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Rikicin Agadir

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentRikicin Agadir

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 32°N 6°W / 32°N 6°W / 32; -6
Iri international crisis (en) Fassara
Bangare na causes of World War I (en) Fassara
Kwanan watan Nuwamba, 1911
Wuri Moroko
Ƙasa Moroko

Rikicin Agadir, Lamarin Agadir, ko Rikicin Morocco na Biyu, wani ɗan gajeren rikici ne da ya samo asali sakamakon tura wani ƙaƙƙarfan rundunar sojojin Faransa a cikin cikin ƙasar Maroko a watan Yulin 1911 da kuma tura jirgin ruwan Jamus Samfuri:SMS zuwa Agadir, tashar jiragen ruwa na Atlantic na Morocco. [1] Jamus ba ta nuna adawa da faɗaɗa Faransa ba amma ta buƙaci "diyya ta yanki" don kanta. Berlin ta yi barazanar yaƙi, ta aika da jirgin ruwan bindiga kuma ta tada masu kishin ƙasa na Jamus . Tattaunawa tsakanin Berlin da Paris sun warware rikicin a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1911: Faransa ta karbe Maroko a matsayin kariyar kariya don musaya ga yankin Jamus Kamaru daga Kongo Faransa .

A Biritaniya, David Lloyd George, wanda shi ne Chancellor of the Exchequer, ya yi wani ban mamaki jawabin " Mansion House " a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1911 - tare da amincewar firaministan kasar HH Asquith da sakataren harkokin wajen Sir Edward Gray, suka ketare rinjayen masu shiga tsakani a majalisar ministoci - wanda ya yi Allah wadai da matakin na Jamus a matsayin wulakanci da ba za a iya jurewa ba. An yi maganar yaki kuma Jamus ta ja da baya; dangantaka tsakanin Berlin da London ta kara tsananta kuma Birtaniya ta matsa kusa da Faransa. Berlin ta ji wulakanci kuma ta fara fahimtar cewa tana aiki tare da ƴan ƙawayenta kuma tana adawa da abokan gaba da yawa. [2]

Fage

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Taron Algeciras na 1906 ya amince da martabar Faransa a Maroko, bayan rikicin Morocco na farko na 1905–06. Faransa da Jamus sun amince a ranar 9 ga Fabrairun 1909 cewa, yayin da Faransa za ta mallaki ikon siyasa na musamman, kasashen biyu za su kare muradun tattalin arzikin juna a Maroko. [2] A cikin 1911 sun tilasta wa Sarkin Musulmi sanya hannu kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya inda ya yi alkawarin ba zai sanya hannu kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin ba tare da amincewar Faransanci ba, a iya cewa ya saba wa yarjejeniyar da aka yi a baya.

Yunkurin na Jamus na da nufin gwada dangantakar da ke tsakanin Birtaniya da Faransa, da kuma yiyuwar tsoratar da Biritaniya ta shiga kawance da Jamus. [3] Ita ma Jamus tana aiwatar da da'awar biyan diyya saboda amincewa da ingantaccen ikon Faransa na mamaye Maroko.

Abubuwan da suka faru

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Tawayen Morocco

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A cikin 1911, tawaye ya barke a Maroko a kan Sultan Abd al-Hafid . Faransawa -bayan tilasta Sultan ya nemi taimakonsu - sun shirya tura sojoji don taimakawa wajen kawo karshen tawaye a karkashin hujjar kare rayuka da dukiyoyin Turai a Fèz . [2] Haɗari na gaske ga al'ummomin Turai ya kasance mai nisa: tawayen ya barke a ciki. [2] Sun aika da ginshiƙi mai tashi a ƙarshen Afrilu. A ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, Spain ta tura dakaru domin mamaye Larache da Ksar el-Kebir, suna fargabar mamaye kasar Faransa. [2]

shiga tsakani na sojojin ruwan Jamus

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Joseph Caillaux, ministan kudi na Faransa a lokacin, ya tabbatar wa jami'an diflomasiyyar Jamus a watan Mayun 1911 cewa "Faransa za ta shirya, idan Jamusawa ta amince da muhimmancinta ga Maroko, don yin sulhu a wani wuri". A ranar 20 ga watan Yuni, Faransa ta amince da fara shawarwari. Bayan kwana goma har yanzu basu amsa ba. A lokacin ne Kiderlen-Waechter, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Jamus, ya nemi Kaiser Wilhelm II don izinin aika jirgin ruwan bindiga, bayan ya ƙi buƙatar aika jiragen ruwa guda biyu saboda imani cewa Faransa za ta yi sauri don yin shawarwari. [2]

