Ƴancin Samun Damar Shiga Internet

Ƴancin Samun Damar Shiga Internet

Iri	Haƙƙoƙi
Bangare na	Yancin samun intanet da hakkoki na dijital
Muhimmin darasi	Yancin samun intanet, Hakki na asali, Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki, freedom of opinion (en) da Haƙƙin Ci Gaba
Ƙasa	Costa Rica, Istoniya, Finland, Faransa, Greek, Indiya da Ispaniya
Applies to jurisdiction (en)	worldwide (en)

Hakkin samun damar Intanet, wanda aka fi sani da haƙƙin broadband ko 'yancin haɗi, shine ra'ayin cewa duk mutane dole ne su sami damar yin amfani da Intanet don yin amfani da kuma jin daɗin haƙƙoƙin su ga' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da sauran' yancin ɗan adam na asali, cewa jihohi suna da alhakin tabbatar da cewa Samun damar Intanet yana da yawa, kuma jihohi ba za su iya ƙuntata damar mutum zuwa Intanet ba.

Tarihi

Taswirar Intanet 1024 - bayyane, juyawa

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, an shirya taron koli na duniya kan kungiyar bayanai (WSIS) a karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayan doguwar tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatoci, kamfanoni, da wakilan jama'a, an karɓi Sanarwar Ka'idojin WSIS, ta sake tabbatar da muhimmancin Kungiyar Bayanai wajen kiyayewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam: Sanarwar ka'idojin WSIS ta yi takamaiman nuni game da muhimmancin haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin "Information Society" ta hanyar bayyanawa:

2009-2010: Zaben BBC World Service

Wani bincike na manya 27,973 a kasashe 26, ciki har da masu amfani da Intanet 14,306, wanda aka gudanar don BBC World Service tsakanin 30 ga Nuwamba 2009 da 7 ga Fabrairu 2010 ya gano cewa kusan hudu cikin biyar masu amfani da intanet da wadanda ba masu amfani da su ba a duniya sun ji cewa samun damar Intanet muhimmiyar dama ce. 50% sun yarda da karfi, 29% sun yarda da juna, 9% sun yarda da su, 6% sun yarda da kansu, kuma 6% ba su ba da ra'ayi ba.

2011: Rahoton Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ingantawa da kare haƙƙin 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki, Frank La Rue, ya gabatar da rahoto ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkinobho "bincike mahimman abubuwan da kalubalen haƙƙin duk mutane don neman, karɓa da ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyin kowane irin kafofin watsa labarai". Rahoton ya ba da shawarwari 88 game da ingantawa da kare haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a kan layi, gami da da yawa don samun damar Intanet ga kowa. Sauran shawarwari suna kira ga jihohi da su mutunta rashin sani a kan layi, su karɓi dokokin sirri da kariya ta bayanai, da kuma kawar da cin zarafi. Shawarwarin La Rue ya bayyana cewa:

• 67. Ba kamar kowane matsakaici ba, Intanet yana bawa mutane damar neman, karɓa da rarraba bayanai da ra'ayoyi na kowane irin nan take kuma ba tare da tsada ba a fadin iyakokin ƙasa. Ta hanyar fadada ikon mutane don jin daɗin haƙƙinsu na 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki, wanda shine "mai ba da damar" wasu haƙƙin ɗan adam, Intanet yana haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da siyasa, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ɗan adam gaba ɗaya. A wannan bangaren, Mai ba da rahoto na musamman yana ƙarfafa wasu masu riƙe da umarni na musamman su shiga cikin batun Intanet game da takamaiman umarnin su.
• 78. Duk da yake toshewa da tacewa matakan hana masu amfani samun damar yin amfani da takamaiman abun ciki a Intanet, Jihohi sun kuma dauki matakai don yanke damar Intanet gaba ɗaya. Mai ba da rahoto na musamman ya yi la'akari da yanke masu amfani daga damar Intanet, ba tare da la'akari le tabbatar da cewa an bayar da ita ba, gami da keta dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta ilimi, don zama mara daidaituwa kuma ta haka ne keta Mataki na 19, sakin layi na 3, na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa.
• 79. Mai ba da rahoto na musamman ya yi kira ga dukkan jihohi da su tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye damar Intanet a kowane lokaci, gami da lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa.
• 85. Ganin cewa Intanet ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don fahimtar kewayon haƙƙin ɗan adam, yaki da rashin daidaito, da hanzarta ci gaba da ci gaban ɗan adam, tabbatar da samun damar duniya ga Intanet ya kamata ya zama fifiko ga dukkan Jihohi. Kowace Jiha ya kamata ta bunkasa manufofi masu inganci, tare da tuntuɓar mutane daga dukkan sassan al'umma, gami da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ma'aikatun gwamnati masu dacewa, don yin Intanet a ko'ina, mai sauƙin isa, da kuma araha ga dukkan sassan jama'a.

