Robert Menzies

Sir Robert Gordon Menzies (20 Disamba 1894 - 15 Mayu 1978) ɗan siyasan Australiya ne kuma lauya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na 12 na Australiya daga 1939 zuwa 1941 kuma daga 1949 zuwa 1966. Ya rike mukamin a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar United Australia Party (UAP) a wa'adinsa na farko, sannan kuma a matsayin shugaban farko na Jam'iyyar Liberal Party of Australia a karo na biyu. Ya kasance memba na majalisa (MP) na ƙungiyar Victorian ta Kooyong daga 1934 zuwa 1966. Shi ne Firayim Minista mafi tsawo a tarihin Australiya.

A Zaben tarayya na 1949, Menzies ya jagoranci hadin gwiwar Liberal-Country zuwa nasara kuma ya dawo a matsayin Firayim Minista. Roƙonsa ga gida da iyali, wanda aka inganta ta hanyar tabbatar da tattaunawar rediyo, ya dace da mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasa yayin da tattalin arziki ya girma kuma dabi'un matsakaicin matsayi sun mamaye; Har ila yau, goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Labor ta Australiya ya lalace saboda tsoron Yaƙin Cold. Bayan 1955, gwamnatinsa ta kuma sami goyon baya daga Jam'iyyar Democrat Labor Party, ƙungiyar da ta rabu da Jam'iyyar Labor. Menzies ya lashe zabe bakwai a jere a lokacin mulkinsa na biyu, daga ƙarshe ya yi ritaya a matsayin Firayim Minista a watan Janairun 1966. Duk da gazawar gwamnatinsa ta farko, ana tunawa da gwamnatinsa saboda ci gaban babban birnin Australia na Canberra, fadada shirin shige da fice bayan yakin, jaddada ilimi mafi girma, da manufofin tsaro na kasa, wanda ya ga Ostiraliya ta ba da gudummawa ga sojojin ga Yaƙin Koriya, Gaggawa na Malayan, rikici na Indonesia da Malaysia, da Yaƙin Vietnam.

Rayuwa ta farko

Haihuwar haihuwa da asalin iyali

An haifi Robert Gordon Menzies a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1894 a gidan iyayensa a Jeparit, Victoria . [1] Shi ne na huɗu cikin yara biyar da Kate (née Sampson) da James Menzies suka haifa; yana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, 'yar'uwa Isabel, da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa. Menzies shine Firayim Minista na farko na Australiya da ke da iyaye biyu da aka haifa a Australiya: an haifi mahaifinsa a Ballarat kuma mahaifiyarsa a Creswick . Kakanninsa a bangarorin biyu sun jawo su zuwa Ostiraliya ta hanyar zinare na Victorian. An haifi kakanninsa a Penzance, Cornwall . [1] Kakan mahaifinsa, wanda ake kira Robert Menzies, an haife shi ne a Renfrewshire, Scotland, kuma ya isa Melbourne a shekara ta 1854.[1] A shekara mai zuwa ya auri Elizabeth Band, 'yar mai yin takalma daga Fife.[1] Menzies yana alfahari da al'adun Scotland, kuma ya fi son a furta sunansa a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Scotland (/ˈmɪŋɪs/ MING-iss) maimakon yadda aka rubuta shi (//ˈmɛnziz// MEN-zeez). Wannan ya haifar da laƙabi "Ming", wanda daga baya aka faɗaɗa zuwa "Ming the Merciless" bayan halin ban dariya.[1] An ba da sunansa na tsakiya don girmama Charles George Gordon . [2]

Iyalin Menzies sun koma Jeparit, wani karamin garin Wimmera, a cikin shekara guda kafin haihuwar Robert. A ƙidayar shekara ta 1891, ƙauyen yana da yawan mutane 55 kawai. An haifi 'yan uwansa ne a Ballarat, inda mahaifinsa ya kasance mai zane-zane a Phoenix Foundry . Neman sabon farawa, ya ƙaura da iyalin zuwa Jeparit don karɓar babban shagon, wanda "ya tsira maimakon ya bunƙasa". A lokacin yarantakar Menzies, an zabi uku daga cikin danginsa na kusa zuwa majalisa. An zabi kawunsa Hugh a Majalisar Dokokin Victoria a 1902, mahaifinsa ya biyo baya a 1911, yayin da aka zabi wani kawunsa, Sydney Sampson, a Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya a 1906. Kowane ɗayan uku sun wakilci mazabar karkara, kuma an ci su bayan 'yan wa'adin. Kakan mahaifiyar Menzies John Sampson ya kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago. Ya kasance shugaban farko na kungiyar masu hakar ma'adinai ta Creswick, wanda ya kafa tare da dan majalisa na jam'iyyar Labor ta Australia William Spence, kuma daga baya ya kasance sananne a cikin kungiyar masu haker ma'adanai ta Amalgamated.

