Robert-François Damiens

Robert-François Damiens
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	La Thieuloye (mul) , 9 ga Janairu, 1715
ƙasa	Faransa
Mutuwa	Faris, 28 ga Maris, 1757
Yanayin mutuwa	hukuncin kisa (dismemberment (en) )
Karatu
Harsuna	Faransanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	domestic worker (en) da criminal (en)

Robert-François Damiens (Faransa pronunciation; sunan mahaifiyar da aka rabuwa a matsayin Damier, fr; 9 ga Janairun 1715 - 28 ga Maris 1757) ya kasance Ma'aikacin gida na Faransa wanda yunkurin kisan Sarki Louis XV a 1757 ya ƙare a cikin kisan jama'a. Shi ne mutum na karshe da aka kashe a Faransa ta hanyar rarraba, hanyar gargajiya ta hukuncin kisa da aka tanada don kisan gillar.frfrfr 

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Damiens a ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1715 a La Thieuloye, wani kauye kusa da Arras a arewacin Faransa. Ya shiga aikin soja tun yana ƙarami. Bayan an sallame shi, ya zama Ma'aikacin gida a kwalejin Jesuits a Paris. An kore shi daga can, da kuma daga sauran ayyukan yi, saboda rashin adalci, wanda ya ba shi lakabin Robert le Diable ("Robert the Devil").

An yi muhawara game da dalilin da ya sa Damiens ya kasance, tare da wasu masana tarihi suna la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da hankali. Daga amsoshin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, Damiens da alama an sanya shi cikin rikici ta hanyar tashin hankali da ya biyo bayan kin amincewar limamin Katolika na Faransa don ba da sakramenti mai tsarki ga membobin ƙungiyar Jansenist.[1] Ya bayyana cewa ya ɗora babban zargi ga sarki don haka ya kafa wani shiri don azabtar da shi.[2]

Yunkurin kisan kai

Sarki Louis na goma sha biyar

Damiens a gaban alƙalai

A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1757 da karfe 4:00 na yamma, yayin da Sarki Louis XV ke shiga cikin karusarsa a Fadar Versailles, Damiens ya gaggauta wuce masu tsaron jiki kuma ya soke shi da wuka. Damiens bai yi ƙoƙari ya tsere ba kuma an kama shi nan da nan. Kayan hunturu na Louis sun kasance masu kariya don haka wuka ya haifar da ɗan rauni, ya shiga 1 cm (0.4 in) cikin kirjinsa. Duk da haka, Louis yana zubar da jini kuma ya kira a kawo masa mai ikirari, saboda yana tsoron zai iya mutuwa. Lokacin da Sarauniya Marie ta gudu zuwa gefen Louis, sai ya nemi gafara ga al'amuransa da yawa. 

An kama Damiens nan take kuma an dauke shi don a azabtar da shi don tilasta masa ya bayyana ainihin duk wani abokin tarayya ko wadanda suka aiko shi. Wannan ƙoƙari bai yi nasara ba. Majalisar dokoki Paris ta yi masa shari'a kuma ta hukunta shi a matsayin mai kisan gilla kuma ta yanke masa hukuncin dawakai suka ja shi kuma suka raba shi a Place de Grève .

azabtarwa da kisa

Kashe Damiens

Kyakkyawan kwatancin tsakiyar karni na 19 na kisan Damiens da mai zane-zane na Faransa Théophile Fragonard; a zahiri Damiens zai kasance a kan dandalin kisan kai, galibi ba tare da sutura ba, kuma ya ji mummunan rauni daga azabtarwa.

An ɗauke shi daga gidan kurkukunsa a safiyar ranar 28 ga watan Maris, Damiens ya ce "La journée sera rude" ("Ranar za ta kasance da wahala"). An fara azabtar da shi ne inda aka matsa ƙafafunsa da raunin da ake kira "boots". Daga nan aka azabtar da shi da jan-hot pincers; hannun da ya riƙe wuka a lokacin yunkurin kisan kai an ƙone shi ta amfani da sulfur; an zuba murfin da aka narke, gubar da aka narkar, da man tafasa a cikin raunukansa. Daga nan aka tura shi ga mai kisan sarauta Charles-Henri Sanson (wanda daga baya zai ci gaba da kashe Sarki Louis na XVI) wanda, bayan ya kwashe Damiens, ya ɗaure dawakai a hannunsa da ƙafafunsa don ya rabu su. Amma gaɓoɓin Damiens ba su rabu da sauƙi ba: jami'an sun umarci Sanson ya yanke jijiyoyi Damiens, kuma da zarar an yi hakan dawakai sun sami damar yin rarrabawar. Da zarar an raba Damiens, ga taya murna na taron, an ƙone jikinsa da ke da rai a kan gungume. [shafin da ake buƙata] Wasu asusun sun ce ya mutu lokacin da aka cire hannunsa na ƙarshe. 

