Jump to content

Rikicin cikin gida a kasar Sin

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Rikicin cikin gida a kasar Sin
crime in the People's Republic of China (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Tashin hankali na gida
Ƙasa Sin

Rikicin cikin gida a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ya haɗa da tashin hankali ko cin zarafin abokan tarayya ko dangin juna. Rikicin abokin tarayya (IPV) da namiji ya yi shine mafi yawan rikicin cikin gida a kasar Sin; rahoton Jaridar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ta 2005 ya gano cewa 1 daga cikin 4 na matan kasar Sin sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jiki daga abokin tarayya a shekarar da ta gabata.[1] Kodayake Jamhuriyar Sin ta yarda cewa tashin hankali na cikin gida matsala ce a cikin shekarun 1930, [2] kawai ya zama batun bayyane a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata saboda canje-canjen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a cikin shekarun 1980.[3]

An bayyana tashin hankali na cikin gida a cikin Mataki na 2 na Dokar tashin hankali na gida na 2015 a matsayin "laifuka na jiki, na tunani ko wasu laifuka tsakanin dangin da abin ya shafa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin kamar duka, hanawa, gurguntawa, ƙuntatawa kan 'yanci na jiki da kuma cin zarafin baki ko tsoratarwa. " Ko da yake ma'anar doka ta kasance ga membobin iyali, tashin hankali na iyali na iya faruwa tsakanin marasa aure, LGBT, da sauran ma'aurata na gida. [4] Rikicin cikin gida lamari ne mai yawa a duk faɗin kasar Sin, tare da yankunan karkara da ke fama da cutar. Yawancin mata da ke jimrewa da tashin hankali na gida, wanda ya kai kashi 40% na shari'o'in a kasar Sin, suna zaune a yankunan karkara. Duk da shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke ci gaba don kawar da talauci, yankunan karkara suna ci gaba da fama da karuwar talauci, wanda hakan ke kara yawan haɗarin da ke tattare da tashin hankali na gida.

Tarihi da abubuwan da suka haifar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin iyali na gargajiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A tarihi, iyalai na kasar Sin sun bi tsarin matsayi wanda mijin yana da iko akan mafi yawan yanke shawara na gida. Wannan umarnin shugabanci ya samo asali ne daga Confucianism, wanda ya kafa ka'idojin hali ga mata wanda yawanci ya sanya su a ƙarƙashin mazajensu.[5] Musamman, Biyayya Uku da Kyakkyawan halaye Hudu suna kira ga matar ta yi biyayya da mahaifinta, mijinta, da ɗanta yayin da take riƙe da salon rayuwa mai ladabi da ɗabi'a.[5] Duk da yake Confucianism kuma yana ba da shawara ga jituwa da zaman lafiya, ana ɗaukar doke matar mutum a matsayin hanyar da ta dace don horar da ita.[6] Kamar yadda gidan ya kasance yankin mutumin, duk wani tashin hankali da ya aikata wa matarsa ana ganinsa a matsayin batun sirri na iyalinsa kuma daga baya an yi watsi da shi.

A sakamakon tsarin matsayi, mijin ya kasance babban mai ba da abinci ga iyali yayin da matar ta kasance mai kulawa - wannan dangantakar ta kasance a bayyane a cikin harshen Sinanci, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin halayen gargajiya ga mace (Sinanci mai sauƙi: 婦女; Sinanci na gargajiya: 婦女) yana nuna mace tana tsaftacewa tare da tsintsiya.[6] Da yake tana da rawar haihuwa kawai a cikin iyali, matar ta dogara da mijinta sabili da haka ba za ta iya yin zanga-zanga ko barin lokacin da aka doke ta ba.[3] Bugu da ƙari, aikin nuna rashin amincewa da mijinta ba wai kawai ya rushe jituwa ta zamantakewa ta iyali ba, har ma ya nuna rashin biyayya da tawali'u - idan matar ta bar mijinta, za ta kunyata iyalinta kuma ta haifar da ƙyamar al'umma.[6]

Tarihin baya-bayan nan

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A farkon karni na 20, bugun mata har yanzu ana yin sa ne a kai a kai kuma ana ɗaukarsa kayan aiki ne mai karɓa don tabbatar da rinjaye na namiji. Kodayake akwai kungiyoyi irin su All-China Women's Federation (ACWF) da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin ta kafa, waɗannan kungiyoyin da aka kafa a jihohi ba su yi kokari sosai kan batutuwan tashin hankali na cikin gida ba a tsakiyar karni na 20.

