Router
Wannan labarin yana game da na'urar sadarwa. Don wasu amfani, duba Na'urar sadarwa (bayyanewa).
Rack ɗin da ke ɗauke da na'urar sadarwa ta aji-mai bada sabis wanda aka haɗa zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwa da yawa
Na'urar sadarwa ta aji-gida mai ƙarfin mara waya; yawancin na'urorin sadarwa na gida kamar wannan misali suna haɗa na'urar sadarwa, wurin shiga mara waya, makulli da modem zuwa naúra ɗaya (duba kuma ƙofar shiga ta zama)
Na'urar sadarwa[a] kwamfuta ce da na'urar sadarwa wadda ke tura fakitin bayanai tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta, gami da ayyukan intanet kamar Intanet na duniya.[1]
Na'urorin sadarwa suna yin ayyukan "jagorantar zirga-zirga" akan Intanet. Na'urar sadarwa tana da alaƙa da layukan bayanai biyu ko fiye daga hanyoyin sadarwa na IP daban-daban. Lokacin da fakitin bayanai ya shigo akan layi, na'urar sadarwa tana karanta bayanan adireshin cibiyar sadarwa a cikin kan fakiti don tantance wurin da za a kai. Sannan, ta amfani da bayanai a cikin teburin na'urar sadarwa ko manufofin na'urar sadarwa, tana tura fakitin zuwa hanyar sadarwa ta gaba akan tafiyarta. Ana tura fakitin bayanai daga na'urar sadarwa ɗaya zuwa wani ta hanyar aikin intanet har sai ya isa wurin da za a kai shi.
Nau'in na'urorin IP da aka fi sani sune na'urorin gida da ƙananan ofis waɗanda ke tura fakitin IP tsakanin kwamfutocin gida da Intanet. Na'urorin ratsawa masu inganci, kamar na'urorin ratsawa na kasuwanci, suna haɗa manyan hanyoyin sadarwa na kasuwanci ko ISP zuwa na'urorin ratsawa masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke tura bayanai da sauri tare da layukan fiber na gani na tushen Intanet.
Ana iya gina na'urorin ratsawa daga sassan kwamfuta na yau da kullun amma galibi kwamfutoci ne da aka gina musamman. Na'urorin ratsawa na farko suna amfani da na'urorin ratsawa ta hanyar software, suna aiki akan CPU. Na'urori masu inganci suna amfani da na'urorin ratsawa na musamman na aikace-aikace (ASICs) don ƙara aiki ko ƙara aikin tacewa da firewall na ci gaba.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An kawo na'urar sadarwa ta ARPANET ta farko, wato Interface Message Processor, zuwa UCLA a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 1969, kuma an fara amfani da ita a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1969.
Donald Davies ne ya fara gabatar da ra'ayoyin sauya wurin amfani da manhaja da kwamfuta mai amfani da intanet a shekarar 1966 don hanyar sadarwa ta NPL. Wesley Clark ne ya fara tunanin wannan ra'ayin a shekara mai zuwa don amfani da shi a cikin ARPANET, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna Interface Message Processors (IMPs). An aiwatar da kwamfutar mai amfani da intanet ta farko a dakin gwaje-gwaje na jiki na ƙasa a Burtaniya a farkon 1969, sannan daga baya a wannan shekarar ta hannun IMPs a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, Cibiyar Bincike ta Stanford, Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, da Makarantar Kwamfuta ta Jami'ar Utah a Amurka. Duk an gina su ne da Honeywell 516. Waɗannan kwamfutocin suna da aiki iri ɗaya kamar yadda na'urar sadarwa ke yi a yau.
Ra'ayin na'urar sadarwa (wanda ake kira ƙofa a lokacin) ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyar masu bincike kan hanyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta ta duniya da ake kira International Network Working Group (INWG). Waɗannan na'urorin ƙofa sun bambanta da yawancin tsarin sauya fakiti na baya ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, sun haɗa nau'ikan hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban, kamar layukan serial da hanyoyin sadarwa na gida. Na biyu, na'urori ne marasa haɗin kai, waɗanda ba su da wani tasiri wajen tabbatar da cewa an isar da zirga-zirga cikin aminci, wanda ya bar wannan aikin gaba ɗaya ga masu masaukin baki. Wannan ra'ayi na musamman, ƙa'idar ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe, yana cikin aikin Donald Davies.[2]
An yi bincike kan wannan ra'ayi a aikace ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, da nufin samar da tsarin aiki don yin aiki ta intanet. Akwai shirye-shirye uku masu shahara a wannan zamani. Na farko shine aiwatarwa da Louis Pouzin na cibiyar sadarwar CYCLADES ya jagoranta, wanda aka tsara kuma aka haɓaka a tsakanin 1972-3. Na biyu shine shiri a Xerox PARC don bincika sabbin fasahohin sadarwa, wanda ya samar da tsarin PARC Universal Packet. Wani lokaci bayan farkon 1974, na'urorin radar Xerox na farko sun fara aiki. Saboda damuwar mallakar fasaha ta kamfanoni, ba a ba ta kulawa sosai a wajen Xerox tsawon shekaru. Na uku shine shirin da DARPA ta fara, wanda ya fara a tsakanin 1973-4. Wannan ya jawo hankalin sauran shirye-shiryen biyu, ya faɗaɗa sosai, kuma ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar tsarin TCP/IP da ake amfani da shi a yau. Kwalejin Jami'ar London (UCL) ta samar da hanyar shiga tsakanin ƙungiyoyin bincike na Burtaniya da ARPANET daga 1973 har zuwa ƙarshen 1980s, daga baya ta amfani da SATNET.