Yaronta

Labari a cikin Melbourne Punch yana ba da cikakken bayani game da nasarar Menzies na wucewa a jarrabawar makarantar jihar yana da shekaru 13

Yayinda yake girma, Menzies da 'yan uwansa "suna da jin daɗi na yau da kullun da kuma abokantaka na ƙaramin gari". Ya fara karatunsa na yau da kullun a 1899 a Makarantar Jihar Jeparit, makarantar malami guda ɗaya. Lokacin da yake kimanin goma sha ɗaya, an tura shi da 'yar'uwarsa zuwa Ballarat don su zauna tare da kakarsa ta mahaifinsa; 'yan uwansa biyu sun riga sun zauna a can. A cikin 1906, Menzies ya fara halartar Makarantar Jihar Humffray Street a Bakery Hill . A shekara mai zuwa, yana da shekaru 13, ya kasance na farko a cikin jarrabawar tallafin karatu na jihar. Wannan aikin ya ba da kuɗin dukan karatun sakandare, wanda dole ne a gudanar da shi a makarantu masu zaman kansu, saboda Victoria ba ta da tsarin makarantun sakandare na jama'a. A cikin 1908 da 1909, Menzies ya halarci Kwalejin Grenville, ƙaramar makaranta mai zaman kanta a Ballarat ta Tsakiya. Shi da iyalinsa sun koma Melbourne a 1910, inda ya shiga Kwalejin Wesley. Menzies "ba shi da sha'awar sosai kuma tabbas bai iya yin wasanni ba", amma ya yi fice a ilimi. A cikin shekara ta uku kuma ta ƙarshe a Wesley ya lashe nune-nunen £ 40 don karatun jami'a, ɗaya daga cikin 25 da gwamnatin jihar ta ba da kyautar.

Jami'ar

A shekara ta 1913, Menzies ya shiga Makarantar Shari'a ta Melbourne . Ya lashe kyaututtuka iri-iri, nune-nunen, da tallafin karatu a lokacin da yake dalibi, ya kammala karatu a matsayin Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) a 1916 da kuma Master of Laws, LL.M.) a 1918. Ya yi, duk da haka, ya kasa Latin a shekarar farko. Ɗaya daga cikin litattafan da ya lashe kyautar, The Rule of Law During the War, an buga shi a matsayin ɗan littafin tare da gabatarwa daga Harrison Moore, shugaban makarantar shari'a. A shekara ta 1916, an zabi Menzies a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Wakilai ta Dalibai da kuma editan mujallar Jami'ar Melbourne . Ya rubuta waƙoƙi da waƙoƙa don mujallar, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga waƙa game da "ƙaramin Billy Hughes" zuwa ƙarshen shekara. Menzies ya kuma kasance shugaban kungiyar Kirista ta Dalibai, memba ne na kafa kungiyar Tarihi, kuma sanannen memba na kungiyar daliban Shari'a. Yana da "sunan da ba a saba gani ba kuma mai magana da kyau a cikin al'ummar dalibai", kuma an san shi da ƙwararren mai muhawara. Koyaya, ya kuma fara haɓaka halaye na girman kai da girman kai wanda zai haifar da matsaloli daga baya a cikin aikinsa. Abokin aikinsa na lauya da abokin aikinsa na majalisa na gaba Percy Joske ya lura Menzies a matsayin dalibi "ba ya sha wahala da yardar rai [...] matsalar cewa abokan adawarsa ba su da yawa ba su da wawaye ba ne kuma cewa abubuwa ba kawai ba su da rashin adalci ba ne kawai ba.

A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, Menzies ya yi aikin soja na tilas a cikin Rifles na Jami'ar Melbourne (sashin soja na ɗan lokaci) daga 1915 zuwa 1919. Wannan rukunin bai yi aiki ba kuma Menzies ya lura a cikin littafinsa cewa horo a cikin ƙwarewar asali kamar harbi na bindiga ba shi da daidaituwa. An ba shi izini na biyu a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1915. Ba kamar yawancin tsaransa ba, bai ba da kansa don hidimar kasashen waje ba, wani abu da daga baya abokan adawar siyasa za su yi amfani da shi; a cikin 1939 ya bayyana shi a matsayin "rawan laka wanda na shiga cikin kowane kamfen da na shiga". Menzies bai taba yin magana a fili game da dalilan da ya sa ya yanke shawarar kada ya shiga, yana mai cewa suna da "motsa" kuma suna da alaƙa da "al'amuran sirri da na iyali". 'Yan uwansa biyu sun yi aiki a kasashen waje. A cikin wata hira ta 1972, ɗan'uwansa Frank Menzies ya tuna cewa "taron iyali" ya yanke shawarar cewa Robert bai kamata ya shiga ba. Sun yi imanin cewa samun biyu daga cikin 'ya'ya maza uku da suka girma a kasashen waje ya isa ya ba da gudummawar kishin kasa ga kokarin yaki, kuma cewa Robert zai yi amfani da bukatun iyali don ci gaba da aikinsa na ilimi. Wani dalili na ajiye daya daga cikin 'ya'yan maza a gida shine lafiyar mahaifinsu, James, wanda ba shi da lafiya a jiki kuma ba shi da kwanciyar hankali a lokacin. An lura cewa, a matsayin dalibi, Menzies ya goyi bayan gabatar da tilastawa a kasashen waje, wanda idan an aiwatar da shi zai sanya shi daya daga cikin na farko da za a kwashe shi. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa mataimakin, ya yi murabus daga aikinsa daga ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1921.

Ayyukan shari'a

Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Melbourne a 1916 tare da girmamawa na farko a Shari'a, an shigar da Menzies a cikin Bar na Victoria da kuma Babban Kotun Australia a 1918. Da yake kafa aikinsa a Melbourne, Menzies ya ƙware musamman a cikin dokar tsarin mulki wanda ya karanta tare da babban lauyan Victorian kuma alƙalin Kotun Koli na gaba, Sir Owen Dixon . A cikin 1920, Menzies ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Amalgamated Society of Engineers wanda daga ƙarshe ya ɗauki roko zuwa Babban Kotun Ostiraliya. Shari'ar ta zama muhimmiyar hukuma don sake fassara ikon Commonwealth akan na Jihohi. Hukuncin Babban Kotun ya ɗaga bayanin Menzies a matsayin ƙwararren mai ba da shawara, kuma a ƙarshe an nada shi mai ba da Shawara ga Sarki a 1929.