Kalmomin karshe na Damiens ba su da tabbas. Wasu kafofin sun danganta shi da "Ya mutuwa, me ya sa ka daɗe a zuwa?"; wasu sun ce kalmomin karshe na Damiens sun kunshi yawancin zubar da jini don jinƙai daga Allah.

Sakamakon haka

Bayan mutuwarsa, an rage gawar Damiens zuwa toka kuma an warwatsa shi cikin iska. An rushe gidansa, an tilasta wa 'yan uwansa maza da mata su canza sunayensu, kuma an kori mahaifinsa, matarsa, da 'yarsa daga Faransa.

Faransa ba ta fuskanci yunkurin kisan kai ba tun lokacin da aka kashe Henry IV a shekara ta 1610. Rashin mutunci na Damiens ya jimre. Shekaru arba'in bayan mutuwarsa, an yi amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta Arras mafi shahara a kan wani ɗan ƙasar Arras, Maximilien Robespierre . Maƙiyansa sun bayyana adadi mai rikitarwa na Juyin Juya Halin Faransa akai-akai a matsayin dan dan Damiens. Ko da yake ba gaskiya ba ne, tsegumi ya kasance mai aminci sosai tsakanin masu goyon bayan sarauta da masu goyon bayan kasashen waje. Ga wasu, kisan Damiens ya zama sanannen sanarwa wanda ke nuna mummunar zalunci na Tsohon Tsarin Mulki.

Kyauta

Casanova (wanda aka nuna) na ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shaidun kisan Damiens

Mai ba da labari na ƙarni na 18 Giacomo Casanova ne ya ga hukuncin kisa, wanda ya isa ranar da aka kai harin, kuma ya haɗa da asusun a cikin tarihinsa:

We had the courage to watch the dreadful sight for four hours ... Damiens was a fanatic, who, with the idea of doing a good work and obtaining a heavenly reward, had tried to assassinate Louis XV; and though the attempt was a failure, and he only gave the king a slight wound, he was torn to pieces as if his crime had been consummated. ... I was several times obliged to turn away my face and to stop my ears as I heard his piercing shrieks, half of his body having been torn from him, but the Lambertini and the fat aunt did not budge an inch. Was it because their hearts were hardened? They told me, and I pretended to believe them, that their horror at the wretch's wickedness prevented them feeling that compassion which his unheard-of torments should have excited.

— Book 2, Volume 5, Chapter 3

Amsar falsafa da siyasa

Mai sukar Ian Haywood ya yi jayayya cewa Edmund Burke ya yi nuni da azabtarwar Damiens a cikin A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1775), lokacin da ya rubuta "Lokacin da haɗari ko ciwo ya kusan, ba su da ikon ba da wani farin ciki, kuma suna da ban tsoro; amma a wasu nesa, kuma tare da wasu gyare-gyare, suna daɗi" (anƙai), suna da "matsawa" don yin magana game da wahalar Damiens. Masanin falsafa Cesare Beccaria ya ambaci makomar Damiens a bayyane lokacin da ya yi Allah wadai da azabtarwa da hukuncin kisa a cikin littafinsa On Crimes and Punishments (1764). Thomas Paine a cikin 'Yancin Mutum' (1791) ya ambaci kisan Damiens a matsayin misali na zalunci na gwamnatocin zalunci; Paine ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan hanyoyin sune dalilin da ya sa jama'a suka bi da fursunonin su a irin wannan mummunan hali lokacin da Juyin Juya Halin Faransa ya faru. Michel Foucault ya kuma bayyana hukuncin kisa na Damiens kuma ya tattauna shi sosai a cikin littafinsa Discipline and Punish, a cikin nazarin canjin ra'ayoyin game da azabtarwa wanda ya faru a al'adun Yamma a cikin karni mai zuwa. Ya ambaci aikin Alexandre Zévaès, Damiens le regicide .

Dubi kuma

• François Ravaillac, wani kisan gillar Faransa da aka kashe a cikin wannan hanya da wuri