A ranar 1 ga Yuli, gunboat na Jamus ya isa tashar jiragen ruwa na Agadir, a karkashin fatawar kare muradun kasuwancin Jamus. Mafi girma ta zo bayan kwanaki, inda ta maye gurbin jirgin ruwa. Wani Bajamushe farar hula, Hermann Wilberg, 110 kilometres (70 mi) zuwa arewa, an tura kudu zuwa Agadir don samar da dalilin zuwan Panther, amma sai ya isa Agadir bayan kwanaki uku da isowar jirgin. Nan da nan aka samu martani daga Faransawa da Birtaniya.

rikicin kudi na Jamus

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A cikin wannan rikicin, Jamus ta fuskanci matsalar kudi. Kasuwar hannayen jari ta fadi da kashi 30 cikin 100 a rana guda, [4] jama'a sun fara yin tsabar kudi a cikin takardar kudin zinariya, kuma an yi ta gudu a bankuna. Bankin Reichsbank ya yi asarar kashi biyar na ajiyar zinare a cikin wata guda. An yi ta yayata cewa ministan kudin Faransa ne ya kitsa wannan rikici. Da yake fuskantar yuwuwar korar shi daga ma'aunin zinare, Kaiser ya goyi bayan ya bar Faransa ta mamaye yawancin Maroko. [5]

Tattaunawa

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A ranar 7 ga Yuli, jakadan Jamus a Paris ya sanar da gwamnatin Faransa cewa Jamus ba ta da wata muradin mamaye ƙasa a Maroko, kuma za ta shiga tattaunawa don samun kariyar Faransa bisa tushen "diyya" ga Jamus a yankin Kongo na Faransa da kuma kare muradunta na tattalin arziki a Maroko. Sharuɗɗan Jamus, kamar yadda aka gabatar a ranar 15 ga Yuli, sun haɗa da tayin mika arewacin yankin Kamerun da Togoland, amma sun buƙaci Faransa ta mika dukan yankin Kongo na Faransa daga Kogin Sangha zuwa teku, tare da ƙarin buƙatar mika haƙƙin Faransa na fifiko a kan Kongo na Belgium.

A ranar 21 ga Yuli, David Lloyd George ya gabatar da jawabi a Mansion House, London inda ya bayyana cewa ɗaukakar ƙasa ta fi zaman lafiya daraja: "Idan aka wulakanta Birtaniya a inda muradunta ke da matuƙar muhimmanci, kamar ba ta da wani ƙima a cikin majalisar ƙasashe, to ina faɗi da ƙarfi cewa zaman lafiya a irin wannan farashi to wulakanci ne da ƙasa mai girma kamar namu ba za ta iya jurewa ba."[6] Jamus ta fassara wannan jawabi a matsayin gargaɗi cewa ba za ta iya tilasta wa Faransa wata yarjejeniya mara adalci ba.[7]

A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, tattaunawar sirri tsakanin Faransa da Jamus tsakanin Caillaux da Jamusawa ta kai ga wata yarjejeniya da aka kira Yarjejeniyar Faransa da Jamus,[8] inda Jamus ta amince da matsayin Faransa a Maroko a madadin samun wani yanki a cikin mulkin mallakar Afirka ta Tsakiya na Faransa, wato Kongo ta Tsakiya (yanzu Jamhuriyar Kongo), kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar Maroko–Kongo. Wannan yanki mai fadin 275,000 km², wanda aka sani da Neukamerun, ya zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallakar Jamus na Kamerun. Yankin yana da ciyayi da damuna (inda cutar barcin nan take yaduwa sosai) amma ya bai wa Jamus hanyar fita zuwa Kogin Kongo. Jamus ta mika wani ƙaramin yanki na ƙasa zuwa mulkin mallakar Faransa na Tchad a kudu maso gabashin Fort Lamy (yanzu wani ɓangare na Chadi).

