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Rikicin ƙasa na kakanninmu a Botswana

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Rikicin ƙasa na kakanninmu a Botswana

Rikicin ƙasa na kakanninmu a kan Tsakiyar Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) ya tashi a cikin 1970s tsakanin Botswana" Gwamnatin Botswana da Mutanen San (Bushmen) , kuma yana ci gaba, wanda ya haifar da ɗayan shari'o'in kotu mafi tsada a tarihin Botswana.

A cikin shekarun 1970s, rikici ya fara ne game da kokarin sake komawa da Gwamnatin Botswana (GOB) ta yi, wanda ya haifar da wasu sake zama a waje da ajiyar a cikin shekarun 1990. Saboda gwagwarmayar da ke gudana tsakanin Mutanen San da GOB game da haƙƙin ƙasa, an kafa "Mutanen farko na Kalahari," ƙungiyar da ke ba da shawara ga haƙƙin mutanen San. Tattaunawar ta shafi ko gano lu'u-lu'u a ajiya, na iya zama dalilin da ya sa gwamnatin Botswana ta yi kokarin sake komawa. A shekara ta 2002, gwamnati ta yanke duk ayyukan da ke ga mazaunan CKGR. An fara yakin shari'a, kuma a cikin 2006 Babban Kotun Botswana ta yanke hukuncin cewa an cire mazauna da karfi kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba. Manufofin sake komawa sun ci gaba, duk da haka, kuma a cikin 2012 mutanen San sun yi kira ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta tilasta wa gwamnati ta amince da ƙasarsu da haƙƙin albarkatunsu.

Tarihi

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Mutanen San

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group of men standing in the open with spears and other traditional hunting gear
Masu farauta masu yawo (Basarwa Bushmen), hamada ta Arewacin Kalahari, c. 1892, daga hoto na Henry Anderson Bryden

Mutanen San (ko Basarwa[1], wanda aka fi sani da "Bushmen"[2]), suna ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin al'adu a Duniya; sun zauna a yankin da ke kusa da hamadar Kalahari fiye da kungiyoyin kabilun makwabta. Yawancin ƙasashen kabilanci a Botswana, gami da ƙasar da San suka mamaye, sun ɓace a lokacin Mulkin mallaka na Turai, kuma tsarin asarar ƙasa da samun damar albarkatun ƙasa ya ci gaba bayan 'yancin Botswana. : 2 San sun sha wahala musamman a tsawon lokaci ta hanyar mamayewa daga yawancin kabilun da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba a kan ƙasashen da San ke amfani da su. Manufofin gwamnati da suka fara a cikin shekarun 1970 sun canja wani muhimmin yanki na al'adun San zuwa ga Turawa mazauna da yawancin kabilun noma-pastoralist.[1] : 15 Yawancin manufofin gwamnati game da ƙasa sun nuna goyon baya ga ƙabilar Tswana mafi rinjaye a kan 'yan tsiraru San da Bakgalagadi.[1] : 2 James Anaya, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman game da halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma 'yanci na asali na' yan asalin ƙasar ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya bayyana asarar ƙasa a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga yawancin matsalolin da ke fuskantar' yan asalin Botswana, yana mai ambaton korar San daga Tsakiyar Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) a matsayin misali na musamman.[1] : 2 :2

Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Kalahari

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Bushmen a cikin Kalahari

A cikin shekarun 1950, Amurka, Afirka ta Kudu, da Biritaniya sun kara damuwa game da yawan 'yan tsiraru a Afirka.[3] Sun kaddamar da bincike da kamfen don samun ƙarin fahimta game da matsalolin da 'yan tsiraru ke fuskanta a Afirka. A Botswana, "akwai matsin lamba daga wasu tushe don canje-canje a yadda aka bi da San, tare da wasu masana suna ba da shawarar cewa a ba San wani wuri na kansu. " [3] A shekara ta 1958, Gwamnatin Bechuanaland Protectorate ta sanya George Silberbauer don yin bincike da neman ƙuduri ga batutuwan da ke fuskantar mutanen San. A sakamakon bincikensa, a cikin 1961, an kafa Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) don ba San wani wuri na kansu da kuma kare tsire-tsire da dabbobi da ke kewaye da su. Kodayake Silberbauer yana son kafa "tsarin mutane", a lokacin, babu wata doka da ta ba da izini.[3] Koyaya, CKGR "na musamman ne saboda an halicce shi ba kawai a matsayin ajiyar yanayi ba har ma don kare haƙƙin kusan mutane 5000, galibi San, da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta, waɗanda ke son kula da salon rayuwarsu na farauta-mai tarawa".[4]