Rahoton kafofin watsa labarai game da rahoton ya nuna cewa La Rue ta ayyana damar Intanet kanta a matsayin Hakkin ɗan adam ta hanyar jaddada cewa "Intanet ya zama babbar hanyar da mutane za su iya amfani da haƙƙinsu na 'yanci da faɗar albarkacin baki". A cikin rahotonsa, La Rue ya jaddada cewa "Ya kamata a sami ƙuntatawa kaɗan kamar yadda zai yiwu ga kwararar bayanai ta hanyar Intanet, sai dai a cikin 'yan kaɗan, na musamman, da kuma iyakantaccen yanayi da dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya ta tsara".La Rue ya kuma jaddada cewa "duk wani ƙuntatawa dole ne doka ta bayar kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ya zama dole kuma mafi ƙarancin hanyar da ake samu don kare haƙƙin wasu".

Binciken Mai Amfani da Intanet na Duniya

A watan Yulin da Agusta 2012 Ƙungiyar Intanet ta gudanar da tambayoyin kan layi na masu amfani da Intanet sama da 10,000 a kasashe 20. Dangane da sanarwa "Ya kamata a dauki Samun damar Intanet a matsayin hakki na ɗan adam":

• Kashi 83% sun amsa cewa sun yarda da juna ko kuma sun yarda da karfi
• 14% cewa sun ɗan yarda ko kuma ba su yarda da su ba
• 3% da ba su sani ba.

2016: Ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2016, Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar da wani kuduri wanda ba shi da iyaka wanda ya yi Allah wadai da rushewar da gwamnati ke yi na intanet. Kudin ya sake tabbatar da cewa "kayan da mutane ke da shi a kan layi dole ne a kare su a kan layi".

Tabbatar da cewa samun dama yana da yawa kuma hana ƙuntatawa mara ma'ana

Kasashe da yawa sun amince da dokoki da ke buƙatar jihar ta yi aiki don tabbatar da cewa samun damar Intanet yana da yawa, yana da iko ko hana jihar daga ƙuntata damar mutum ga bayanai da Intanet ba tare da dalili ba:

• Costa Rica: Kotun Koli ta Costa Rica ta yanke hukunci a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2010 ta ce: "Ba tare da tsoron rashin tabbas ba, ana iya cewa waɗannan fasahohin [fasahar bayanai da sadarwa] sun yi tasiri ga yadda mutane ke sadarwa, sauƙaƙa haɗin tsakanin mutane da cibiyoyi a duk duniya da kuma kawar da shingen sarari da lokaci. A wannan lokacin, samun damar waɗannan fasahohi na asali don sauƙaƙe aikin haƙƙin dimokuradiyya (e-dimokuradiyya) da ikon ɗan ƙasa, ilimi, 'yancin tunani da faɗar albarkacin baki, samun dama ga bayanai da sabis na jama'a kan layi, Gwamnati ta hanyar sadarwa ta yanar gizo ta yanar gizo.
• Estonia: A shekara ta 2000, majalisa ta kaddamar da babban shiri don fadada damar shiga cikin ƙauyuka. Intanet, gwamnati ta yi jayayya, tana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa a karni na 21.
• Finland: A cikin shekara ta 2010, Finland ita ce ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta ba 'yan ƙasa damar yin amfani da intanet a cikin doka. A watan Yulin 2010, kowane mutum a Finland zai sami damar yin amfani da haɗin megabit guda ɗaya a kowace hanya ta biyu, a cewar Ma'aikatar Sufuri da Sadarwa, kuma a shekarar 2015, samun damar yin amfani le 100 Mbit / s. 
• Faransa: A watan Yunin 2009, Majalisar Tsarin Mulki, babbar kotun Faransa, ta ayyana damar yin amfani da Intanet a matsayin hakki na ɗan adam na asali a cikin yanke shawara mai ƙarfi wanda ya rushe wasu sassa na Dokar HADOPI, dokar da za ta bi masu cin zarafi kuma ba tare da bita na shari'a ba ta atomatik ta yanke damar yin amfani ga waɗanda suka ci gaba da sauke kayan haramtacciya bayan gargadi biyu.
• Girka: Mataki na 5A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Girka ya bayyana cewa duk mutane suna da 'yancin shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Bayanai kuma dole ne jihar ta sauƙaƙa samarwa, musayar, watsawa, da kuma samun damar samun bayanai ta hanyar lantarki.
• Indiya: A watan Satumbar 2019, Babban Kotun Kerala ta yanke hukuncin cewa haƙƙin samun damar intanet wani bangare ne na haƙƙin ilimi da haƙƙin sirri a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki.
• Spain: Farawa a cikin 2011, Telefónica, tsohuwar mallakar jihar da ke riƙe da kwangilar "hidimar duniya" ta ƙasar, dole ne ta ba da tabbacin bayar da farashi mai yawa na akalla megabit ɗaya a kowane dakika a duk faɗin Spain.

