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Rikicin 'yan sanda

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Rikicin 'yan sanda
delict (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na brutality (en) Fassara, police misconduct (en) Fassara da police violence (en) Fassara
Fuskar use of force continuum (en) Fassara da Law enforcement and society (en) Fassara
Hashtag (mul) Fassara PoliceBrutality
Does not have characteristic (en) Fassara legitimacy (en) Fassara da justification (en) Fassara
Handled, mitigated, or managed by (en) Fassara civilian oversight of law enforcement (en) Fassara da police body camera (en) Fassara
Wani siffar da ke nuna wani jami'in 'yan sanda yana buge mutum, yana nuna alamar zalunci na' yan sanda.

Rikicin 'yan sanda shine yawan amfani da karfi ta hanyar tilasta bin doka a kan mutum ko rukuni.[1] Wani nau'i ne mai tsanani na rashin adalci na 'yan sanda kuma keta haƙƙin jama'a ne. Rikicin 'yan sanda ya haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance shi ba, asphyxiation, duka, harbe-harbe, takaddamar da ba ta dace ba, tashin hankali na launin fata da kuma amfani da tasers ba tare da izini ba.[2][3]

Tarihi

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Jami'an 'yan sanda tara suna mamaye wani daga cikin jama'a a Masar

Rundunar 'yan sanda ta zamani ta farko an dauke ta da Ofishin' yan sanda na Metropolitan a London, wanda aka kafa a 1829. Koyaya, wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa nau'ikan 'yan sanda na farko sun fara ne a Amurka tun farkon shekarun 1500 a kan yankunan shuka a cikin Caribbean.[4] Wadannan sintiri na bayi da sauri sun bazu a wasu yankuna kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban misalai na farko na rundunar 'yan sanda ta zamani.[4] Rubuce-rubucen farko sun nuna cewa yajin aikin ma'aikata sune manyan abubuwan da suka faru na farko na zalunci na 'yan sanda a Amurka, gami da abubuwan da suka gabata kamar Babban Yakin Jirgin Ruwa na 1877, Yakin Pullman na 1894, Yakin Lawrence na 1912, Kisan kiyashi na Ludlow na 1914, Babban Yakin Karfe na 1919, da kuma Yakin Hanapepe na 1924.

An fara amfani da kalmar "tsananin 'yan sanda" a Burtaniya a tsakiyar karni na 19, ta mujallar The Puppet-Show (wani ɗan gajeren abokin hamayya ga Punch) a watan Satumbar 1848, lokacin da suka rubuta:   Amfani na farko da kalmar a cikin manema labarai na Amurka ya kasance a cikin 1872 lokacin da Chicago Tribune ya ba da rahoton duka farar hula wanda aka kama a ofishin 'yan sanda na Harrison Street.

A Amurka, ya zama ruwan dare ga kungiyoyin da aka ware su fahimci 'yan sanda a matsayin masu zalunci, maimakon masu karewa ko masu aiwatar da doka, saboda yawan adadin' yan tsiraru da aka tsare.   Wani lokaci tashin hankali, misali tashin hankali na Los Angeles na 1992, martani ne ga zalunci na 'yan sanda.[5][6]

Dalilan da suka haifar

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Ian Tomlinson bayan 'yan Landan suka tura shi ƙasa a London (2009). Ya fadi kuma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba.
zanga-zangar adawa da zalunci na 'yan sanda bayan korar masu zanga-zambe marasa aikin yi da ke zaune a ofishin gidan waya a Vancouver, Kanada, 1938

