Rubuce-rubucen Khazar

Rubuce-rubucen Khazar
historical document (en)
Bayanai
Fuskar	Khazar Khaganate (en)

Wasikar Khazar tarin takardu ne, waɗanda ake zargin sun samo asali ne tun daga shekarun 950 ko 960, kuma wasiƙu ne tsakanin Hasdai ibn Shaprut, sakataren harkokin waje na Khalifan Cordoba, da Joseph Khagan na Khazars . Wasikar tana ɗaya daga cikin takardu kaɗan da aka danganta ga wani marubucin Khazar, kuma wataƙila ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tushe na tarihin Khazar.

An ƙalubalanci sahihancin wasiƙun, saboda ba shi da wani alaƙa da tarihin rayuwar Khazars, harshe, iyakoki da tattalin arzikin Khazars a lokacin.

A bayyane yake cewa yana ba da labarin rikidewar Khazar zuwa addinin Yahudanci da kuma ci gabanta a tsararraki masu zuwa, da kuma yiwuwar nuna cewa a cikin tsararraki bayan faɗuwar daular Khazar a 969, ƙasar Khazar har yanzu tana da ƙarfi a fannin soja kuma ta sami yabo daga gwamnatoci da dama.

Bayani

Wasikar da ake zargin ta samo asali ne daga Hasdai ibn Shaprut, sakataren harkokin waje na Abd ar-Rahman III, Khalifan Umayyad na Cordoba da al-Andalus . Ana cewa Hasdai mutum ne mai hulɗa da jama'a da albarkatun da ba su da iyaka, wanda ya koyi game da wanzuwar Khazars daga 'yan kasuwan Khorasani . Rashin saninsa game da ƙasar Khazar abin mamaki ne, kuma wataƙila ma ƙarya ne, ko dai daga wani mai son yin jabu, ko kuma maganganun Joseph da ke nuna cewa akwai sadarwa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu a baya.

An ce manzon Hasdai na farko ya sami hanyarsa ta zuwa Constantinople, inda hukumomin Byzantine suka ƙi ba shi izinin ci gaba. An ce ya dawo, wataƙila ya ɗauki abin da ake kira Wasikar Schechter (wanda Khazar ya rubuta kuma wataƙila an yi nufin Hasdai) tare da shi. Daga ƙarshe an ce an ba wa Yahudawan da ke da alaƙa da ofishin jakadancin Croat, kuma ya isa Khazaria ta hanyar wani manzo, Isaac ben Eliezer na Nemetz ( Jamus ).

Amsar da ake zargin Yusufu ya bayar ta ba da labarin tarihin Khazar da kuma matsayinsa na siyasa da tattalin arziki a yanzu ( c. 960). Ya kuma gayyaci Hasdai da ya zo Khazaria, gayyatar da Hasdai wataƙila bai taɓa karɓa ba. Wasikun sun tsira a cikin nau'i uku masu ɗan bambanci a cikin ƙarni da yawa.

A shekara ta 1856, masanin addinin Yahudanci Abraham Benisch ya rubuta, "Suka ba ta taɓa yin shakkar sahihancin wasiƙar rabbi [Hasdai] ba, kuma masu bincike na zamani ba su ga dalilin yin shakkar sahihancin amsar sarki ba." A shekara ta 2007, masanin tarihi Peter Benjamin Golden ya rubuta cewa "Dunlop da kwanan nan Golb sun nuna cewa wasiƙar Hasdai, martanin Joseph (watakila tun daga shekarun 950) da kuma 'Takardar Cambridge' hakika gaskiya ne."