Haɗin kai zuwa wasu haƙƙoƙi

Hakkin 'yancin magana

Hakkin samun damar Intanet yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin 'yancin magana wanda za'a iya gani ya ƙunshi' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Stephanie Borg Psaila ta nuna mahimman bangarori biyu na Intanet - abubuwan da ke cikin Intanet da kayan aikin Intanet. Abubuwan more rayuwa suna da mahimmanci don isar da sabis ga jama'a amma suna buƙatar aiki mai kyau. Abubuwan da aka ɗora a Intanet duk da haka ana ganin su a matsayin wani abu da ya kamata ya kasance ga kowa, tare da ƙuntatawa kaɗan ko babu; an kalli iyakokin abun ciki a matsayin babban keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, wato haƙƙin 'yancin magana.

An ce ikon Intanet yana cikin cire ikon gwamnati game da bayanai. A kan layi a Intanet, kowane mutum na iya buga komai, wanda ke bawa 'yan ƙasa damar kauce wa tushen bayanai na hukuma na gwamnati. Wannan ya yi barazanar gwamnatoci masu mulki kuma ya haifar da tantancewa da yawa ko yanke ayyukan Intanet a lokutan rikici.

Kasar Sin da Iran a halin yanzu sune manyan masu amfani da tantancewa a duniya. Kasashen biyu suna amfani da tsarin firewall mai yawa don toshe duk wani bayani daga Intanet wanda suke ganin yana da banƙyama ko barazana ga gwamnatocinsu. Idan aka kama ɗan ƙasa na waɗannan ƙasashe yana nuna rashin amincewa da ƙasar ta amfani da Intanet to suna iya fuskantar hukunci mai tsanani, har ma da cire 'yancin farar hula.

Sabanin wannan, tantancewa wanda Amurka ta fara yana mai da hankali kan kare dukiyar ilimi. Duk da yake an amince da haƙƙin ra'ayoyin mutum, akwai tsoro mai yawa cewa iko mai yawa da aka bayar a cikin dokokin adawa da satar teku zai haifar da cin zarafin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da tantancewa.

Cirewa ko tantance Intanet a bi da bi za a iya ganin shi a matsayin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yancin magana.

Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan abin da ya faru ya kasance a Misira, inda gwamnatin Hosni Mubarak ta rufe Intanet sau da yawa a lokacin Tashin hankali na 2011 a ƙoƙarin murkushe zanga-zangar, wanda ya faru a lokacin Arab Spring. Ko da yake an yanke sabis ne kawai na 'yan kwanaki, wannan ya hana ikon Masarawa na samun damar yin amfani da ayyuka na asali - kamar ambulances - wanda wasu suka zarge shi da kara yawan mutuwar masu zanga-zangar. A mayar da martani ga wannan, Google da Twitter sun haɓaka sabis na wasikar murya don Masarawa su bar saƙonni waɗanda aka sanya su a kan Twitter.

