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Rudolf Vrba

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Rudolf Vrba
Rayuwa
Cikakken sunaWalter Rosenberg
HaihuwaTopoľčany (en) Fassara, 11 Satumba 1924
ƙasaCzechoslovakia (en) Fassara
Kanada
MutuwaVancouver, 27 ga Maris, 2006
Yanayin mutuwaSababi na ainihi (sankara)
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zamaRobin
Gerta Vrbová (en) Fassara  (1947 -  1957)
Karatu
HarsunaTuranci
Sana'a
Sana'apharmacologist (en) Fassara, likita, university teacher (en) Fassara, biochemist (en) Fassara da marubuci
EmployersUniversity of British Columbia (en) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
Imani
Jam'iyar siyasaKomunistická strana Československa (mul) Fassara

Rudolf Vrba (an haife shi Walter Rosenberg; 11 ga Satumba 1924 - 27 ga Maris 2006) Masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Slovak-Yahudawa wanda, a matsayin matashi a 1942, an kore shi zuwa sansanin Auschwitz a Poland da ke zaune a Jamus. Ya tsere daga sansanin a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1944, a lokacin Holocaust, kuma ya rubuta Rahoton Vrba-Wetzler, cikakken rahoto game da Kisan kiyashi da ke faruwa a can.[1] Rahoton, wanda George Mantello ya rarraba a Switzerland, an yaba da shi da dakatar da korar Yahudawa na Hungary zuwa Auschwitz a watan Yulin 1944, inda ya ceci rayuka sama da 200,000. Bayan yakin, Vrba ta horar da ita a matsayin masanin kimiyyar halittu, tana aiki mafi yawa a Ingila da Kanada. 

Vrba da abokin tserewa SS="cx-link" data-linkid="132" href="./Alfréd_Wetzler" id="mwJw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Alfréd Wetzler">Alfréd Wetzler sun tsere daga Auschwitz makonni uku bayan sojojin Jamus sun mamaye Hungary kuma jim kadan kafin SS ta fara fitar da yawan Yahudawa na Hungary zuwa sansanin. Bayanan da mazajen suka fada wa jami'an Yahudawa lokacin da suka isa Slovakia a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1944, wanda ya hada da cewa ana kashe sabbin masu zuwa Auschwitz kuma ba a "maidowa" kamar yadda Jamusawa ke kiyayewa, ya zama sananne da Rahoton Vrba-Wetzler.[2] Lokacin da Kwamitin 'Yan Gudun Hijira ya buga shi da jinkiri mai yawa a watan Nuwamba 1944, New York Herald Tribune ya bayyana shi a matsayin "takardar da ta fi ban tsoro da wata hukumar gwamnatin Amurka ta bayar". Duk da yake ya tabbatar da kayan a cikin rahotanni na baya daga Polish da sauran wadanda suka tsere, masanin tarihi Miroslav Kárný ya rubuta cewa ya kasance na musamman a cikin "bayani mara kyau".[lower-alpha 1][7]

An yi jinkiri na makonni da yawa kafin a rarraba rahoton sosai don samun hankalin gwamnatoci. Jirgin jigilar Yahudawa na Hungary zuwa Auschwitz ya fara ne a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1944 a cikin mutane 12,000 a rana.[8] Yawancin sun tafi kai tsaye zuwa ɗakunan gas. Vrba ya yi jayayya har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa cewa waɗanda aka kwashe na iya ƙin shiga cikin jiragen ƙasa, ko kuma aƙalla cewa firginsu zai rushe jigilar, da an rarraba rahoton da wuri kuma a ko'ina.[9]

Rayuwa ta farko da kamawa

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Vrba a makaranta (jerin gaba, na huɗu a hagu), Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, 1935-1936

An haifi Vrba Walter Rosenberg a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1924 a Topoľčany, Slovakia" id="mwYw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (wani ɓangare na Slovakia daga 1993), ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya huɗu na Helena Rosenberg, née Gruenfeldová, da mijinta, Elias . Mahaifiyar Vrba ta fito ne daga Zbehy; [10] kakan mahaifiyarsa, Bernat Grünfeld, Bayahude na Orthodox daga Nitra, an kashe shi a sansanin Majdanek. [11] Vrba ya ɗauki sunan Rudolf Vrba bayan ya tsere daga Auschwitz.[12]

Rosenbergs sun mallaki ma'aikatar katako a Jaklovce kuma suna zaune a Trnava . [1] A watan Satumbar 1941 Jamhuriyar Slovakia (1939-1945) - jihar abokin ciniki ta Nazi Jamus - ta zartar da "Codex na Yahudawa", mai kama da Dokokin Nuremberg, wanda ya gabatar da ƙuntatawa kan ilimin Yahudawa, gidaje da tafiye-tafiye.[2] Gwamnati ta kafa sansanonin wucewa a Nováky, Sereď da Vyhne.[1] Ana buƙatar Yahudawa su sa Alamar rawaya kuma su zauna a wasu yankuna, kuma ayyukan da ke akwai sun fara ga waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba. Lokacin da aka cire Vrba, yana da shekaru 15, daga dakin motsa jiki (makarantar sakandare) a Bratislava sakamakon ƙuntatawa, ya sami aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a gida, musamman ilmin sunadarai, Turanci da Rasha.[3] Ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba, Gerta Sidonová, a wannan lokacin; an kuma cire ta daga makaranta.


