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Rikicin Yammacin Sahara

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentRikicin Yammacin Sahara

Iri armed conflict (en) Fassara
Wuri Yammacin Sahara
Participant (en) Fassara

Rikicin Yammacin Sahara rikici ne da ke gudana tsakanin Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic / Polisario Front da Masarautar Morocco . Rikicin dai ya samo asali ne daga tawaye da kungiyar Polisario ta yi wa sojojin mulkin mallaka na Spain daga shekarar 1973 zuwa 1975 da kuma yakin yammacin Sahara da Morocco ta yi tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1991. A yau rikicin ya mamaye yakin basasar da ba sa dauke da makamai na kungiyar Polisario da kuma kasarsu mai kiran kanta SADR don samun cikakken 'yancin kai ga yammacin Sahara.[1]

Rikicin ya ta'azzara ne bayan janyewar Spain daga yankin Saharar Spain kamar yadda yarjejeniyar Madrid ta tanada. Tun daga shekarar 1975, kungiyar Polisario, da ke samun goyon baya da goyon bayan Aljeriya, ta kwashe shekaru 16 ana yakin neman 'yancin kai kan Mauritania da Maroko. A cikin watan Fabrairun 1976, ƙungiyar Polisario ta ayyana kafa Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyar Larabawa ta Sahrawi, wadda ba a shigar da ita cikin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ba, amma wasu ƙasashe da dama sun sami ƙarancin amincewa . Bayan mamaye yammacin Sahara da Maroko da Mauritania suka yi a shekara ta 1976, da kuma ayyana ‘yancin kai daga kungiyar Polisario, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi tir da rikicin ta hanyar wani kuduri da ke tabbatar da ‘yancin cin gashin kan al’ummar Sahrawi. [2] A cikin 1977, Faransa ta shiga tsakani yayin da rikici ya kai kololuwar zafi. A cikin 1979, Mauritania ta janye daga rikici da yankuna, wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa a mafi yawan shekarun 1980. Kungiyar Polisario da gwamnatin Morocco sun cimma yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta bayan wasu yerjejeniyar sulhu tsakanin 1989 da 1991. A lokacin, mafi yawan yammacin Sahara sun kasance a karkashin ikon Moroccan, yayin da Polisario ke iko da kusan kashi 30% na yankin a matsayin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyar Larabawa ta Sahrawi. A halin yanzu, waɗannan iyakokin ba su canza ba.

Duk da yunƙurin zaman lafiya da yawa a cikin shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon 2000, rikicin ya sake kunno kai a matsayin " Independence Intifada " a 2005; jerin tarzoma, zanga-zanga da tarzoma, wanda ya barke a watan Mayun 2005 a yankunan yammacin sahara da ke hannun Moroko, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. A karshen shekarar 2010, zanga-zangar ta sake barkewa a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Gdeim Izik da ke yammacin Sahara. Yayin da aka fara gudanar da zanga-zangar cikin lumana, daga baya kuma an yi ta samun arangama tsakanin fararen hula da jami'an tsaro, lamarin da ya janyo asarar rayuka da dama daga bangarorin biyu. An fara wani jerin zanga-zangar ne a ranar 26 ga Fabrairun 2011, a matsayin martani ga gazawar ‘yan sanda wajen hana sace-sacen masu adawa da Sahrawi a birnin Dakhla na yammacin Sahara ; Nan da nan zanga-zangar ta bazu ko'ina cikin yankin. Ko da yake ana ci gaba da zanga-zangar lokaci-lokaci, motsi ya ragu sosai a watan Mayun 2011.

Ya zuwa yau, manyan sassan Yammacin Sahara suna karkashin ikon Gwamnatin Moroko kuma ana kiranta da Lardunan Kudancin, yayin da kusan kashi 30% na yankin yammacin Sahara ya rage a karkashin Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), jihar Polisario da ke da iyakacin sanin duniya. Tambayoyin amincewa da juna, kafa kasar Sahrawi mai yuwuwa da kuma dimbin 'yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi da rikici ya raba da muhallansu na daga cikin muhimman batutuwan da ake ci gaba da yi a yunkurin samar da zaman lafiya a yammacin Sahara .