A cikin rahoton da ya yi wa OSCE kan damar Intanet a matsayin hakki na ɗan adam, Farfesa Yaman Akdenian ya bayyana cewa haƙƙin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki dole ne ya zama na duniya ciki har da fasahar da za ta ba da damar. Ƙuntatawa kan wannan haƙƙin da duk wani matsakaici da ake buƙata don cika shi ya kamata a ba da izini ne kawai idan sun bi ka'idojin duniya kuma sun daidaita kuma da sha'awar jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, marubucin ya lura cewa sabbin fasahohin da ke tasowa wajen taimakawa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki za su buƙaci sabbin hanyoyin. Don haka ba za a iya ɗaukar dokoki da ke kula da amfani da kafofin watsa labarai marasa dijital don amfani da kafofin yada labarai na dijital ba. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma lura a cikin takarda da aka gabatar wa OSCE cewa ya kamata a dauki ƙarin matakai don tabbatar da ƙungiyoyi masu rauni kamar yara suna da damar Intanet da shirye-shiryen karatu da rubutu.

Hakkin ci gaba

Hakkin ci gaba shine haƙƙin ƙarni na uku wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi. Matsayin Intanet na tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin ya lura da malaman haƙƙin ɗan adam da masu gwagwarmaya a hanyoyi da yawa. Ƙarin damar yin amfani da fasaha kamar wayoyin hannu ya riga ya tabbatar da samar da kasashe masu tasowa da ƙarin damar ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ƙara damar yin amfani da Intanet na iya, alal misali, inganta damar samun damar mutane masu karamin karfi ga ayyukan kuɗi kamar asusun ajiya da kuma ba da damar cinikin kan layi.

Mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ingantawa da kare haƙƙin 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki, Frank La Rue, a cikin rahotonsa na 2011 ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkinobho ya jaddada cewa "ba tare da samun damar Intanet ba, wanda ke sauƙaƙa ci gaban tattalin arziki da jin daɗin kewayon' yancin ɗan adam, ƙungiyoyi masu rarrabewa da kasashe masu tasowa sun kasance cikin halin da ke ciki, don haka suna ci gaba da rashin daidaito a ciki da tsakanin Jihohi". Rahoton La Rue ya haifar da muhawara cewa don tabbatar da damar Intanet a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma sauƙaƙe ci gaban tattalin arzikin kowace ƙasa, ya kamata gwamnatoci suyi aiki don tabbatar da samun damar duniya, kamar yadda gwamnatoci suka yi aiki don tabbatar wa damar yin amfani da kayan aiki kamar ruwa da wutar lantarki. Kungiyar bayar da shawarwari A Human Right ta kiyasta a shekarar 2012 cewa mutane biliyan 4.6 a duk duniya ba su da damar Intanet kuma karuwar damar Intanet da kashi 10% kawai na iya ƙara 1.28-2.5% ga GDP na kasashe masu tasowa.

Hakkin 'yancin taro

A al'ada, 'yancin tarurruka sun rufe tarurruka na zaman lafiya kamar zanga-zangar a wuraren jama'a na zahiri kamar wuraren gari amma yayin da fasaha ke ci gaba muna ganin juyin juya hali a hanyar da mutane ke haduwa da hulɗa. Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Rodham Clinton ya bayyana cewa, "sararin yanar gizo, bayan duk, shine filin jama'a na karni na 21". A yau muna ganin karuwar muhimmancin intanet da haƙƙin 'yancin taro. Ko da sanya hannu kan takardar neman izini ta kan layi an san ta da haifar da kamawa kuma intanet ta zama kayan aiki mai amfani a cikin shirya zanga-zangar zanga-zambe da zanga-zaye.

An san ko'ina cewa ba tare da gudummawar Intanet da hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a ba kamar Twitter da Facebook abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan na siyasa kamar Arab Spring ba za su iya faruwa ba, ko kuma aƙalla ba daidai ba. Matsayin da waɗannan matsakaici ke da shi shine ba da damar sadarwa da aikawa da yawa na zanga-zangar da sauran ƙungiyoyi.

Har ila yau, samun damar Intanet ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin motsi na Occupy. Wani rukuni na 'yan jarida da ke da hannu a cikin motsi sun bayyana game da samun damar intanet, "[nasara ga bude dandamali na sadarwa yana da mahimmanci ga juyin halitta da rayuwa na ɗan adam". [a]

Sakamakon da rikitarwa

Aiwatarwa

Layer na Haɗin Intanet

Ana iya aiwatar da haƙƙin samun damar Intanet ta hanyar buƙatar masu ba da sabis na duniya su samar da mafi ƙarancin damar haɗi ga duk masu amfani da gida da ke son a yankunan ƙasar da suke hidima.