Masanin tarihi Shaul Stampfer ya yi tambaya game da sahihancin wasiƙar da aka ce an karɓa daga sarkin Khazar, yana ambaton abubuwa da yawa na harshe da na ƙasa a tsakanin yaɗuwar rubuce-rubucen tarihi na ƙarya da jabun littattafai a zamanin daular Spain. [1] Rubutun, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Ibrananci na adabi tare da taɓawa da yawa na Larabci, yana ba da tarihin shekaru ɗaruruwan shekaru daga ainihin kwanakin masarautar Khazar; iyaka ta bambanta da wacce take riƙe a lokacin; da kuma yanayin tattalin arziki da noma da ya yi nesa da gaskiyar lokacin. [1] Malamin Talmud na ƙarni na 12 Rabbi Judah na Barcelona ya yi watsi da sahihancin labarin tuba a cikin wasiƙar. [1] Stampfer ya rubuta cewa "irin wannan rubutun Musulunci na ƙarya na tarihi daga lokacin Hasdai ibn Shaprut yayi kama da rubutun da aka danganta masa dangane da asalinsa." [1] Irin wannan tatsuniya za ta kasance da amfani ga manyan Yahudawa masu tasowa don nuna cewa alkawuran Littafi Mai Tsarki na sarautar Yahudawa suna nan. [1]

Rubutu

Wasikar Hasdai ga Sarki Yusufu

Ni, Hasdai, ɗan Ishaku, ɗan Ezra, na cikin Yahudawan da aka kora daga Urushalima a Sefarad, bawan ubangijina Sarki, ina sunkuya ƙasa a gabansa ina sujada ga gidan Mai Martaba daga ƙasa mai nisa. Ina farin ciki da natsuwarka da girmanka, ina miƙa hannuwana ga Allah a sama domin Ya tsawaita mulkinka a Isra'ila ....

Godiya ta tabbata ga Allah Mai rahama saboda rahamarsa gare ni! Sarakunan duniya, waɗanda aka san girmansa da ikonsa [Abd-ar-Rahman] a gare su, suna kawo masa kyaututtuka, suna sulhunta yardarsa ta hanyar kyaututtuka masu tsada, kamar Sarkin Franks, Sarkin Gebalim, waɗanda Jamusawa ne, Sarkin Constantinople, da sauransu. Duk kyaututtukan su suna ratsa ta hannuna, kuma an ɗora ni a kan yin kyauta a madadina. [Ibn Shaprut, wanda ya san harsuna da yawa, ya karɓi waɗannan ofisoshin jakadancin .] Bari leɓunana su bayyana yabo ga Allahn Sama, wanda ya zuwa yanzu ya miƙa alherinsa gare ni, ba tare da wani amfani na kaina ba, amma cikin cikakken rahamarsa!

Kullum ina tambayar jakadun waɗannan sarakunan da ke kawo kyaututtuka game da 'yan'uwanmu Isra'ilawa, ragowar waɗanda aka kai bauta, ko sun ji wani abu game da ceto waɗanda suka gaji a cikin bauta kuma ba su sami hutawa ba. [Yana da sha'awar sanin ko " Kabilu Goma da Suka Rasa " sun wanzu a matsayin ƙasar Ibrananci mai zaman kanta a ko'ina.]

Daga ƙarshe, jakadun 'yan kasuwa na Khorasan [ƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Tekun Caspian a arewacin Iran ta zamani] sun gaya mini cewa akwai masarautar Yahuda wadda ake kira al-Khazar. Amma ban yarda da waɗannan kalmomin ba domin na yi tunanin sun gaya mini irin waɗannan abubuwa ne don neman yardar kaina da kuma yardar kaina. Saboda haka ina mamakin, har sai da jakadun Constantinople suka zo [tsakanin 944 da 949] da kyaututtuka da wasiƙa daga sarkinsu zuwa ga sarkinmu, na kuma yi musu tambayoyi game da wannan batu,