Fage

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Saharar Sipaniya

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A cikin 1884, Spain ta yi iƙirarin mai tsaro a bakin tekun daga Cape Bojador zuwa Cap Blanc . Daga baya, Mutanen Espanya sun tsawaita yankin ikonsu. A cikin 1958, Spain ta haɗu da gundumomi daban-daban na Saguia el-Hamra (a arewa) da Río de Oro (a kudu) don kafa lardin Saharar Spain.

Hare-hare da tawaye daga al'ummar Sahrawi na asali sun hana sojojin Spain ficewa daga yawancin yankin da Mutanen Espanya ke da'awar na dogon lokaci. Ma al-Aynayn mai goyon bayan Saharan Caïd na Tindouf da Smara wanda sarkin Moroko ya ambata ya fara tawaye ga Faransawa a cikin 1910 don mayar da martani ga yunkurin Faransa na fadada tasirinsu da ikonsu a Arewa maso yammacin Afirka. Ma al-Aynayn ya rasu a watan Oktoban 1910, kuma dansa El Hiba ya gaje shi. Dakarun El Hiba sun sha kaye a lokacin fafatawar da suka yi na cin Marrakesh da bai yi nasara ba, kuma a wani ramuwar gayya sojojin Faransa yan mulkin mallaka sun lalata birnin Smara mai tsarki a shekara ta 1913. [3] Nan da nan aka sake gina birnin[ana buƙatar hujja], kuma Juriya na Sahrawi ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru ashirin masu zuwa. Daga karshe dai an fatattaki yankin ‘yan tawaye a shekarar 1934, bayan da sojojin Spain da na Faransa na hadin gwiwa suka lalata Smara a karo na biyu. A cikin 1956, Yaƙin Ifni, wanda Rundunar Sojan 'Yanci ta Moroccan ta fara, ya sake nuna sabon rikici a yankin; bayan shekaru biyu na yaki, sojojin Spain sun sake samun iko, tare da taimakon Faransa. Duk da haka, tashe-tashen hankula sun ci gaba da wanzuwa a tsakanin al'ummar yankin, kuma a shekara ta 1967 kungiyar Harakat Tahrir ta tashi don kalubalantar mulkin Spain cikin lumana. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Zemla Intifada a cikin 1970, lokacin da 'yan sandan Spain suka tilasta wa ruguza kungiyar kuma " bace " wanda ya kafa kungiyar, Muhammad Bassiri, Sahrawi kishin kasa ya sake karkata zuwa ga aikin soja.

Polisario Front

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Kungiyar dai ta riga ta samu wata kungiyar 'yan awaren da a baya mai suna Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra da Wadi el Dhahab . A cikin 1971, gungun matasa 'yan makarantar Sahrawi a jami'o'in Morocco sun fara shirya abin da aka sani da Ƙungiyar Embryonic Movement for Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra da Rio de Oro . [4] Bayan yunkurin banza na samun goyon baya daga gwamnatocin kasashen Larabawa da dama da suka hada da Aljeriya da Maroko kanta, kungiyar ta yi nasarar samun goyon baya daga kasashen Libya da Mauritania. Sakamakon wannan rashin fahimta, a ƙarshe ƙungiyar ta ƙaura zuwa Yammacin Saharar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Spain don fara tawaye da makamai. Mata a Yammacin Sahara fitattun ‘yan kungiyar Polisario ne a matsayin sojoji da masu fafutuka.

Tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Yunin 1975 ta bayyana cewa, an sami “yarjejeniya mai yawa” na goyon bayan samun ‘yancin kai na Sahrawi, kuma kungiyar Polisario ita ce mafi karfin siyasa a kasar. Kungiyar ta kulla alaka ta kud da kud da Aljeriya a shekarar 1975. A shekara ta 1976, Aljeriya ta kira mamayar da Moroko ta yi a yammacin Sahara da cewa "hankali, kisa" mamayewa.

Rikici

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Farkon gwagwarmayar makami

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An kafa ƙungiyar Polisario a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1973 a cikin garin Zouirate na Mauritania, tare da bayyana maƙasudin tilastawa sojojin ƙasar kawo ƙarshen mulkin mallaka na Spain. Sakatare Janar na farko shi ne El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed, wanda ya jagoranci tayar da kayar baya da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka na Spain . A ranar 20 ga Mayu ya jagoranci farmakin Khanga, matakin farko na makami na Polisario, [5] wanda a cikinsa aka mamaye wani post na Sipaniya wanda ƙungiyar Tropas Nomadas (dakaru na taimakon Sahrawi ke aiki) kuma aka kama wasu tarin bindigogi. A hankali Polisario ta sami iko a kan manyan yankunan hamadar yammacin sahara, kuma karfinta ya karu a hankali bayan farkon 1975 lokacin da Tropas Nomadas suka fara ficewa gaba daya zuwa Polisario Front, suna kawo makamansu da horo tare da su. sun goyi bayansu.Sahrawi na samun 'yancin kai (ya bambanta da mulkin Spain ko haɗin kai da wata ƙasa maƙwabta) ya kasance "mafi girman yarjejeniya" kuma cewa Ƙungiyar Polisario ta kasance mafi girman karfin siyasa a kasar.