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na miyagun ƙwayoyi

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A cikin ƙasashe masu suna don samun batutuwan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da yawa, gami da tashin hankali na ƙungiyoyi, fataucin miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi, da mutuwar miyagun ƙwalwa, mafita ɗaya ta yau da kullun da gwamnati za ta aiwatar shine kamfen ɗin hadin gwiwa game da miyagun ƙwaye wanda ya shafi dukan kafa jihar. Canje-canje don magance waɗannan batutuwan sun haɗa da ilimi, tsarin mulki, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, manufofin tilasta bin doka da dabarun. Hukumomin tilasta bin doka suna fadadawa kuma suna karɓar ƙarin kuɗi don magance matsalolin miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin al'ummomi. Amincewa da dabarun 'yan sanda masu tsauri yana ƙaruwa, yayin da duk wata hanyar da ake buƙata ta falsafar ke tasowa a cikin al'ummar tilasta bin doka da kuma soja na' yan sanda na cikin gida.[7] Koyaya, bincike da yawa sun kammala cewa waɗannan ƙoƙarin ba su da amfani, saboda kasuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta girma a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe duk da manufofin rigakafin miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi. Misali, a Amurka, masu sukar Yakin kan Magunguna da gwamnati ta yi sun yi magana sosai game da rashin tasiri na manufofin, suna mai nuna karuwar laifuka da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da wuce kima tun lokacin da Shugaba Nixon ya fara gabatar da wannan manufofin.[8]

Tsarin shari'a

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Wani nau'in gazawar gwamnati wanda zai iya haifar da daidaitawar zalunci na 'yan sanda shine rashin lissafi da tasirin jami'an da ke wulakanta fararen hula. Duk da yake a halin yanzu ya zama ruwan dare ga fararen hula su riƙe jami'ai da alhakin yin rikodin su, hakikanin kula da 'yan sanda ya dogara da tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka na wata al'umma, yayin da' yan sanda ke wakiltar aiwatar da doka. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a kara lissafin 'yan sanda wanda ya zama gama gari shine amfani da kyamarorin jiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na kayan aikin' yan sanda. Koyaya, an yi tambaya game da tasirin kyamarorin jiki saboda rashin nuna gaskiya da aka nuna a cikin shari'o'in zalunci na 'yan sanda inda aka hana hotunan daga jama'a. A lokuta da yawa na zalunci na 'yan sanda, tsarin shari'a na aikata laifuka ba shi da manufofi don hukunta ko hana zalunci na' yan sanda. Wasu kasashe suna da dokoki da ke ba da izini ga cin zarafin fararen hula, kamar cancantaccen kariya, wanda ke kare jami'ai daga gurfanar da su saboda amfani da tashin hankali idan za a iya tabbatar da ayyukansu a karkashin doka [9]

Jami'an 'yan sanda suna da izinin amfani da karfi bisa doka. Jerome Herbert Skolnick ya rubuta game da ma'amala da abubuwa masu rikitarwa na al'umma, "wasu mutane da ke aiki a tilasta bin doka na iya sannu a hankali su bunkasa halin ko ma'anar iko a kan al'umma.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Gale (2023). "Police Brutality".
  2. ↑ "Understanding Five Different Types of Police Brutality – Rhonda Hill Blog – Criminal Law". criminallaw.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  3. ↑ Emesowum, Benedict (5 December 2016). "Identifying Cities or Countries at Risk for Police Violence". Journal of African American Studies. 21 (2): 269–281. doi:10.1007/s12111-016-9335-3. ISSN 1559-1646. S2CID 151639366.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Brucato, Ben (2020). "Policing Race and Racing Police: The Origin of US Police in Slave Patrols". Social Justice. 47 (3/4): 115–136. ProQuest 2564585706.
  5. ↑ "English riots were 'a sort of revenge' against the police". The Guardian. 5 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  6. ↑ "Athens protest against police brutality turns violent". 9 March 2021. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  7. ↑ "Archived copy". cato.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 2022-05-17.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ↑ Cooper, Hannah LF (2015). "War on Drugs Policing and Police Brutality". Substance Use & Misuse. 50 (8–9): 1188–1194. doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1007669. ISSN 1082-6084. PMC 4800748. PMID 25775311.
  9. ↑ "Qualified Immunity". Equal Justice Initiative (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
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