Sun amsa mini: "Gaskiya ne, kuma sunan wannan masarautar al-Khazar ne. Tafiyar kwana goma sha biyar ce ta teku daga Constantinople, amma ta ƙasa al'ummai da yawa suna shiga tsakani a tsakaninmu; sunan sarkin da ke mulki yanzu Yusufu ne; jiragen ruwa wani lokacin suna zuwa daga ƙasarsu zuwa namu suna kawo kifi, fatu, da kayayyaki iri-iri [Khazars, manyan 'yan kasuwa, suna samun kayansu daga Rasha zuwa arewa.] Mutanen ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwarmu ne kuma muna girmama su; akwai sadarwa tsakaninmu ta hanyar ofisoshin jakadanci da kyaututtukan juna; suna da ƙarfi sosai; suna kula da rundunonin sojoji da yawa waɗanda suke yin balaguro lokaci-lokaci." Da na ji wannan rahoton na sami ƙarfafawa, hannuna ya ƙarfafa, kuma begena ya tabbata. Sai na sunkuya na yi wa Allah na sama sujada. [Hasdai ya yi farin ciki: Kiristoci ba za su iya cewa Yahudawa ba su da ƙasa a matsayin hukunci saboda ƙin Yesu ba .]....

Ina addu'ar Allah ya ba wa ubangijina Sarki lafiya, da iyalansa, da kuma gidansa, da kuma cewa gadon sarautarsa ya tabbata har abada. Bari kwanakinsa da na 'ya'yansa su daɗe a tsakiyar Isra'ila!

Amsar Sarki Yusufu

• WASIƘAR YUSUF SARKIN, ƊAN HARUNA SARKIN, TURKIYAR MAYU MAHALICCINSA YA KIYAYE SHI GA SHUGABAN MAJALISA, HASDAI, ƊAN ISHAƘ, ƊAN EZRA

....Ina so in sanar da ku cewa Ishaku, ɗan Eliezer, Bayahude daga ƙasar Jamus ne ya ba mu wasiƙarku mai kyau, [Ishaku ya kai ta Jamus, Hungary, da Kievan Rus zuwa Khazaria .] Kun faranta mana rai kuma muna farin ciki da fahimtarka da hikimarka.... Saboda haka, bari mu sabunta dangantakar diflomasiyya da ta taɓa kasancewa tsakanin kakanninmu, kuma mu ba da wannan gadon ga 'ya'yanmu. [Yusufu ya yi imanin cewa Khazars sun taɓa yin hulɗar diflomasiyya da Larabawan Spain .]

Ka tambaye mu kuma a cikin wasiƙarka: "Daga waɗanne mutane ne, daga wace iyali, kuma daga wace ƙabila kake?" Ka sani cewa mu zuriyar Japheth ne, ta wurin ɗansa Togarmah . [A cikin adabin Yahudawa, Togarmah shine uban dukkan Turkawa .] Na samu a cikin littattafan tarihin kakannina cewa Togarmah yana da 'ya'ya maza goma. Waɗannan su ne sunayensu: babbansu shine Ujur, na biyu shine Tauris, na uku shine Avar, na huɗu shine Uauz, na biyar shine Bizal, na shida shine Tarna, na bakwai shine Kozar, na takwas shine Janur, na tara shine Bulgar, na goma shine Sawir . [Waɗannan su ne waɗanda suka kafa ƙabilu na tatsuniyoyi waɗanda suka taɓa zama a unguwar Tekun Baƙi da Caspian .] Ni zuriyar Khazar ce, ɗa na bakwai.