Mutanen farko na Kalahari

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A matsayin kungiya don wakiltar da kuma ba da shawara ga mutanen San a lokacin rikice-rikice na farko, John Hardbattle, Roy Sesana, da Aron Johannes ne suka kafa "Mutanen farko na Kalahari," a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1993.[5] Halitta wannan kungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta kasance sakamakon gwagwarmayar da ke gudana don 'yan tsiraru da' yancin albarkatu. Mutanen San sun ji kamar suna buƙatar wakili don bayyana bukatunsu da taimakawa tare da gwagwarmayar su don daidaito a Botswana. Tsakanin 1986 da 1989, San da sauran kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru a cikin CKGR sun kasance masu aiki a siyasa kuma sun kafa Asusun Ci gaban Kuru, [5] wata kungiya mai ma'ana da burin ci gaban al'umma.[6] Asusun Ci gaban Kuru yana da mahimmanci a kafa "Mutanen Farko na Kalahari," saboda ya ba da kuɗi kuma saboda ya ƙarfafa wanda ya kafa shi, John Hardbattle, ya wakilci da kuma ba da shawara ga San.[5]

"Mutanen farko na Kalahari" sun wakilci mutanen San a Taron San na farko na kasa da kasa a Windhoek da kuma Taron San ya Biyu na kasa da Kasa a Gaborone a watan Oktoba 1993. A cikin waɗannan tarurruka, masu magana da yawun San sun gano matsalolin da San ke fuskanta, kamar "talauci, warewa daga ƙasa da albarkatu, rashin wakilcin siyasa a matakin ƙasa, cin zarafin ma'aikata, nuna bambanci, rashin kulawa da aka biya musamman ga San amma maimakon mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyar da aka ayyana ta hanyar bureaucratically da aka sani da Mazaunan Yankin Tsakiya, da kuma gazawar Gwamnatin Botswana don tallafawa haƙƙin ƙasa, haƙƙin al'adu da haƙƙin ci gaban mutanen San" [5] A ƙarshe, waɗannan tarurrukan sun haifar da rajistar "Mutanen farko na Kalaharione da kuma sun amince da su a matsayin ƙungiyar da su na 1994 da su".[5]

"Mutanen farko na Kalahari. " za su jagoranci mutanen San zuwa "mafi girman juriya ta tarihi da aiki" a kan kokarin gwamnati na sake dawo da su.[7] A shekara ta 2002, mutanen San, tare da wakilan su, sun kai gwamnatin Botswana kotu don yin gwagwarmaya don haƙƙinsu na kasancewa a cikin CKGR da samun damar albarkatun ƙasa a ciki.[7] Daga ƙarshe a cikin 2006, Babban Kotun Botswana ta amince da haƙƙin mutanen San su zauna a cikin ajiyar.[7]

Diamonds da rikice-rikicen ƙasa

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A yau, tattalin arzikin Botswana ya dogara sosai da fitar da lu'u-lu'u. [8] Tare da gano lu'u-lu'u a shekarar 1967, sun kai kashi hamsin cikin dari na GDP na Botswana. Koyaya, kafin gano lu'u-lu'u, Botswana ta dogara sosai da aikin gona. Botswana na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya, tare da GDP na kowane mutum na dala 80 a kowace shekara. Akwai da'awar cewa GOB yayi ƙoƙari ya sake komawa mutanen San ya motsa ta hanyar gano lu'u-lu'u a cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Kalahari Game Reserve a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. [8] Survival International ta bayyana cewa "An zargi wadatattun ajiyar lu'u-lu'u na ajiyar don fitar da Bushmen daga gwamnati". [8] Wasu sun jaddada cewa muhawara ta GOB don sake komawa mutanen San, kamar ci gaba da kiyaye dabbobi, sun saba wa ayyukan gwamnati kamar yanke samar da ruwa, wanda ke hana ci gaban su. [8][9] A shekara ta 2002, shugaban Botswana, Festus Mogae, ya yi jayayya cewa kokarin sake dawo da mutane daga CKGR ba shi da alaƙa da duk wani shirin hakar ma'adinai na gaba ko hakar ma-adinai a cikin ajiyar.[8] Koyaya, wasu sun bayyana cewa "ma'adinai na lu'u-lu'u yanzu shine ainihin tattalin arzikin Botswana... Kusan dukkanin ci gaban Botswana a cikin ababen more rayuwa, kiwon lafiya, da ilimi sakamakon kudaden shiga ne na lu'u-lu'u. "[10] Bugu da ƙari, ana ɗaukar CKGR a matsayin "mafi wadataccen yanki mai samar da lu'u-lu'u a duniya" [1]