Yakin Yammacin Sahara

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Matan Yammacin Sahara da makamai, 2021.

Yakin yammacin sahara dai wani rikici ne na makami, wanda ya dau tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1991, wanda aka gwabza tsakanin kungiyar Polisario da Morocco. Rikicin dai ya barke ne bayan janyewar Spain daga yankin Saharar Spain bisa yarjejeniyar Madrid, inda ta amince da baiwa Maroko da Mauritania ikon gudanar da mulkin yankin. Kungiyar Polisario da ke samun goyon bayan Aljeriya da Libya, a maimakon haka ta bukaci kafa daular Sahrawi mai cin gashin kanta a yankin, ta yi yaki da Mauritaniya da Maroko cikin gaggawa, a yunkurin korar dakarunsu daga yankin. A shekarar 1979 ne Mauritaniya ta janye dakarunta daga yankin da ake takaddama a kai, kuma a shekara ta 1991 kungiyar Polisario da Morocco suka cimma yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta. Yakin ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 14,000 zuwa 21,000 tsakanin bangarorin biyu. Wasu 40,000-80,000 yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi a sakamakon rikicin; A halin yanzu, mafi yawansu suna zaune a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi daban-daban a duk fadin lardin Tindouf na kasar Aljeriya.

First Sahrawi Intifada

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  Intifada ta farko ta Sahrawi ta fara a cikin 1999 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 2004, [6] ta koma Intifada ta Independence a 2005. Intifada Sahrawi ta farko ta kafa wani yanki na fadace-fadace da ke ci gaba da gudana a yammacin Sahara.

Intifada Independence

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Intifada Independence ko Sahrawi na Biyu Intifada ( intifada Larabci ce don " tashin hankali ") sannan kuma May Intifada [7] kalma ce ta Sahrawi mai fafutuka don jerin tarzoma, zanga-zanga da tarzoma da suka barke a watan Mayu 2005 a yankunan Yammacin Saharar Morocco. A yayin al'amuran an kashe farar hula guda tare da jikkata daruruwa.

Gdeim Izik da zanga-zangar Larabawa

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AAn kafa sansanin zanga-zangar Gdeim Izik a yammacin Sahara a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2010 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa Nuwamba, tare da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa sun faru bayan tarwatsa shi a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2010. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, jami'an tsaron Morocco sun yi yunkurin tarwatsa sansanin Gdeim Izik. Kimanin tantuna 6,500 ne Sahrawis suka kafa a farkon watan Oktoba don nuna rashin amincewarsu da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arzikinsu a yammacin Saharar da ke karkashin ikon Moroko. Yayin da aka fara gudanar da zanga-zangar cikin lumana, daga baya an yi ta samun arangama tsakanin fararen hula da jami'an tsaro. Jami’an tsaro 11 da fararen hula akalla biyu ne aka kashe, bisa kididdigar hukuma. An kona gine-gine da motoci da dama na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu a cikin birnin.

A shekara ta 2011, an sake barkewar wata sabuwar zanga-zanga a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, a matsayin martani ga gazawar ‘yan sanda wajen hana sace-sacen jama’ar Sahrawi da tarzoma a birnin Dakhla na yammacin Sahara, tare da yin zanga-zanga a fadin yankin. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan zanga-zangar a matsayin reshen Yammacin Sahara na ƙungiyar Larabawa jerin zanga-zangar jama'a da tada kayar baya. Duk da tashin goyan bayan da aka fara yi, zanga-zangar 2011 ta lafa da kansu a watan Mayun 2011.