Tattaunawar Firayim Ministan Faransa Caillaux da Jamusawa ta zube, wanda hakan ya sa ya sauka daga mukaminsa a ranar 21 ga Janairu 1912, bayan wata bakwai kacal a ofis.[9] A Jamus, an soki yarjejeniyar Faransa da Jamus—musamman daga jaridun kishin ƙasa—saboda ganin cewa Jamus ta samu ƙasa da ya kamata.[9]

Shiga Birtaniya

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Martanin farko a London ya kasance mai taka-tsantsan: gwamnatin 'yan Liberal a majalisar ministoci ta ji cewa Faransa ce mafi yawan laifi wajen tayar da rikicin, don haka ya kamata a shawarce ta da ta sassauta matsayinta.[10] Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi ƙoƙarin hana Faransa ɗaukar matakan gaggawa da kuma shawo kanta kada ta aika da dakarunta. A watan Afrilu, Sakataren Harkokin Waje, Sir Edward Grey, ya rubuta: "abin da Faransawa ke shirin yi ba shi da hikima, amma a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyarmu ba za mu iya tsoma baki ba".[11] Lokacin da majalisar ministoci ta ba Grey izinin sanar da Faransawa cewa Birtaniya na iya amincewa da kasancewar Jamus a Maroko a ranar 19 ga Yuli, gwamnatin Faransa ta amsa da fushi cewa hakan zai karya yarjejeniyar Anglo-Faransis ta 1904.[10]

Dama ta kasancewar tashar jirgin ruwan Jamus a kan tekun Atlantika ta ba Grey damar samun amincewar majalisa a ranar 21 ga Yuli don sanar da jakadan Jamus cewa Birtaniya za ta mayar da martani da ƙarfi don kare muradunta. Birtaniya ta aika da jiragen yaki zuwa Maroko, don ɗaukar mataki idan yaƙi ya barke. Kamar yadda aka gani a rikicin Maroko na farko, goyon bayan Birtaniya ga Faransa ya nuna ƙarfinta a cikin yarjejeniyar Entente Cordiale.[10]

Sai dai kuma, an bayyane rabuwar kai tsakanin masu goyon bayan entente (kamar su Grey, Lloyd George da Asquith musamman) da masu adawa da tsoma baki (wanda yawansu ya fi a majalisar ministoci). Lloyd George ya gabatar da jawabin Mansion House a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1911, inda ya kaucewa masu adawa da tsoma baki a cikin majalisa. Viscount Morley, sakataren jihar don Indiya, ya soki jawabin a matsayin "harsashi da rashin dacewa da Jamus"; Lord Loreburn, Lord Chancellor, ya roki Grey da ya ɗauki matsayar rashin tsoma baki kuma ya nisanta kansa daga jawabin. Daga bisani a shekarar, ‘yan majalisar da ba su da matsayi a gwamnati sun ƙi Grey,[12] amma wannan yunƙurin bai yi nasara ba.

Bayanin Rikicin

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Rikicin neman mamaye Afirka. Yankunan Afirka da ƙasashen Turai suka mamaye a 1913: Belgium (rawaya), Birtaniya (ruwan ƙasa), Faransa (shuɗi), Jamus (shunayya mai haske), Italiya (kore), Portugal (shunayya mai duhu), da Spain (ruwan hoda). Ƙasashen da suka rage masu 'yanci su ne Liberia da Habasha (launin toka).

Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon rikicin shi ne yadda Faransawa suka fara kallon manufofin Jamus a matsayin na yaudara: Raymond Poincaré, wanda ya gaji Caillaux a farkon 1912, ya lura da cewa "duk lokacin da muka nuna sassauci ga Jamus... ta ci zarafin hakan; amma duk lokacin da muka nuna ƙarfi, ta janye", yana ɗaukar cewa Berlin za ta fahimci saƙo ne kawai idan an nuna ƙarfi.[13] Kissinger ya bayyana irin haɗarin da aka ɗauka a wannan rikici don faranta wa 'yan jarida masu kishin ƙasa da jama'a rai, ba tare da la'akari da ainihin muradun da ke hannun ba, a matsayin "wasa da dabaru".[14]

Tarihin Amurka Raymond James Sontag ya bayyana a 1933 cewa wannan rikici kamar barkwanci ne da ya zama gabatarwar baƙin ciki ga Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya:

Rikicin yana kama da barkwanci—tushensa da ba a fahimta ba, batutuwan da ke cikin sa, halayen masu ruwa da tsaki—lallai barkwanci ne. Amma sakamakon ya kasance mai ban tausayi. Tashin hankali tsakanin Faransa da Jamus da kuma tsakanin Jamus da Ingila ya ƙaru; gasa wajen ƙera makamai ta ƙara ƙarfi; ra'ayin cewa yaƙi na kusa ya zama dole ya bazu a cikin masu mulki na Turai.[15]