Rikicin farko

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Kodayake an kafa Cibiyar Tsakiyar Kalahari (CKGR) don kare haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, tsakanin shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, an fara neman ƙaura da mutanen San.[11] Gwamnatin Botswana (GOB) ta yi iƙirarin cewa akwai raguwar dabbobi saboda yawan farauta da mutanen San suka yi don rayuwarsu. Har ila yau, akwai gardamar cewa matsayin "tsarin wasan" ya toshe yiwuwar fadada ayyuka, kamar asibitoci, makarantu, da 'yan sanda, waɗanda ke samuwa ga jama'a a cikin ajiyar.[11] Kodayake kiran sake komawa ya fara, ba a dauki wani mataki na ainihi ba.[11]

A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, muhawara game da abin da za a yi da mutanen San ya ci gaba, kuma tashin hankali ya tashi tsakanin mutanen San da gwamnati, yana kawo hankalin duniya game da haƙƙin mutanen San.[11] A watan Agustan 1985, Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, MPK Nwako, GOB ta tura shi zuwa CKGR don samar da rahoto game da halin da ake ciki kuma ta gabatar da mafita.[11] Tare da sanarwa, a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1986, an fitar da takarda mai suna White wanda ya bayyana cewa sabon manufofin GOB ya lura cewa waɗanda ke zaune a cikin ajiyar za a sake komawa wani wuri.[11] A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1986, "GOB ta ba da sanarwar cewa ƙauyuka na shirin "Remote Area Dweller" (RAD), wanda ya ba da sabis ga San, da sauransu, daga wannan lokacin zuwa gaba za a kafa shi ne kawai a waje da CKGR. " GOB ta yi iƙirarin cewa sake komawa zai zama da fa'ida ga San saboda ana iya rarraba ayyukan da kyau a waje da ajiyar tunda yana da wahala a yi haka a cikin ajiyar.[12] Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati ta bayyana cewa dole ne a sake komawa mutanen San saboda sun haifar da barazana ga namun daji.[12] Koyaya, mazaunan ajiyar sun halarci abin da aka sani da "Kgotla," tarurrukan majalisa na gida a garin Ghanzi, inda suka nuna damuwarsu kuma, a ƙarshe, an cece su daga sake komawa.

Bushmen (San)

Rikicin 2012-2013

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A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012 Basarwa ta yi kira ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Dindindin kan Batutuwan 'Yan asalin ƙasar, ta nemi Majalisar Dinkinobho ta tilasta wa gwamnati ta amince da ƙasarsu da haƙƙin albarkatunsu. Taron ya amince da jerin shawarwari tara da ke magance tasirin kwace ƙasa da kuma hana 'yan asalin ƙasar. : 7 Gwamnati sake komawa ya ci gaba a cikin shekara a yammacin Ranyane. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, Babban Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne gwamnati ta dakatar da ƙaurawar iyalai daga ƙauyen Ranyane. Kungiyoyin ba da agaji sun ba da rahoton cewa gwamnati ta sake komawa iyalai da yawa daga Ranyane bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli kuma sun yi zargin cewa jami'an gwamnati sun kafa kansu a Ranyane don gudanar da kamfen don sa mazauna su ƙaura daga ƙauyensu, a wani bangare ta hanyar toshe damar samun ruwa kawai.[13] : 20–21 :20–21

Survival International ta ba da rahoton cewa an shirya wasu San a Ranyane don a kore su daga ƙasar kakanninsu don ƙirƙirar hanyar namun daji, wanda aka sani da Yammacin Kgalagadi Conservation Corridor. [14] Wakilin gwamnatin Botswana Jeff Ramsay ya musanta duk wani shirin fitar da shi. Wani mai fafutukar Survival International ya ce, "Ban san yadda gwamnati za ta iya cewa [...] cewa ba sa shirin korar su lokacin da Ranyane Bushmen ke kai gwamnati kotu don dakatar da cirewa. " An gabatar da sabon shari'a a madadin mazauna. Dangane da korafin da aka shigar a madadin mazauna, kotun ta ba da umarni a watan Yunin 2013 wanda ya hana gwamnati sake dawo da mazauna daga Ranyane da kuma toshe hanyar shiga bututun ruwa, shiga kowane gida ba tare da izinin mazauna ba, da kuma cire mazauna ba tare da fara sanar da lauyoyin al'umma ba. : 21 :21