Ƙarshen tsagaita wuta

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A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2020, shugaban SADR Brahim Ghali ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da za ta kawo karshen tsagaita wutar da aka shafe shekaru 29 ana yi, yana mai yin nuni da wani lamari da ya faru kwanaki biyu kafin sojojin Moroccan suka shiga wata mashigar yankin da masu zanga-zangar suka toshe - ayyukan da SADR ta dauka a matsayin shelanta yaki. Hukumar ta SADR ta yi iƙirarin cewa hanyar da aka gina ta Morocco ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ce, kamar yadda aka gina ta bayan sulhu da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a shekarar 1991. Sai dai Moroko ta yi ikirarin cewa har yanzu za ta mutunta yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta tare da zargin cewa sojojin na kokarin sake bude hanyar zirga-zirga ne kawai. Daga bisani ma’aikatar yada labarai ta Sahara ta bayyana cewa, mayakan Polisario sun kai hari a wasu wurare na kasar Morocco a sassan gaba, wanda ya kai tazarar daruruwan mil a hamadar. Har yanzu dai gwamnatin Moroko ba ta ce uffan ba kan wadannan ikirari.

'Yan wasan waje

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Aljeriya

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Aljeriya tana kallon kanta a matsayin "muhimmin dan wasan kwaikwayo" a cikin rikici, kuma tana goyan bayan haƙƙin mutanen Sahrawi a hukumance na cin gashin kansu. Yunkurin da Aljeriya ta saka a rikicin yammacin Sahara, musamman ma a matakin alakar da ke tsakaninta da kasa da kasa, ya yi daidai da na wata kasa mai ruwa da tsaki kamar Morocco.

Matsayin Maroko shi ne cewa Aljeriya na cikin rikici kuma tana amfani da batun Sahara don amfanin geopolitical wanda ya kasance tun daga yakin cacar baka, yana mai da'awar cewa wannan ƙasa a cikin sadarwar hukuma ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya "tana gabatar da kanta a wasu lokuta a matsayin 'jam'iyyar da ta damu,' wasu lokuta a matsayin 'muhimmin dan wasan kwaikwayo,' ko kuma a matsayin 'jam'iyya' a cikin warware takaddamar. [8] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta taba yin la'akari da Maroko da Jam'iyyar Polisario a cikin rikicin a hukumance, amma ta amince cewa akwai wasu bukatu.

Ko da yake a hukumance Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dauki Maroko da Jam'iyyar Polisario a matsayin manyan bangarorin rikicin, tsohon Sakatare Janar na MDD Mr. Kofi Annan yana kallon Aljeriya a matsayin mai ruwa da tsaki a rikicin yammacin Sahara, ya kuma gayyaci Aljeriya, "don shiga a matsayin jam'iyya a cikin wadannan tattaunawa da kuma yin shawarwari, karkashin inuwar wakilina na Kofi Annan". [9] A cikin wata hira da Sabis na Watsa Labarai na Jama'a, a cikin watan Agusta 2004, James Baker, tsohon wakilin sirri na Sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Yammacin Sahara, ya bayyana Maroko da Aljeriya a matsayin duka "manyan manyan magoya bayan biyu" na rikici. [10] Wasu bangarori na uku sun yi kira ga kasashen Morocco da Aljeriya da su yi shawarwari kai tsaye domin samun maslaha kan rikicin. [11] Tun daga karshen shekarar 2016, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tattara masu ruwa da tsaki a zagayen tarukan da aka shirya a Geneva. Babban abin al'ajabi shi ne an gayyace Aljeriya zuwa wannan zagayen teburi . Aljeriya ta ki amincewa da kanta a matsayin "mai ruwa da tsaki" kuma ta ayyana kanta a matsayin "mai lura". An gudanar da zagaye na farko ne a ranakun 5 da 6 ga watan Disamba, yayin da aka shirya gudanar da sabon zagaye a ranakun 21 da 22 ga Maris.

Sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar suna cikin Aljeriya kuma kasar tana da makamai, horar da su, da kuma ba da tallafin Polisario sama da shekaru talatin. [12] Fiye da fursunonin yaƙi na Moroccan dubu biyu an riga an tsare su a ƙasar Aljeriya a sansanonin Polisario, [13] amma duk an sake sakin POWs .

Domin mayar da martani ga Green Maris da kuma halin da ake ci gaba da cece-kuce a yammacin Sahara, Aljeriya ta kwace dukiyoyin tare da korar dubun dubatan fararen hular Morocco tun daga 1975. [14]  [15] Wannan ya kasance tushen tashin hankali tsakanin kasashen biyu.