Yawancin mutanen da ke magana da Mutanen Espanya sun yi bikin Ranar Intanet tun shekara ta 2005, gami da shirye-shirye da yawa na kara samun damar cibiyar sadarwa. Panama tana da "infoplazas" 214 waɗanda wuraren samun damar Intanet kyauta ne. (daga Yau (daga Ecuador) ) a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2011, wanda ake kira "Dokacin Dan Adam da kuma shiga cibiyar sadarwa ta tsakiya bikin Ranar Intanet". )

Masu sukar haƙƙin ɗan adam ga Intanet

Babban zargi game da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a dauki damar Intanet a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya fito ne daga Vint Cerf wanda galibi ake kira ɗaya daga cikin "mahaifin Intanet". Cerf ya yi iƙirarin cewa samun damar intanet ba zai iya zama haƙƙi ba. Cerf ya taƙaita gardamarsa lokacin da ya bayyana cewa "Fasaha tana ba da damar haƙƙoƙi, ba haƙƙin kanta ba".Amnesty International ta ga wannan a matsayin fassarar fassarar fassara.

Cerf ya yarda da cewa Intanet tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shiga cikin farar hula wanda ya kai shi ga kammala cewa damar Intanet ya kamata ta zama haƙƙin farar hula, amma bai yarda da cewa ana ba shi matsayi mafi girma na haƙƙin ɗan adam ba.

Wannan labarin ya haifar da muhawara mai yawa a kan layi game da ikon haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma ko ya kamata a ba da damar Intanet wannan matsayi.

Cerf ya lura cewa kyakkyawan aikin samar da damar Intanet zai kasance mai wahala sosai ga gwamnatoci kuma a kowane hali gwamnatoci ba su da aikin samar da dukkan 'yan ƙasa da damar yin amfani da wasu nau'ikan sadarwa kamar wayoyi. Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Masar Sherif Elsayed-Ali ya yi jayayya cewa ra'ayin haƙƙin yana da ikon canzawa yayin da yanayin zamantakewa ke canzawa. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa dole ne mutum ya dubi dama a cikin mahallin ƙin yarda da wannan haƙƙin ga jama'ar duniya zai haifar da lahani a cikin ingancin rayuwa. Elsayed-Ali ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba tare da Intanet ba, bil'adama za su koma baya a ci gabanta, tare da labarai da kirkire-kirkire a cikin manyan bangarori, kamar kiwon lafiya da fasaha, suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don yadawa a duk faɗin duniya.

There has also been criticism   of Cerf's framing of the Internet as something less important than the right to "freedom from torture or freedom of conscience", as it might be better compared to other basic human rights like those found in Article 25 of the UDHR, notably "the right to a standard of living … including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services". A Human Right, a non-profit organization, also took issue with Cerf's belief that placing technology in the pantheon of human rights is a mistake because "we will end up valuing the wrong things". They argue that "The potpourri of protocols, wires, and bits that make the Internet are no more special than the hammer and nails used to build a home, and to classify either as a human right would be a sincere mistake. But just as a home is much more than the sum of its parts, so is the Internet."

Brian Schepis, abokin aiki na Cerf a Google, ya kare shawarar Cerf a kan dalilan da ke ba da shawara ga haƙƙin ɗan adam ga Intanet ba daidai ba ne ya bayyana cancantar haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Schepis ya yi jayayya cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kamata kawai ya kare abubuwan da suka zama dole don zama memba a cikin al'ummar siyasa kuma, kodayake Intanet tana da mahimmanci ga zama memba, bai kamata a gan shi a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan Adam a ciki ba saboda ba lallai ba ne don zama memba. A cikin da'awar haƙƙin ɗan adam ga Intanet, yana ba da shawara don rage tasirin haƙƙin ɗanɗano gaba ɗaya a matsayin kayan aiki na tabbatarwa a fagen siyasa na duniya ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira "hawan haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa".

Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa abin ban dariya ne a yi la'akari da samun damar intanet a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, saboda hakan zai nufin cewa duk 'yan adam har sai an ƙirƙiri intanet an hana su haƙƙin ɗan Adam na asali, wanda zai zama ba zai yiwu ba idan haƙƙin halitta ne, wanda ba za a iya cire shi ba.

