Rosa Parks
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Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (Fabrairu 4, 1913 - Oktoba 24, 2005) yar gwagwarmaya ce Ba'amurkiya a cikin fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, wacce aka fi sani da muhimmiyar rawar da ta taka a kauracewa bas din Montgomery. Majalisar dokokin Amurka ta girmama ta a matsayin "Uwargidan shugaban kasa ta 'yancin jama'a" da "mahaifiyar 'yanci".[1]
Parks ta zama mai fafutukar NAACP a 1943, tana shiga cikin manyan fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a da dama. Ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1955, a Montgomery, Alabama, Parks ta ki amincewa da direban bas James F. Blake don barin jere na kujeru hudu a cikin sashin "launi" don goyon bayan fasinja farar fata wanda ya yi kuka ga direba, sau ɗaya " fari” an cika sashe.[2] Parks ba ita ce mutum ta farko da ta yi tsayayya da rarrabuwar bas ba, amma Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mutane (NAACP) ta yi imanin cewa ita ce mafi kyawun 'yar takara don ganin ta hanyar kalubalen kotu bayan kama ta saboda rashin biyayya ga jama'a a cikin cin zarafin Alabama. Dokoki, kuma ta taimaka ta zaburar da al'ummar baki don kauracewa motocin bas din Montgomery sama da shekara guda. Shari'ar ta kasance cikin rudani a kotunan jihohi, amma karar bas na Montgomery na tarayya Browder v. Gayle ya haifar da hukuncin Nuwamba 1956 cewa rabuwar bas ba ta da ka'ida a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kariya Daidaita na 14th Kwaskwarima ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka.[3]
Rayuwar baya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Rosa Parks Rosa Louise McCauley a Tuskegee, Alabama, ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 1913, ga Leona (née Edwards), malami, da James McCauley, kafinta. Baya ga zuriyar Afirka, ɗayan kakannin kakannin Parks shine Scots-Irish, kuma ɗayan kakanin kakaninta wani ɓangare ne – Bawan Amurkawa.[4] Tun tana karama, tana fama da ciwon tonsillitis na kullum kuma tana kwance a gado; Iyalin ba za su iya biyan kuɗin tiyata don magance yanayin ba.[12: 12 Lokacin da iyayenta suka rabu, ta ƙaura tare da mahaifiyarta zuwa gonar kakaninta a wajen Pine Level, inda aka haifi ƙanenta Sylvester.[5] : 12–13 Rosa ta shiga Cocin Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), wata ƙungiyar baƙar fata mai zaman kanta ta ƙarni wanda baƙar fata suka kafa a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a cikin farkon karni na sha tara,[6] kuma ta kasance memba a tsawon rayuwarta.
Gwagwarmaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1932, Rosa ta auri Raymond Parks, wanzami daga Montgomery.[m[7] ta kasance memba na NAACP, wadda a lokacin tana karɓar kuɗi don tallafawa tsaron Scottsboro Boys. gungun maza bakar fata da aka zarge su da laifin yiwa mata farar fata biyu fyade: 690 Rosa ta dauki ayyuka da dama. tun daga ma'aikacin gida zuwa ma'aikacin asibiti. Bisa bukatar mijinta, ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a shekarar 1933, a lokacin da kasa da kashi 7% na Amurkawa ‘yan Afirka suka sami takardar shaidar kammala sakandare.[8]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Pub. L. 106–26 (text) (PDF). Retrieved November 13, 2011. The quoted passages can be seen by clicking through to the text or PDF
- ↑ "An Act of Courage, The Arrest Records of Rosa Parks". National Archives. August 15, 2015. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020
- ↑ Branch, Taylor (1988). "Parting the Waters: America in the King Years". Simon & Schuster. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013
- ↑ Gilmore, Kim. "Remembering Rosa Parks on Her 100th Birthday". Biography.com. A&E Television Networks. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
- ↑ Shraff, Anne (2005). Rosa Parks: Tired of Giving In. Enslow. ISBN 978-0-7660-2463-2.
- ↑ The Records of Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church 1760-1972 (PDF). Wilmington, Delaware: Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church. 1999. ISBN 0-8420-4225-3. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
- ↑ Theoharis, Jeanne (2013). The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0807076927. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
- ↑ Theoharis, Jeanne (2013). The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0807076927. Retrieved July 19, 2016