Duk da cewa kasar Aljeriya ba ta da da'awar a hukumance kan yammacin sahara, wasu masana na ganin cewa rikicin sahara na wakiltar al'amuran siyasar cikin gida ga kasar. [16] [17] Yayin da take jaddada rawar da jami'an Algeria suka taka wajen yin tambayoyi da azabtar da 'yan sandan Morocco, Faransa Libertés ta bayyana a cikin rahotonta game da yanayin tsare 'yan sandan Morocco da ake tsare da su a Tindouf (Algeria) cewa "hannun Aljeriya a cikin rikici sananne ne". [18] A cikin Maris 2003 Khaled Nezzar, wani Janar na Aljeriya mai ritaya, ya yi nuni da rikicin a matsayin batu ne kawai tsakanin Maroko da Aljeriya. [19]

A watan Janairu da Fabrairu 1976, an yi fafatawa kai tsaye a Amgala tsakanin sojojin wadannan kasashe biyu. [19] Kasar Maroko ta yi ikirarin kame “Jami’an Aljeriya da dama da na ‘yan ta’adda da sojoji” a yayin wannan arangamar, amma ta sake su ga hukumomin Aljeriya. [8]

Spain

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A cikin 2011, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Spain, Trinidad Jiménez, ya yi kira da a kafa kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don tantance yanayin tsaro a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira da ke karkashin ikon Polisario a Tindouf (Algeria) tare da binciki yiwuwar cin hanci da rashawa a cikin rabon tallafin kasa da kasa a can. [20] Sanarwar ta Jiménez ta zo ne kwanaki biyu bayan da wasu da ake zargin 'yan kungiyar Al-Qaida ne suka yi garkuwa da wasu ma'aikatan agaji biyu dan kasar Spain da dan Italiya daya a garin Tindouf da ke karkashin ikon kungiyar Polisario mai neman 'yancin kan yankin yammacin Sahara daga Morocco.

Kungiyar Larabawa

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Kokarin samun goyon baya a Kasashen Larabawa game da ra'ayin Greater Morocco bai samu goyon baya sosai ba duk da kokarin da aka yi a farkon shekarun 1960 na shigar da Kungiyar Larabawa domin neman goyon bayanta.[21] Kunnin burin Maroko na fadada ya haifar da tashin hankali, har ma da yankewar alaka ta wucin gadi da Tunisiya. 'Yan Maroko sun fi samun nasara dangane da Yammacin Sahara. Sabanin Organization of African Unity wacce ta goyi bayan 'yancin Yammacin Sahara na cin gashin kai, Kungiyar Larabawa ba ta nuna sha'awa sosai a yankin ba.[21]

Ikkirarin Maroko

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Maroko ta yi ikirarin cewa Polisario Front tana samun goyon baya daga Hezbollah, Iran, da al-Qaida.[22][23] Babu wata hujja ta wata bangare da ke tabbatar da wadannan ikirarin.[24][25][26][27]

Jihar Falasdinu

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Main article: Alakar Falasdinu da Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

A shekarar 1979, PFLP Sakatare-Janar George Habash ya ziyarci sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na Sahrawi sannan kuma ya gana da Brahim Ghali yana tabbatar da goyon bayan PFLP ga lamarin Yammacin Sahara. Wasu kungiyoyin Falasdinu duk da haka sun dauki matakai daban-daban; misali Hamas ta kulla alaka ta kud da kud da Moroccan Justice and Development Party (JDP) kuma ta kuma hana ayyukan Palestinian Committee of solidarity with Sahrawi people a Gaza Strip, tun shekara ta 2016.[28][29]

Ofisoshin Jakadancin Afirka

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A watan Maris na 2020 Laberiya ta bude ofishin jakadanci na Maroko a birnin Dakhla,[30] inda ta zama kasa ta 10 a Afirka da ta kafa ofishin diflomasiyya a Maroko a Yammacin Sahara wanda ke nuna amincewa da manufofin Maroko a yankin. Buɗe ofishin jakadancin ya fuskanci suka daga wakilan kasa da kasa na duka Polisario Front da Aljeriya.[31]

