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Rooibos

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Rooibos
Scientific classification
KingdomPlantae
OrderFabales (mul) Fabales
DangiFabaceae (mul) Fabaceae
TribeCrotalarieae (mul) Crotalarieae
GenusAspalathus (mul) Aspalathus
jinsi Aspalathus linearis
R.Dahlgren,
General information
Tsatso rooibos (en) Fassara, Rooibos wine (en) Fassara da smell of rooibos (en) Fassara
Furanni
Shuka

Rooibos / / ˈrɔɪbɒs / ROY -boss ROY , lit. ' ja ' ), ko [Aspalathus linearis] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized private tag: new (help), wani nau'in tsintsiya ne mai kama da tsintsiya daga dangin shukar Fabaceae wanda ke tsiro a cikin biome na Fynbos na Afirka ta Kudu . Ana amfani da ganyen don yin jiko na ganye mara caffeine wanda ya shahara a Kudancin Afirka tsawon tsararraki. Tun daga shekarun 2000, rooibos ya sami karbuwa a duniya, tare da ɗanɗano mai kama da na yerba mate ko taba . [1] [2] [3]

A wajen Kudancin Afirka, ana kiransa da shayin bush, shayin ja, ko shayin redbush (wanda galibi ake kira da shayin redbush) (wanda galibi ake kira da shayin rooibos ) wanda ya samo asali daga rooi bos ., ma'ana ' . Sunan yana da kariya a Afirka ta Kudu kuma yana da kariya daga sanya matsayin asali a cikin EU.

An riga an rarraba Rooibos a cikin nau'in [[[Psoralea]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized private tag: new (help) amma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[[Aspalathus]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized private tag: new (help), bayan Dahlgren (1980). Sunan takamaiman [linearis] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized private tag: new (help), don tsarin girma na layi da ganyen shuka kamar allura, Burman (1759) ne ya bayar.

Samarwa da sarrafawa

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Shayin rooibos kore
Shayin Rooibos a cikin gilashi
Shayin Rooibos da madara
Shayin rooibos da aka haɗa da rooibos

Ana shuka Rooibos a Cederberg, wani ƙaramin yanki mai tsaunuka a gundumar Yammacin Tekun Gabar Teku ta lardin Yammacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu . [4]

Gabaɗaya, ganyen suna shan iskar oksijin. [5] Wannan tsari yana samar da launin ja-kasa-kasa na rooibos kuma yana ƙara ɗanɗano. Ana kuma samar da rooibos kore marasa oksijin, amma tsarin samar da rooibos kore mai wahala (kamar yadda ake samar da shayi kore ) yana sa ya fi tsada fiye da rooibos na gargajiya. Yana ɗauke da ɗanɗanon malt da ɗan ciyawa kaɗan daban da na ja. [6]

Amfani

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Ana yin Rooibos a matsayin tisane ta hanyar tsoma shi cikin ruwan zafi, kamar yadda ake yi da shayin baƙi . Ana shan jiko da kansa ko kuma a ƙara masa madara, lemun tsami, sukari ko zuma. Haka kuma ana yin sa a matsayin lattes, cappuccinos ko shayin kankara .

Sinadarin sinadarai

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A matsayin ganyen sabo, rooibos yana ɗauke da sinadarin ascorbic acid (bitamin C). [7]

Shayin Rooibos bai ƙunshi maganin kafeyin ba [8] [9] kuma yana da ƙarancin tannin idan aka kwatanta da shayin baƙi ko shayin kore . [7] Rooibos ya ƙunshi polyphenols, gami da flavanols, flavones, flavanones, dihydrochalcones, [10] [11] aspalathin [12] da nothofagin . [13]

Ganyen da aka sarrafa da kuma tushensu suna ɗauke da sinadarin benzoic da cinnamic acid . [14]

Ma'auni

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Ma'aunin Rooibos yana da alaƙa da kashi na allura ko ganyen da ke cikin cakuda. Yawan ganyen da ke cikinsa yana haifar da giya mai duhu, ɗanɗano mai daɗi da ƙarancin ɗanɗanon "ƙura". Ana fitar da rooibos mai inganci kuma ba ya isa kasuwannin gida, tare da manyan masu sayayya su ne Tarayyar Turai, musamman Jamus, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ƙirƙirar gauraye masu ɗanɗano don kasuwannin shayi masu laushi. [15]