Bayan mika wuya da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Fes (30 Maris 1912) da Abd al-Hafid, Faransa ta kafa cikakken kariya a kan Maroko, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen ragowar 'yancin ƙasar. Goyon bayan Birtaniya ga Faransa a lokacin rikicin ya ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar su (da kuma da Rasha), yana ƙara rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Birtaniya da Jamus, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya.[16]

Wannan lamari ya sa Sakataren Cikin Gida na Birtaniya Winston Churchill ya yanke shawarar cewa Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Birtaniya dole ne ta koma amfani da man fetur maimakon kwal don ci gaba da rinjaye. Kafin haka, kwal da ke cikin gida ya fi so fiye da man fetur da ake shigo da shi (galibi daga Persia), amma saurin aiki da ingancin man fetur ya tabbatar masa da cewa "nasara ita ce lada na wannan yunƙuri." Daga baya, Firayim Minista H. H. Asquith ya naɗa Churchill a matsayin First Lord of the Admiralty, wanda ya karɓa.[17]

Rikicin ya sa Birtaniya da Faransa suka kulla wata yarjejeniya ta sirri ta sojin ruwa, inda Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Birtaniya ta yi alkawarin kare gabar arewacin Faransa daga harin Jamus, yayin da Faransa ta mayar da rundunarta a yammacin Tekun Bahar Rum kuma ta amince da kare muradun Birtaniya a can. Wannan ya bai wa Faransa damar kare hanyoyin sadarwarta da mulkinta na Arewacin Afirka, yayin da Birtaniya ta ƙarfafa rundunarta a gida don fuskantar Rundunar Teku ta Jamus.[18] Birtaniya ta kuma kafa Kwamitin Gudanar da Hanyoyin Jirgin Ƙasa don samun damar tashi da sauri idan yaƙi ya ɓarke.[19]

Tarihin duniya na Jamus Oswald Spengler ya samu wahayi daga wannan lamari don rubuta *The Decline of the West*. "Rikicin Agadir na 1911, wanda ya haifar da fargabar yaƙin Turai gaba ɗaya kuma ya bayyana haɗarin kewaye Jamus da Entente, ya ƙarfafa hangen nesa na Spengler game da sauyin siyasar duniya ta Yamma."[20]

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, a 1916, Neukamerun ta koma hannun Faransa. Yankin yanzu yana cikin Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Kongo, da Gabon.[21] Kariyar Faransa da aka kafa a Maroko a 1912 ta dore har zuwa 1956.[22]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Agadir Incident | European history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Clark 2013.
  3. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LAhamed
  5. ↑ UŢĂ, Cristian (2014-09-30). "Liaqust Ahamed Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World". Annals of "Spiru Haret". Economic Series. 14 (3): 73. doi:10.26458/1438. ISSN 2393-1795.
  6. ↑ Clark 2013, pp. 209–210.
  7. ↑ Wilson, Keith (1972). "The Agadir Crisis, the Mansion House Speech, and the Double-Edgedness of Agreements". The Historical Journal. 15 (3): 513–532. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00002806. ISSN 0018-246X. JSTOR 2637768. S2CID 159528772.
  8. ↑ Zimmermann, Maurice (1912). "L'accord franco-allemand du 4 novembre 1911 au sujet du Maroc et du Congo". Annales de géographie (in Faransanci). 21 (116).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Clark 2013, p. 208.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Clark 2013, p. 209.
  11. ↑ Quoted in M.L. Dockrill, British Policy During the Agadir Crisis of 1911 from F.H. Hinsley, British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey (Cambridge, 1977), p. 271.
  12. ↑ Clark 2013, pp. 210–212.
  13. ↑ Clark 2013, pp. 208–209.
  14. ↑ Kissinger 2015, pp. 80–81.
  15. ↑ Sontag, Raymond James (1995). European diplomatic history, 1871–1932. McGraw-Hill. p. 160.
  16. ↑ Barraclough, Geoffrey (1982). From Agadir to Armageddon : anatomy of a crisis. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  17. ↑ Yergin, Daniel (1993). The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power. Free Press. pp. 11–12, 153–154.
  18. ↑ Hamilton, Keith A. (1987). "The 'Wild Talk' of Joseph Caillaux: A Sequel to the Agadir Crisis". The International History Review. 9 (2): 195–226.
  19. ↑ Hastings, Max (2013). Catastrophe 1914: Europe goes to war.
  20. ↑ Farrenkopf, John (2001). Prophet of Decline : Spengler on world history and politics. Louisiana State University Press. p. 12.
  21. ↑ Neba 4–5.
  22. ↑ "Morocco". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
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