Tarayyar Turai

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Mambobin European Parliament sun zartar da Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement (SFPA) a watan Fabrairun 2019 wacce ta kafa yarjejeniya ga European Fishing vessels don kamun kifi a yankin Maroko kuma ta shimfida shirye-shiryen canzawa zuwa tsarin kamun kifi mai dorewa.[32] Duk da cewa Polisario Front ba ta shiga cikin shawarwari ba, SFPA a fili ta ba da izini ga European Vessels don kamun kifi a yankin Yammacin Sahara mai rikici. Kungiyar Human Rights Watch ta rubuta wasika ga European Members of Parliament tana neman a kada kuri'a a kan shawarwarin, tana mai cewa Maroko ba ta da wata hujja ta doka don yin yarjejeniyoyin dangane da yankin da ke da rikici kuma saboda haka ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa.[33] Yayin da rubutun yarjejeniyar ya yi ikirarin cewa kamun kifin ba zai yi tasiri a kan rikicin da ke gudana ba, kungiyoyin Saharawi daban-daban sun yi Allah wadai da yarjejeniyar. Bayan zartar da yarjejeniyar, an rubuta takarda sanya hannu daga manyan kungiyoyin masu fafutukar Saharawi a yankin zuwa ga EU suna yin Allah wadai da shawarar,[34] kuma Polisario Front ta sanar da cewa za ta kalubalanci kuri'ar a European Court of Justice tana mai cewa ya saba wa dokokin kasa da kasa.[35] Wannan mataki ya karfafa Maroko wanda sai ta zartar da wata doka a watan Janairun 2020 ta fadada iyakokinta na ruwa a kan ruwan Yammacin Sahara.[36]

Amurka

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Gwamnatin Obama ta cire kanta daga shirin cin gashin kai na Maroko a shekarar 2009, duk da haka, tana juyar da goyon bayan Bush ga shirin Maroko, kuma tana komawa ga matsayin kafin Bush, inda za a sake yin la'akari da zabin Yammacin Sahara mai cin gashin kansa.[37]

A watan Afrilun 2013, Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa MINURSO ta kula da kare hakkin bil'adama (kamar sauran manufofin UN mission tun 1991) a Yammacin Sahara, matakin da Maroko ta yi matukar adawa da shi, tana soke atisayen soji na shekara-shekara na African Lion tare da U.S. Army troops.[38] Haka kuma a tsakiyar watan Afrilu, United States Ambassador to Morocco Samuel L. Kaplan ya bayyana yayin wani taro a Casablanca cewa shirin cin gashin kai na Maroko "ba zai iya zama tushe daya tilo ba a cikin wadannan shawarwari," yana mai nufin tattaunawar da UN sponsored talks tsakanin Polisario Front da Maroko.[39]

A ranar 10 ga Disamba 2020, Shugaba Donald Trump ya sanar cewa United States za ta amince da ikirarin Maroko a kan Yammacin Sahara, don musayar yarjejeniyar Maroko na daidaita alaka da Israel.[40][41]

A ranar 4 ga Disamba 2020, Amurka ta amince da Moroccan sovereignty a kan entire Western Sahara territory kuma ta sake tabbatar da goyon bayanta ga Morocco's Western Sahara Autonomy Proposal a matsayin tushe daya tilo don samun just and lasting solution zuwa dispute over the Western Sahara territory. Amurka ta bayyana cewa tana ganin cewa independent Sahrawi State ba realistic option ba ne don resolving the conflict kuma cewa genuine autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty shine only feasible solution.[42]