Wasu suna nuna gaskiyar cewa ba Intanet kanta ba ce da dama amma damar shiga Intanet wanda ya kamata ya zama haƙƙin da aka tsarkake. Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Turai Viviane Reding ya bayyana cewa "Dokar don haka ta samar da cewa duk wani mataki da aka dauka game da samun dama ga amfani da, ayyuka da aikace-aikace dole ne su girmama hakkoki da 'yanci na asali na mutane, gami da haƙƙin sirri, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da samun dama ga bayanai da ilimi da kuma tsarin da ya dace". (An kara da hankali) Cire wannan haƙƙin ta hanyar tantancewa ko ƙin sabis na iya zama keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda aka cika ta hanyar shiga kan layi.

La Rue don haka ya jaddada "Kowace jiha ya kamata ta samar da manufofi masu inganci don yin Intanet a ko'ina, mai sauƙi, da kuma araha ga dukkan bangarorin jama'a".

Kashewa Uku

Dangane da keta haƙƙin mallaka ta amfani da software na tsara-zuwa-tsara, masana'antun kirkira, waɗanda suka dogara da haƙƙin mallaki, suna ba da shawarar abin da aka sani da "amsawar digiri" wanda ke ganin masu amfani sun rabu bayan wasu wasikun sanarwar da ke gargadi cewa suna keta haƙƙin haƙƙin mallattejin. Masana'antar abun ciki ta nemi samun hadin gwiwar Masu ba da sabis na Intanet (ISPs), suna tambayar su su samar da bayanan masu biyan kuɗi don Adireshin IP da masana'antar abun cikin ta gano kamar yadda ke cikin keta haƙƙin mallaka. Shirin ga Masu ba da sabis na Intanet don yanke damar Intanet ga mai biyan kuɗi wanda ya karɓi wasiƙu masu gargadi guda uku game da keta haƙƙin mallaka da ake zargi da farko an san su da "yajin aiki uku", bisa ga dokar baseball ta "yajin aikin uku kuma kun fita". Daga baya aka kira wannan hanyar "amsawar digiri". Hanyoyin watsa labarai sun mayar da hankali kan yunkurin aiwatar da irin wannan tsarin a Faransa (duba Dokar HADOPI) da Burtaniya (duba Dokar Tattalin Arziki ta 2010), kodayake an aiwatar da tsarin, ko bambance-bambance na shi, a wasu ƙasashe da yawa, ko kuma an yi ƙoƙari don yin hakan.

Tsarin Intanet na gaba

Ana ganin Intanet gabaɗaya a matsayin matsakaici wanda ke waje da ikon kowace jiha, yayin da ɓangarorin Intanet ke ƙarƙashin dokoki da ƙa'idodi na ƙasashen da suke aiki. Ci gaba, tattaunawar kasa da kasa ta fara kan yadda ya kamata a tsara Intanet.

Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam suna neman duk wani tsari a Intanet ya kasance a cikin hanyar kariya ta haƙƙin mallaka maimakon iyakance damar Intanet. Duk wani yunkuri na tsara ayyukan "mai cutarwa" ko ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan layi na iya fuskantar matsaloli yayin da jihohi suka bambanta a cikin ma'anar su duka biyun.

Nauyin tabbatar da tanadi

Nau'in da faɗin samun dama wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar haƙƙin da aka tsarkake na iya bambanta sosai, tare da gwamnatocin da suka bi tsarkake haƙƙin Broadband sau da yawa suna saita mafi ƙarancin manufofi na sauri, yawan haɗin gida, nau'in tanadi, da sauransu.

Dubi kuma

 

• Rarrabawar dijital
• 'Yanci na bayanai
  • Rarrabawar dijital ta duniya
• Global Internet Freedom Task Force (GIFT) - Wani shiri a cikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
• Amfani da intanet a duniya
• Tsarkakewar Intanet
  • Tsayar da Intanet ta ƙasa
  • 2019, 2025, 2026 Kashe Intanet a Iran
• Budewa

Ƙarin karantawa

• Sunu Rijal , Hakkin Samun Intanet: Sabon Hakkin Dan Adam na Dijital a cikin karni na 21, 7 (6) IJLMH Shafi 1109 - 1119 (2024)