Tarihi

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Nau'o'i uku na ƙungiyar Borboniae ta Aspalathus, wato A. angustifolia, A. cordata da A. crenata, an taɓa amfani da su a matsayin shayi. Waɗannan tsire-tsire suna da ganye masu sauƙi, masu tauri, masu kaifi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka fi sani da suna 'stekeltee'. Tarihin farko na amfani da Aspalathus a matsayin tushen shayi shine na Carl Peter Thunberg, wanda ya rubuta game da amfani da A. cordata a matsayin shayi: "Daga cikin ganyen Borbonia cordata, mutanen ƙasar suna yin shayi." (Thunberg, Yuli 1772, a Paarl). Wannan labarin wani lokaci ana danganta shi da shayin rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis ). [16]

Bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa Aspalathus linearis an yi amfani da shi dubban shekaru da suka gabata, amma hakan ba yana nufin an yi shayin rooibos a zamanin mulkin mallaka ba. [17] Hanyar gargajiya ta girbi da sarrafa rooibos (don yin shayin rooibos ko na ado ) ta iya, aƙalla wani ɓangare, ta samo asali ne a zamanin mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, ba lallai ba ne cewa San da Khoikhoi sun yi amfani da wannan hanyar don shirya abin sha da suka sha don jin daɗi a matsayin shayi.

Tarihin shayin rooibos na farko da aka samu a zamanin da ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Ba a rubuta sunayen nau'in Khoi ko na mutanen San ba. Marubuta da yawa sun ɗauka cewa shayin ya samo asali ne daga mazaunan Cederberg . A bayyane yake, shayin rooibos abin sha ne na gargajiya na mutanen Cederberg da suka fito daga Khoi (da "fararen fata"). Duk da haka, wannan al'ada ba a gano ta ba tun daga kwata na ƙarshe na ƙarni na 19. [16]

A al'ada, mutanen yankin suna hawa tsaunuka suna yanke ganyayyun ganyen rooibos na daji masu kama da allura. Sannan suna naɗe guntun ganyen a cikin jakunkunan hessian sannan su sauko da su ƙasan gangaren ta amfani da jakuna. Ana sarrafa shayin rooibos ta hanyar bugun kayan a kan dutse mai faɗi da sandar katako ko sandar katako mai nauyi ko babban guduma na katako. [16]

Tarihin amfani da rooibos a zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma farkon mulkin mallaka galibi tarihin rashinsa ne. Mazauna zamanin mulkin mallaka za su iya koyo game da wasu kaddarorin Aspalathus linearis daga makiyaya da masu farautar yankin Cederberg. Ba a rubuta yanayin wannan ilimin ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da bayanan da ake da su, ana iya ganin asalin shayin rooibos a cikin mahallin faɗaɗa cinikin shayi a duniya da kuma al'adar mulkin mallaka ta shan shayin Sin da na Ceylon daga baya. A wannan yanayin, jiko ko kayan ƙanshi na rooibos sun yi aiki a matsayin madadin kayan Asiya masu tsada. [17]

Da alama 'yan asalin ƙasar (San da Khoikhoi) da mazauna yankunan da ake noma rooibos sun ba da gudummawa ga ilimin gargajiya na rooibos ta wata hanya. Misali, ana iya gabatar da amfani da magunguna kafin ƙarni na 18 ta hanyar makiyayan Khoisan ko masu tattara ƙwai na San. Haka kuma, amfani da Aspalathus linearis don yin shayi, gami da hanyoyin samarwa, kamar ƙuraje da kuma lalata ganyen, ya fi yiwuwa mazauna da suka saba shan shayin Asiya ko madadinsa su fara amfani da shi a zamanin mulkin mallaka. [17]