  1. ↑ https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cwy455g5l2po.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17544084298819&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcwy455g5l2po
  2. ↑ ODS Team. "ODS HOME PAGE" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  3. ↑ <Ofozoba Chinonso: 2014>Cities, Western Sahara. "Smara :: History of the town". www.sahara-villes.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  4. ↑ . 2022-03-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20220309205635/http://www.desaparecidos.org/sahara/basiri/. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 2023-11-23. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ "Saharawi Liberation Army | SADR Permanent Mission in Ethiopia and African Union". www.sadr-emb-au.net (in Turanci). Retrieved 12 May 2018.
  6. ↑ "Sahrawis campaign for independence in the second intifada, Western Sahara, 2005–2008". Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  7. ↑ "Western Sahara Between Autonomy and Intifada – Middle East Research and Information Project". 16 March 2007. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Memorandum of the Kingdom of Morocco on the regional dispute on the Sahara September 24, 2004". Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  9. ↑ "United Nations – Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara. (s/2001/613 Paragraph 54)". 20 June 2001.
  10. ↑ "Sahara Marathon: Host Interview Transcript". PBS. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  11. ↑ "US Ambassador urges dialogue between Morocco and Algeria". Archived from the original on 8 January 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  12. ↑ "The Polisario Front – Credible Negotiations Partner or After Effect of the Cold War and Obstacle to a Political Solution in Western Sahara?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  13. ↑ "The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria)" (PDF). Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  14. ↑ "Telquel – Maroc/Algérie.Bluff et petites manœuvres" (in Faransanci). Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  15. ↑ عمر الفاسي-الرباط (15 March 2006). جمعية لاسترداد ممتلكات المغاربة المطرودين من الجزائر (in Larabci). Aljazeera.net. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  16. ↑ "Khadija Mohsen-Finan Le règlement du conflit du Sahara occidental à l'épreuve de la nouvelle donne régionale" (PDF). 5 July 2023.
  17. ↑ "Western Sahara impasse". January 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  18. ↑ "France Libertés – The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria). P. 12" (PDF). Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "United – France Libertés – The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria). P. 12" (PDF). Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  20. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Zunes, Stephen. "Algeria, the Maghreb Union, and the Western Sahara stalemate. – Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ) – Nbr. 173". Law-journals-books.vlex.com. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  22. ↑ "Morocco severs ties with Iran, accusing it of backing Polisario Front". Reuters. 1 May 2018.
  23. ↑ Meaghan Koudelka; Peter Sandby-Thomas (28 July 2018). "Morocco Flexes Its Muscles Over Western Sahara: An Analysis of Rabat's Standoff With Tehran". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  24. ↑ Bourreau, Charlotte Bozonnet et Marie (23 May 2018). "Pourquoi le Maroc a rompu ses relations avec l'Iran". Le Monde.fr (in Faransanci). Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  25. ↑ Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh (2014). The Ideal Refugees: Gender, Islam, and the Sahrawi Politics of Survival. Syracuse University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-8156-5236-6.
  26. ↑ Paula Duarte Lopes; Stephen Villanueva Ryan (1 January 2009). Rethinking Peace and Security: New Dimensions, Strategies and Actors. Universidad de Deusto. p. 98. ISBN 978-84-9830-474-9.
  27. ↑ "The EU, Morocco, and the Western Sahara: a chance for justice". ECFR. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  28. ↑ "Israel-Morocco deal: Palestinians and Sahrawis hope for renewed solidarity". Middle East Eye (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-11.
  29. ↑ Lamin, Habibulah Mohamed (2016-12-06). "Palestinian-Sahrawi solidarity trumped by Morocco-Hamas power politics, campaigners allege". The New Arab (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-08-11.
  30. ↑ "The Republic of Liberia Opens Consulate General in Dakhla". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, African Cooperation and Moroccan Expatriates (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  31. ↑ "New African consulates cause trouble for Western Sahara | DW | 31 March 2020". DW.COM (in Turanci). Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  32. ↑ "MEPs adopt new Fisheries Partnership with Morocco including Western Sahara | News | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu (in Turanci). 2 December 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  33. ↑ "MEPs: Seek European Court's Opinion on EU-Morocco Fisheries Agreement's Compatibility with International Law". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 11 February 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  34. ↑ "98 Saharawi groups call on European Parliament to reject fish deal - wsrw.org". www.wsrw.org. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  35. ↑ "EU-Morocco Fisheries Agreement: Polisario Front to file complaint before CJEU". Sahara Press Service (in Turanci). 14 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  36. ↑ "Morocco adds Western Sahara waters to its maritime borders | AW staff". AW (in Turanci). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  37. ↑ "Obama reverses Bush-backed Morocco plan in favor of Polisario state". World Tribune. 9 July 2009. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
  38. ↑ "U.S. proposes U.N. Western Sahara rights monitor; Morocco warns of "missteps"". Reuters. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  39. ↑ Morocco’s autonomy proposal "can’t be the only basis in these negotiations," says Samuel L. Kaplan Archived 1 ga Yuli, 2013 at Archive.today Algerian Press Service, 16 April 2013
  40. ↑ "Trump announces Israel and Morocco will normalize relations". CNBC. 10 December 2020.
  41. ↑ Trew, Bel (10 December 2020). "Israel and Morocco agree to normalise relations in latest Trump-brokered deal". The Independent.
  42. ↑ "Proclamation on Recognizing The Sovereignty Of The Kingdom Of Morocco Over The Western Sahara". federalregister.gov. 15 December 2020.
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