Bayan shekarun 1980s, cakuda dalilai da suka hada da karuwar kasancewar kasar Sin a duniya, inganta damar ilimi da aiki ga mata, da kuma yanayin siyasa mai budewa ya haifar da karfafa kokarin magance tashin hankali na gida kuma, musamman, tashin hankali ga mata. Wannan ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen gida, kamar aikin Liang Jun, wanda ya yi kamfen game da tashin hankali na gida, musamman a cikin yankunan karkara a cikin shekarun 1980.[7]

Babban abin da ya haifar da wannan canjin shi ne shigar kasar Sin a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban da aka tsara game da mata da batutuwan iyali a cikin shekarun 1990. Taron Duniya kan Mata da aka shirya a kasar Sin a shekarar 1995, musamman, ya ba da damar masu gwagwarmayar kasar Sin su tuntubi kungiyoyin mata da yawa na kasa da kasa kuma tattauna batun tashin hankali na cikin gida.[8] A wannan lokacin, ana kafa kungiyoyin mata irin su Cibiyar Nazarin Mata, suna shiga cikin fagen gwagwarmaya wanda ACWF kawai ke da tarihi.[8]

Yayinda wayar da kan jama'a game da batun tashin hankali na gida ya karu, binciken farko game da tashin hankali na cikin gida ya fara bayyana. Nazarin daban-daban da ACWF, Cibiyar Aure da Iyali ta Beijing, Cibiyar Binciken Jama'a a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jama'a ta kasar Sin, da sauran kungiyoyi suka bayar da rahoton ƙimar daga 1.6% na mata zuwa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mata waɗanda mazajensu suka doke su a wani lokaci. Kamar yadda babu wani bincike don kwatanta waɗannan lambobi da kafin shekarun 1980, yana da wahala a yi kimantawa mai inganci akan sakamakon daban-daban; duk da haka, masu bincike suna da shakku cewa waɗannan adadi daidai ne na wakilci na sikelin tashin hankali na gida a China.

Hanyar da tasirin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rigakafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An fara ambaton tashin hankali na cikin gida a cikin Shirin Kasa na 1995 don Ci gaban Mata, wanda ya yi kira ga rigakafin tashin hankali na gida ya zama babban fifiko.[9] Kodayake wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka ambaci tashin hankali na cikin gida a bayyane, an riga an sanya shi ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar takardun shari'a daban-daban. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, Babban Ka'idodin Dokar Jama'a ta Jamhuriwar Jama'ar China, Dokar Aure ta Biyu ta 1980, da Dokar Kare Hakkin Mata da Sha'awa duk suna dauke da tanadi da ke hana cin zarafin mata da 'yan uwa gabaɗaya.[9] Ko da yake tashin hankali na cikin gida ya kasance a bayyane kuma a hukumance ba bisa ka'ida ba, a zahiri babu wata hanyar da mata da aka zalunta za su iya neman biyan diyya a karni na 20.

Doka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwaskwarimar Dokar Aure ta 2001

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hanyar farko ta kare shari'a ga wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na gida ta bayyana a cikin gyare-gyaren 2001 ga Dokar Aure ta Biyu. [undefined] A cikin fassarar shari'a game da dokar, Kotun Koli ta Jama'a ta bayyana tashin hankali na cikin gida a matsayin "halayyar ga memba na iyali wanda ke haifar da sakamako mai lahani a jiki, motsin rai, ko a wasu hanyoyi ta hanyar 'bugawa, ɗaurewa, rauni, tilasta ƙuntata 'yancin mutum, ko ta wasu hanyoyi.'" Gyarancin ya haɗa da muhimman canje-canje guda uku:[1]

  • Mataki na 32 (3) (2) ya tabbatar da cewa idan sulhu ya gaza, za a ba da izinin saki idan akwai lokuta na tashin hankali na iyali, cin zarafi, ko watsi.
  • Mataki na 43 ya yi kira ga kwamitin unguwa ko kwamitin mazauna ƙauyen da su sulhunta shari'o'in tashin hankali na iyali, su dauki matakai don dakatar da tashin hankali, da kuma sanya hukuncin gudanarwa ga mai laifi.
  • Mataki na 46 (3) da (4) sun baiwa wanda aka azabtar da tashin hankali na gida damar neman diyya.[10]