Da yake jaddada cewa ba za a "kusa shi kamar maraƙi a cikin karusa ba", Vrba ya yanke shawarar shiga Sojojin Czechoslovak a gudun hijira a Ingila kuma ya tashi a cikin taksi zuwa iyaka, yana da shekaru 17, tare da taswira, akwatin wasannin, da kuma daidai da £ 10 daga mahaifiyarsa.[13] Bayan ya tafi Budapest, Hungary, ya yanke shawarar komawa Trnava amma an kama shi a kan iyakar Hungary.[14] Hukumomin Slovak sun tura shi sansanin Nováky; ya tsere na ɗan lokaci amma an kama shi. Wani jami'in SS ya ba da umarnin cewa a kore shi a kan sufuri na gaba.[15]

Majdanek da Auschwitz

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Majdanek

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Gidan fursuna na Majdanek, 2008

An fitar da Vrba daga Czechoslovakia a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1942 zuwa sansanin Majdanek a Lublin, Poland da ke zaune a Jamus, [16] inda ya sadu da ɗan'uwansa, Sammy. Sun ga juna "kusan lokaci guda kuma mun ɗaga hannayenmu a takaice"; wannan shine karo na karshe da ya gan shi.[17] Ya kuma gamu da "kapos" a karo na farko: fursunoni da aka nada a matsayin ma'aikata, daya daga cikinsu ya gane daga Trnava. Yawancin sun sa triangles kore, suna nuna rukunin su a matsayin "masu aikata laifuka":

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Hilberg 2003b.
  2. ↑ Świebocki 2002.
  3. ↑ Fleming 2014, 266
  4. 1 2 Szabó 2011, 87.
  5. ↑ Zimmerman 2015, 181–182.
  6. ↑ Hilberg 2003b, 1212–1213.
  7. ↑ Kárný 1998.
  8. ↑ Hilberg 2003b.
  9. ↑ Ritchie, Méabh (22 January 2015). "The man who revealed the horror of Auschwitz to the world". The Daily Telegraph.
  10. ↑ Vrba 2002.
  11. ↑ Hilberg 2003b.
  12. ↑ Vrba 1998.
  13. ↑ Hilberg 2003b.
  14. ↑ Vrba 2002.
  15. ↑ Vrba & Bestic 1964.
  16. ↑ Hilberg 2003b.
  17. ↑ Ritchie, Méabh (22 January 2015). "The man who revealed the horror of Auschwitz to the world". The Daily Telegraph.
  1. ↑ The British historian Michael Fleming tracked over 40 pieces of source data from November 1942 to early July 1944 about the Jews in Auschwitz, which produced 50 distinct pieces of distributed data, such as news reports.[3]Samfuri:Pb Several prisoners had escaped from Auschwitz before Vrba and Wetzler. Three or four, including Kazimierz Piechowski, another Pole, escaped on 20 June 1942 and reported what was happening inside the camp. Kazimierz Halori, also from Poland, escaped on 2 November 1942.[4] A report entitled Obóz śmierci ("Death camp") was published in Warsaw in December 1942 by Natalia Zarembina, a member of the Polish underground who had escaped.[4]Samfuri:Pb On 10 December 1942 Edward Raczyński, Foreign Affairs Minister for the Polish government-in-exile, delivered an address, The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland, to the fledgling United Nations. It estimated that, out of a pre-war population of 3,130,000 Jews in Poland, one in three were already dead.[5]Samfuri:Pb According to Raul Hilberg, a two-part report on Auschwitz was prepared in August or December 1943 by a female Polish agent. It concluded: "History knows no parallel of such destruction of human life." The report included details about the gas chambers, "selection", and the sterilization experiments. It stated that there were 137,000 inmates, three crematoria in Birkenau able to burn 10,000 people daily, and that 468,000 Jews had been gassed by September 1942; 30,000 people had been gassed in one day. It estimated that just two percent of those who arrived between September 1942 and early June 1943 had survived. The report was sent to the Office of Strategic Services in London and, on 17 March 1944, to US War Department Military Intelligence.[6]
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