Ginny Travers ta ƙirƙiro na'urar IP ta farko ta gaskiya a BBN, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan ƙoƙarin da DARPA ta fara, a tsakanin 1975-1976. A ƙarshen 1976, na'urori uku masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta PDP-11 suna aiki a cikin gwajin Intanet na Intanet. Mike Brecia, Ginny Travers, da Bob Hinden sun sami lambar yabo ta IEEE Internet Award don farkon na'urorin sadarwa na IP a 2008.
Ma'aikatan bincike a MIT da Stanford sun ƙirƙiri na'urori masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta multiprotocol na farko da kansu a 1981 kuma duka biyun sun dogara ne akan PDP-11s. William Yeager ne ya jagoranci shirin na'urar sadarwa ta Stanford da Noel Chiappa na MIT. Kusan duk hanyoyin sadarwa yanzu suna amfani da TCP/IP, amma har yanzu ana ƙera na'urori masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta multiprotocol. Sun kasance masu mahimmanci a farkon matakan ci gaban hanyar sadarwa ta kwamfuta lokacin da ake amfani da wasu yarjejeniyoyi banda TCP/IP. Na'urorin zamani da ke amfani da IPv4 da IPv6 suna da tsari iri-iri amma suna da sauƙi fiye da waɗanda ke sarrafa ka'idojin AppleTalk, DECnet, IPX, da Xerox.
Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, ƙananan kwamfutoci masu amfani da gabaɗaya sun yi aiki a matsayin na'urori masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa. Na'urorin zamani masu sauri su ne na'urorin sarrafawa na hanyar sadarwa ko kwamfutoci na musamman waɗanda ke da ƙarin haɓaka kayan aiki don hanzarta ayyukan hanyoyin sadarwa na gama gari, kamar tura fakiti, da ayyuka na musamman kamar ɓoye bayanan IPsec. Akwai amfani mai yawa na injunan Linux da Unix waɗanda ke amfani da lambar hanyoyin sadarwa na buɗaɗɗe, don bincike da sauran aikace-aikace. An tsara tsarin aiki na Cisco IOS daban-daban. Manyan tsarin aiki na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, kamar Junos da NX-OS, sigar software ne da aka gyara sosai.
Aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin da aka yi amfani da na'urori masu amfani da wutar lantarki da yawa a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa masu haɗin kai, na'urorin za su iya musayar bayanai game da adiresoshin inda za a nufa ta amfani da tsarin hanya. Kowace na'ura mai amfani da wutar lantarki tana gina teburin hanya, jerin hanyoyi, tsakanin tsarin kwamfuta guda biyu a kan hanyoyin sadarwa masu haɗin kai.
Manhajar da ke gudanar da na'urar ta ƙunshi sassan sarrafawa guda biyu masu aiki waɗanda ke aiki a lokaci guda, waɗanda ake kira jiragen sama:[3]
Jirgin sarrafawa: Na'urar sadarwa tana kula da teburin hanya wanda ke lissafa wace hanya ya kamata a yi amfani da ita don tura fakitin bayanai, da kuma ta wacce hanyar haɗin hanya ta zahiri. Tana yin hakan ta amfani da umarnin ciki da aka riga aka tsara, wanda ake kira hanyoyin da ba sa canzawa, ko kuma ta hanyar koyon hanyoyin da ba sa canzawa ta amfani da tsarin hanya. Ana adana hanyoyin da ba sa canzawa da masu canzawa a cikin teburin hanya. Sannan dabarun sarrafawa-jirgin yana cire umarni marasa mahimmanci daga teburin kuma yana gina tushen bayanai na turawa (FIB) don jirgin gaba ya yi amfani da shi.
Jirgin turawa: Wannan na'urar tana tura fakitin bayanai tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa masu shigowa da masu fita. Tana karanta kan kowace fakiti yayin da ta shigo, tana daidaita wurin da za a nufa zuwa shigarwar da ke cikin FIB da jirgin sarrafawa ya bayar, kuma tana tura fakitin zuwa hanyar sadarwa mai fita da aka ƙayyade a cikin FIB.