Ina da tarihi cewa duk da cewa kakanninmu ƙalilan ne, Mai Tsarki ya albarkace shi [wannan suna ne na gama gari ga Allah], ya ba su ƙarfi, iko, da ƙarfi don su sami damar ci gaba da yaƙi bayan yaƙi da ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda suka fi su ƙarfi da yawa. Da taimakon Allah suka kore su suka mallaki ƙasarsu. Wasu daga cikinsu sun tilasta wa kansu yin aikin tilas har zuwa yau. Ƙasar [a gefen Volga ] da nake zaune a ciki a da, a da, Bulgariya ce ta mamaye ta. Kakanninmu, Khazars, sun zo suka yi yaƙi da su, kuma, duk da cewa waɗannan Bulgariya sun yi yawa kamar yashi a bakin teku [na nufin Littafin Joshua ], ba su iya jure wa Khazars ba. Don haka suka bar ƙasarsu suka gudu yayin da Khazars suka bi su har zuwa Kogin Danube . Har zuwa yau, Bulgariyawa sun yi sansani a gefen Danube kuma suna kusa da Constantinople . Khazars sun mamaye ƙasarsu har zuwa yanzu.

Bayan haka, tsararraki da dama sun shude har sai da wani Sarki ya bayyana wanda sunansa Bulan . Mutum ne mai hikima da tsoron Allah, yana dogara ga Mahaliccinsa da dukkan zuciyarsa. Ya kori masu sihiri da masu bauta wa gumaka daga ƙasar ya kuma nemi mafaka a inuwar fikafikansa ... Bayan haka, shahararsa ta yaɗu. Sarkin Rumawa da Larabawa waɗanda suka ji labarinsa sun aika da manzanninsu da jakadunsu da wadata mai yawa da kyaututtuka masu yawa ga Sarki da kuma wasu daga cikin masu hikimarsu da nufin mayar da shi addininsu. [Mutanen Rumawa da Larabawa sun yi fatan dakatar da hare-haren Khazars ta hanyar mayar da su addininsu, sannan daga baya su zama abokan juna ta hanyar imani ɗaya.]

Amma Sarki - ransa a ɗaure a cikin tarin rai [kalmar binnewa ta yau da kullun ga Yahudawa] Tare da Ubangiji Allahnsa mai hikima, ya aika a kira wani Ba'isra'ile mai ilimi. Sarki ya bincika, ya yi tambaya, ya bincika sosai kuma ya haɗa masu hikima don su yi jayayya game da addinansu. Duk da haka, kowannensu ya karyata hujjojin abokin hamayyarsa don kada su yarda. Da Sarki ya ga haka, sai ya ce musu: "Ku koma gida, amma ku dawo wurina a rana ta uku..."

A rana ta uku ya kira dukkan masu hikima ya ce musu. "Ku yi magana ku yi jayayya da juna, ku fayyace mini wanne ne mafi kyawun addini." Suka fara jayayya da juna ba tare da sun cimma wani sakamako ba har sai da Sarki ya ce wa Kirista firist "Me kuke tunani? Game da addinin Yahudawa da Musulmai, wanne ne ya fi so?" Firist ya amsa: "Addinin Isra'ilawa ya fi na Musulmai kyau."

Sai Sarkin ya tambayi Alkalin : "Me ka ce? Shin addinin Isra'ilawa ne ko na Kiristoci ya fi so?" Alkalin ya amsa: "Addinin Isra'ilawa ya fi so."

A kan haka Sarkin ya ce: "Idan haka ne, ku duka kun yarda da bakinku cewa addinin Isra'ilawa ya fi kyau. Don haka, ina dogara ga rahamar Allah da ikon Maɗaukaki, na zaɓi addinin Isra'ila, wato addinin Ibrahim . Idan Allahn da nake dogara a gare shi, kuma a cikin inuwar fikafikansa wanda nake samun mafaka, zai taimake ni, zai iya ba ni kuɗi, zinariya, da azurfa waɗanda kuka yi mini alkawari ba tare da aiki ba. Amma ku duka, ku tafi ƙasarku lafiya."

Tun daga wannan lokacin, Mai Iko Dukka ya taimaki Bulan, ya ƙarfafa shi, ya kuma ƙarfafa shi. Ya yi wa kansa, bayinsa, masu hidima, da dukkan mutanensa kaciya. [Majiyoyin Larabci sun ce dangin sarki da manyan mutane sun zama Yahudawa, amma yawancin talakawa ba su yi ba.][?] Sai Bulan ya aika aka kawo masa masu hikima na Isra'ila daga ko'ina waɗanda suka fassara masa Attaura suka kuma tsara ƙa'idodi, har zuwa yau mun kasance ƙarƙashin wannan addinin. Allah ya albarkaci sunan Allah kuma ya ɗaukaka ambatonsa har abada!