A watan Agustan 2013 lauyoyi na mutanen Basarwa sun shigar da karar Kotun Koli inda masu shigar da kara na asali daga shari'ar CKGR ta 2006 suka yi kira ga gwamnati don samun damar shiga CKGR ba tare da iyaka ba ga 'ya'yansu da danginsu (watau ba tare da izini ba). An kori karar ne saboda dalilai na fasaha, tare da izinin da kotun ta bayar don sake shigar da sabon aikace-aikace. : 7, 20 A cikin wani yunkuri da jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida suka soki, gwamnati ta kara da lauyan masu neman Basarwa, ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya da ke da alaƙa da Survival International, zuwa jerin mutanen da dole ne su nemi biza don shiga ƙasar. Duk da yake gwamnati ta musanta zargin cewa ta shirya hana lauyan daga kasar, ba ta ba shi biza a kan lokaci don ya shiga cikin sauraron Babban Kotun Agusta ba.[15] : 20 Lauyan, Gordon Bennett, ya ce, "Hakkin yin shari'a mai adalci yawanci ya haɗa da haƙƙin wakiltar lauyan da kuka zaɓa. Ba a Botswana ba, a bayyane yake - ko aƙalla ba idan kun kai karar Gwamnati ba. " Wani sakon Facebook na gwamnatin Botswana ya bayyana cewa Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice ta ƙi buƙatar Bennett don biza, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "an gabatar da gajeren sanarwa" Wani sakon Facebook ya ce Ministan Harkokin Ayyuka da Gida, Mai Girma Edwin Batshu, ya kare wannan matakin ya fara ne a matsayin "a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli".[16]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Mutanen farko na Kalahari
  • Addinin San
  • Tattaunawar Kalahari
  • Negro na Banyoles

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Anaya
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Anton & Shelton
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hitchcock, Robert K. (2002). "'We are the First People': Land, Natural Resources and Identity in the Central Kalahari, Botswana". Journal of Southern African Studies. 28 (4): 797–824. doi:10.1080/0305707022000043520. ISSN 0305-7070. JSTOR 823352. S2CID 146291403.
  4. ↑ Taylor, Julie J. (2007). "Celebrating San Victory Too Soon?: Reflections on the Outcome of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve Case". Anthropology Today. 23 (5): 3–5. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8322.2007.00534.x. ISSN 0268-540X. JSTOR 4620383.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Hitchcock, Robert K. (2002). "'We are the First People': Land, Natural Resources and Identity in the Central Kalahari, Botswana". Journal of Southern African Studies. 28 (4): 797–824. doi:10.1080/0305707022000043520. ISSN 0305-7070. JSTOR 823352. S2CID 146291403. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Winters, Olivia Jane (2019). "The Botswana Bushmen's Fight for Water & Land Rights in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve". Consilience (21): 172–186. ISSN 1948-3074. JSTOR 26775090.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Marobela, Motsomi Ndala (2010). "The State, Mining and the Community: The Case of Basarwa of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve in Botswana". Labour, Capital and Society / Travail, Capital et Société. 43 (1): 137–154. ISSN 0706-1706. JSTOR 43158366.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Winters, Olivia Jane (2019). "The Botswana Bushmen's Fight for Water & Land Rights in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve". Consilience (21): 172–186. ISSN 1948-3074. JSTOR 26775090.
  9. ↑ "First People of the Kalahari: the struggle for ancestral lands". www.survivalinternational.org. Archived from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  10. ↑ Sarkin, Jeremy (1998). "The Development of a Human Rights Culture in South Africa". Human Rights Quarterly. 20 (3): 628–665. doi:10.1353/hrq.1998.0032. ISSN 1085-794X. S2CID 143091817.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Hitchcock, Robert K. (2002). "'We are the First People': Land, Natural Resources and Identity in the Central Kalahari, Botswana". Journal of Southern African Studies. 28 (4): 797–824. doi:10.1080/0305707022000043520. ISSN 0305-7070. JSTOR 823352. S2CID 146291403. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":02" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Sarkin, Jeremy (1998). "The Development of a Human Rights Culture in South Africa". Human Rights Quarterly. 20 (3): 628–665. doi:10.1353/hrq.1998.0032. ISSN 1085-794X. S2CID 143091817.
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named StateDept
  14. ↑ "Conservation Corridors in South-western Botswana" (PDF). ffem.fr. Conservation International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-17. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named StateDept2
  16. ↑ "Bushman court case begins". Survival International. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
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