Elise; Atkins, Marc S. (2007-03-06). "Linking Mental Health and After School Systems for Children in Urban Poverty: Preventing Problems, Promoting Possibilities". Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. 34 (4): 389–399. doi:10.1007/s10488-007-0118-y. ISSN 0894-587X. PMID 17340183. S2CID 7715474.
  3. ↑ Gottfredson, Denise C.; Gerstenblith, Stephanie A.; Soulé, David A.; Womer, Shannon C.; Lu, Shaoli (December 2004). "Do After School Programs Reduce Delinquency?". Prevention Science. 5 (4): 253–266. doi:10.1023/b:prev.0000045359.41696.02. ISSN 1389-4986. PMID 15566051. S2CID 15607844.
  4. ↑ "Secrets of Successful Afterschool Programs". Harvard Graduate School of Education (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "The Federal Crime Bill". lao.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  6. ↑ "Communities That Care (CTC) – Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development" (in Turanci). 26 June 2019. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  7. ↑ Huerter, Regina; Protection, Exec Director Crime; Denver, Control Commission; Co. (17 June 2020). "About |" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Social Development Strategy |" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-08.[permanent dead link]
  9. ↑ webadmin (2015-05-01). "Social Development Strategy". www.communitiesthatcare.org.au (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-08.[permanent dead link]
  10. ↑ webadmin (2015-05-01). "5 Phases of CTC". www.communitiesthatcare.org.au (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-11-14. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "NCJRS Abstract - National Criminal Justice Reference Service". www.ncjrs.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (May 1995). "Matrix of Community-Based Initiatives" (PDF). Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "The Weed and Seed Strategy". U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Weed and Seed Implementation Manual" (PDF). Community Capacity Development Office. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Goldschmidt, Pete; Huang, Denise; Chinen, Marjorie. "The Long-Term Effects of After-School Programming on Educational Adjustment and Juvenile Crime: A Study of the LA's BEST After-School Program". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.456.1962. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Grossman, Jean Baldwin; Tierney, Joseph P. (1998-06-01). "Does Mentoring Work?: An Impact Study of the Big Brothers Big Sisters Program". Evaluation Review (in Turanci). 22 (3): 403–426. doi:10.1177/0193841X9802200304. ISSN 0193-841X. S2CID 145589807.
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