Tun daga wannan rana, lokacin da kakannina suka shiga wannan addinin, Allahn Isra'ila ya ƙasƙantar da dukkan maƙiyansu, yana miƙa wa kowace al'umma da harshe da ke kewaye da su, ko Kirista ne, Musulmi ne, ko kuma arna . Babu wanda ya iya tsayawa a gabansu har zuwa yau [kimanin 960]. Dukansu suna bauta wa Allah. [Amma bayan kimanin shekaru goma kacal , Sviatoslav na I na Kiev ya ci Yusufu da yaƙi, 969.]

Bayan zamanin Bulan, sai wani sarki Obadiah mai suna [sunan yana nufin "bawan Allah"] ya taso, wanda ya sake tsara mulkin kuma ya kafa addinin Yahudawa yadda ya kamata. Ya gina majami'u da yeshivot, ya kawo malaman Yahudawa, ya kuma ba su lada da zinariya da azurfa. [Malaman Yahudawa za su iya fitowa daga Baghdad da Constantinople.] Sun yi masa bayani game da Littafi Mai Tsarki, Mishnah, Talmud da kuma tsarin ayyukan ibada. Sarki mutum ne mai girmama kuma yana son Attaura. Yana ɗaya daga cikin bayin Allah na gaskiya. Allah Ya ba shi Ruhu Mai Tsarki ya huta!

Hezekiya, ɗansa, ya gaje shi; na biye da shi kuma Manassa, ɗansa; na biye da shi kuma Hanukkah, ɗan'uwan Obadiya; na biye da shi kuma Ishaku, ɗansa; na biye da shi kuma ɗansa Zabaluna; na biye da shi kuma ɗansa Musa; na biye da shi kuma Nissi; na biye da shi kuma Haruna; na biye da shi kuma Menahem; na biye da shi kuma Benjamin; na biye da shi kuma Haruna na biyu; ni kuma, Yusufu, ɗan Haruna Sarki, ni ne Sarki, ɗan Sarki, kuma zuriyar sarakuna. Babu wani baƙo da zai iya zama gadon sarautar kakannina: ɗan ya gaje uba. Wannan ita ce al'adarmu da al'adar kakanninmu tun lokacin da suka wanzu. Allah ya yi nufin alheri ga wanda ya naɗa dukkan sarakuna cewa gadon sarautata zai dawwama har abada.

Ka kuma tambaye ni game da al'amuran ƙasata da kuma girman daular da nake ciki. Ina so in sanar da kai cewa ina zaune a gefen kogin da aka sani da Itil [Volga]. A bakin kogin akwai Tekun Caspian. Ruwan kogin yana juyawa zuwa gabas, tafiyar watanni huɗu.

A gefen kogin akwai kabilu da yawa a birane da garuruwa, a wurare masu buɗewa da kuma wurare masu garu.... Ku tuna cewa ina zaune a bakin kogin Itil kuma, da taimakon Allah, ina tsare bakin kogin kuma ba na barin Rus waɗanda ke shigowa cikin jiragen ruwa su shiga Caspian don su isa ga Musulmi. Kuma ba na barin wani daga cikin maƙiyansu [Musulmai] da ke zuwa ta ƙasa ya shiga har zuwa Derbend [Derbend, wani birni na Larabawa, shine ƙofar da makiyaya na gabas da kudancin Turai ke fatan shiga ta cikinta su kai hari ga garuruwan Asiya Ƙarama masu arziki.] Dole ne in yi yaƙi da su, domin idan na ba su dama ko kaɗan za su lalata dukkan ƙasar Musulmi har zuwa Baghdad...