Gyaran 2005 ga Dokar Kare Mata ya tabbatar da matakan da aka dauka a cikin gyare-gyaren Dokar Aure. Musamman, gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa Dokar Kare Mata ya kai shi mataki daya gaba kuma ya bayyana a bayyane a cikin Mataki na 46 cewa "An haramta cin zarafin gida ga mata".[11]

Dokar Cin zarafin Cikin Gida ta 2015

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, Majalisar Jiha ta gabatar da dokar ta farko ta cin zarafin gida a kasar Sin. Majalisar ta zartar da dokar a watan Yulin 2015, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2016 . [4] Dokar ta sake tabbatar da ci gaban da aka samu a cikin dokokin da suka gabata kuma ta ba da wasu sabbin tanadi:

  • Mataki na 6 ya jaddada bukatar karin tallace-tallace da ilimi game da batun a makarantu da kafofin watsa labarai.
  • Mataki na 19 ya yi kira ga kungiyoyin agaji na shari'a don samar da taimakon shari'a ga wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na cikin gida da kuma kotuna don "tsawaita, rage, ko cire kudaden shari'a na wadanda ke fama le tashin hankali na gida bisa ga doka".
  • Mataki na 21 ya ba da ikon kotuna su soke kula da kuma nada wani mai kula a lokuta na cin zarafin yara (kuma yana buƙatar masu laifi su ci gaba da samar da tallafin kuɗi).
  • Mataki na 23 yana ba da damar wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali a cikin gida su nemi umarnin kariya ta mutum (daidai da umarnin hanawa).
  • Mataki na 37 ya fadada dokar don rufe tashin hankali na gida tsakanin mutanen da ba 'yan uwa ba ne.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Xu, Xiao; Zhu, Fengchuan; O'Campo, Patricia; Koenig, Michael A.; Mock, Victoria; Campbell, Jacquelyn (2005). "Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in China". American Journal of Public Health. 95 (1): 78–85. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.023978. PMC 1449856. PMID 15623864.
  2. ↑ Milwertz, Cecilia (2003). "Activism Against Domestic Violence in the People's Republic of China". Violence Against Women. 9 (6): 630–654. doi:10.1177/1077801203009006002. S2CID 73158161.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tang, Catherine So-Kum; Lai, Beatrice Pui-Yee (2008). "A Review of Empirical Literature on the Prevalence and Risk Markers of Male-on-Female Intimate Partner Violence in Contemporary China, 1987–2006". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 13 (1): 10–28. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2007.06.001. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "tang" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Leggett, Angela (2016). "Online Civic Engagement and the Anti-Violence Movement in China: Shifting and Influencing Law". International Society for Third-Sector Research. 28 (5): 1–27. doi:10.1007/s11266-016-9680-9. S2CID 147194751. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "overview" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Xu, Xiaohe (1997). "The Prevalence and Determination of Wife Abuse in Urban China". Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 28 (3): 280–303. JSTOR 41603520.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Liu, Meng; Chan, Cecila (1999). "Enduring Violence and Staying in Marriage: Stories of Battered Women in Rural China". Violence Against Women. 5 (12): 1469–1492. doi:10.1177/10778019922183471. S2CID 145693992. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "social" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ "3.8妇女节 | 性别平等：撬动村庄变革的支点 - 三农议题 人民食物主权". 2021-03-07. Archived from the original on 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Zhang, Lu (21 June 2009). "Domestic violence network in China: Translating the transnational concept of violence against women into local action". Women's Studies International Forum. 32 (3): 227–239. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2009.05.017.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Zhao, Yuhong (2000). "Domestic Violence in China: In Search of Legal and Social Responses". UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal. 18 (2): 211–251. doi:10.5070/P8182022139.
  10. ↑ Xu, Xiao; Zhu, Fengchuan; O'Campo, Patricia; Koenig, Michael A.; Mock, Victoria; Campbell, Jacquelyn (2005). "Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in China". American Journal of Public Health. 95 (1): 78–85. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.023978. PMC 1449856. PMID 15623864.
  11. ↑ Xu, Xiao; Zhu, Fengchuan; O'Campo, Patricia; Koenig, Michael A.; Mock, Victoria; Campbell, Jacquelyn (2005). "Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in China". American Journal of Public Health. 95 (1): 78–85. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.023978. PMC 1449856. PMID 15623864.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rikicin_cikin_gida_a_kasar_Sin&oldid=751593"