A shekarar 1904, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka fi sani da 'uban masana'antar rooibos', [1] Benjamin Ginsberg ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje iri-iri a Rondegat Farm kuma daga ƙarshe ya warkar da rooibos. Ya kwaikwayi hanyar gargajiya ta kasar Sin ta yin Keemun ta hanyar yin shayin a cikin ganga, yana samun kwarin gwiwa daga al'adar iyalansa Yahudawa ta yin shayi da jiko na ganye, waɗanda aka saba shirya su da samovar [2] Babban cikas wajen noman rooibos a kasuwanci shi ne cewa manoma ba za su iya noman irin rooibos ba. Irin yana da wahalar samu kuma ba zai yiwu a yi shi a kasuwanci ba.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "(Making the Origin Count: Two Coffees)...And a Tea". www.wipo.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  2. ↑ Curnow, Robyn (2012-05-02). "South Africa's rooibos a hit with tea lovers across the world | CNN Business". CNN (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  3. ↑ "Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren". www.gbif.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  4. ↑ Muofhe, M.L.; Dakora, F.D. (1999). "Nitrogen nutrition in nodulated field plants of the shrub tea legume Aspalathus linearis assessed using 15N natural abundance". Plant and Soil. 209 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:1999PlSoi.209..181M. doi:10.1023/A:1004514303787. S2CID 27188520.
  5. ↑ Abudureheman, Buhailiqiemu; Yu, Xiaochun; Fang, Dandan; Zhang, Henghui (January 2022). "Enzymatic Oxidation of Tea Catechins and Its Mechanism". Molecules. 27 (3): 942. doi:10.3390/molecules27030942. PMC 8840101 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35164208 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Standley, L; Winterton, P; Marnewick, JL; Gelderblom, WC; Joubert, E; Britz, TJ (January 2001). "Influence of processing stages on antimutagenic and antioxidant potentials of rooibos tea". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (1): 114–7. Bibcode:2001JAFC...49..114S. doi:10.1021/jf000802d. PMID 11170567.
  7. 1 2 Morton, Julia F. (1983). "Rooibos tea, Aspalathus linearis, a caffeine-less, low-tannin beverage". Economic Botany. 37 (2): 164–73. Bibcode:1983EcBot..37..164M. doi:10.1007/BF02858780. JSTOR 4254477. S2CID 30957644. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Morton" defined multiple times with different content.
  8. ↑ Iswaldi, I; Arráez-Román, D; Rodríguez-Medina, I; Beltrán-Debón, R; Joven, J; Segura-Carretero, A; Fernández-Gutiérrez, A (2011). "Identification of phenolic compounds in aqueous and ethanolic rooibos extracts (Aspalathus linearis) by HPLC-ESI-MS (TOF/IT)". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 400 (10): 3643–54. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-4998-z. PMID 21509483. S2CID 3247287.
  9. ↑ Stander, Maria A.; Joubert, Elizabeth; De Beer, Dalene (1 March 2019). "Revisiting the caffeine-free status of rooibos and honeybush herbal teas using specific MRM and high resolution LC-MS methods". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 76: 39–43. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2018.12.002. S2CID 91374300.
  10. ↑ Krafczyk, Nicole; Woyand, Franziska; Glomb, Marcus A. (2009). "Structure-antioxidant relationship of flavonoids from fermented rooibos". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 53 (5): 635–42. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200800117. PMID 19156714.
  11. ↑ Bramati, Lorenzo (2002). "Quantitative Characterization of Flavonoid Compounds in Rooibos Tea ( Aspalathus linearis ) by LC−UV/DAD". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (20): 5513–5519. Bibcode:2002JAFC...50.5513B. doi:10.1021/jf025697h. PMID 12236672.
  12. ↑ Ku, S. K.; Kwak, S; Kim, Y; Bae, J. S. (2015). "Aspalathin and Nothofagin from Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) inhibits high glucose-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo". Inflammation. 38 (1): 445–55. doi:10.1007/s10753-014-0049-1. PMID 25338943. S2CID 40016427.
  13. ↑ Joubert, E. (1996). "HPLC quantification of the dihydrochalcones, aspalathin and nothofagin in rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) as affected by processing". Food Chemistry. 55 (4): 403–411. doi:10.1016/0308-8146(95)00166-2.
  14. ↑ Rabe, C; Steenkamp, JA; Joubert, E; Burger, JF; Ferreira, D (1994). "Phenolic metabolites from rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis)". Phytochemistry. 35 (6): 1559–1565. Bibcode:1994PChem..35.1559R. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86894-6.
  15. ↑ Joubert, E.; de Beer, D. (1 October 2011). "Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) beyond the farm gate: From herbal tea to potential phytopharmaceutical". South African Journal of Botany. 77 (4): 869–886. Bibcode:2011SAJB...77..869J. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2011.07.004.
  16. 1 2 3 Van Wyk, B.-E.; Gorelik, B. (May 2017). "The history and ethnobotany of Cape herbal teas". South African Journal of Botany. 110: 18–38. Bibcode:2017SAJB..110...18V. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.011. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Wyk" defined multiple times with different content.
  17. 1 2 3 Gorelik, Boris (October 2018). "Rooibos: an ethnographic perspective" (PDF). South African Rooibos Council. Retrieved 12 November 2019. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Gorelik" defined multiple times with different content.
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