Ka kuma tambaye ni game da wurin da nake zaune . Ina so in sanar da kai cewa, da yardar Allah, ina zaune kusa da wannan kogin wanda akwai manyan birane uku a kai. Sarauniya tana zaune a ɗaya daga cikinsu; ita ce wurin haihuwata. Yana da girma sosai, an gina shi da zagaye kamar da'ira, diamitansa ya kai murabba'in . [Sarkin yana zaune a wani tsibiri a Volga; akwai kuma garuruwa a gefen biyu.]

Yahudawa, Kiristoci, da Musulmai suna zaune a birni na biyu. Baya ga waɗannan akwai bayi da yawa na dukkan al'ummai a cikinsa. Yana da matsakaicin girma, murabba'i takwas na parasangs a tsayi da faɗi.

A karo na uku ina zaune tare da sarakunana, hafsoshina, bayina, masu ɗaukar giya da waɗanda ke kusa da ni. Siffarsa zagaye ce kuma diamitanta ya kai parasangs uku. Kogin yana gudana a cikin ganuwarsa. Wannan shine gidana a lokacin hunturu. Daga watan Nisan [Maris–Afrilu] za mu bar birnin, kowannenmu kuma ya tafi gonakin inabinsa, gonakinsa da aikinsa...

Ka ambaci a cikin wasiƙarka cewa kana sha'awar ganin fuskata. Ina kuma son ganin fuskarka mai daɗi da kuma kyawun hikimarka da girmanka. Da ma a ce bisa ga maganarka ne. Da a ce an ba ni damar in kasance tare da kai in kuma ga fuskarka mai daraja, mai kyau, da kuma daɗi, to da ka zama kamar mahaifina ni kuma kamar ɗanka. Bisa ga umarninka za a yi wa dukkan mutanena shari'a, kuma bisa ga umarninka da shawararka mai kyau zan gudanar da dukkan al'amura na. Barka da zuwa.

Khazars a Spain

Aƙalla wasu ɗaliban malaman addinin Khazar sun yi karatu a Spain. Abraham ibn Daud na Toledo, a cikin Littafin Al'adarsa (1161), ya rubuta:

"Za ku ga al'ummomin Isra'ila sun bazu ko'ina... har zuwa Dailam da kogin Itil inda mutanen Khazar ke zaune waɗanda suka zama masu shiga addinin Yahudanci. Sarki Yusufu na Khazar ya aika wa Hasdai ibn-Shaprut wasiƙa ya kuma sanar da shi cewa shi da dukkan mutanensa sun bi addinin Yahudanci. Mun ga zuriyar Khazars a Toledo, ɗaliban masu hikima, kuma sun gaya mana cewa sauran su na bin addinin Yahudanci ne."

Duba kuma

• al-Andalus
• Atil
• Yaƙe-yaƙen Khazar-Arab
• Hasdai bin Shaprut
• Khazars
• Wasikar Schechter
• Addinin Yahudanci a Rasha

Manazarta

• Brook, Kevin Alan (2018). The Jews of Khazaria (3rd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1538103425.
• Dunlop, Douglas M. (1954). The History of the Jewish Khazars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Feldman, Alex M. (2022). The Monotheisation of Pontic-Caspian Eurasia: From the Eighth to the Thirteenth Century. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9781474478113.
• Golb, Norman; Pritsak, Omeljan (1982). Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1221-8.
• Stampfer, Shaul (2013). "Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?". Jewish Social Studies (in Turanci). 19 (3): 1–72. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1. JSTOR 10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1. S2CID 161320785.
• Zhivkov, Boris (2015). Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Translated by Manova, Daria. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29307-6.
• Zuckerman, Constantine (1995). "On the Date of the Khazar's Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus Oleg and Igor". Revue des études byzantines. 53: 237–270. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906.