Rumaliza
 Rumaliza | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| |||
| Rayuwa | |||
| Haihuwa |
Lindi (en)  , 1850 | ||
| ƙasa | Tanzaniya | ||
| Harshen uwa | Harshen Swahili | ||
| Mutuwa | unknown value | ||
| Karatu | |||
| Harsuna |
Turanci Harshen Swahili | ||
| Sana'a | |||
| Sana'a |
ɗan kasuwa da slave trader (en) | ||
Muhammad bin Khalfan bin Khamis al-Barwani (Arabic) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1850, ya mutu a shekara ta 1919), wanda aka fi sani da Rumaliza, ɗan kasuwar bayi da hauren giwa ne na Omani, mai aiki a Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara. Ya kasance memba na kabilar Larabawa ta Barwani . Tare da taimakon Tippu Tip, ya zama Sultan na Ujiji . A wani lokaci, ya mamaye cinikin Tanganyika, kafin sojojin Belgium a karkashin Baron Francis Dhanis su ci shi a watan Janairun 1894.
An haifi Rumaliza a cikin 1850 a Zanzibar . Ya taimaka wa kabilar Afirka ta "Nyamwezi" kuma ya zama abokantaka tare da membobinta wanda hakan ya ba shi laƙabi "Rumaliza. "Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yaƙin da aka yi da mulkin mallaka na Belgium a Kongo kuma ya kasance mai mahimmanci wajen fadada kasuwanci a cikin Afirka. An yaba masa da bude yankuna da yawa ga kasuwanci da haɓaka matakin kasuwanci, musamman a cikin hauren giwa da sauran kayayyaki. Matsayinsa ya kai ga bakin teku da birnin Ujiji, inda ya mallaki hanyoyin kasuwanci kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban jagora.
Rumaliza ya gina kawance da yawa tare da shugabannin kabilun Afirka, yana ƙarfafa tasirinsa da ikonsa ta hanyar kasuwanci. An san shi da jaruntakarsa da karimci, musamman a lokacin yunwa, wanda ya ba shi girmamawa sosai. Sunansa ya kai ga karbuwa a duniya lokacin da Sarkin sarakuna na Jamus ya ba shi bindiga mai ban sha'awa a matsayin alamar sha'awa ga nasarorin da ya samu.
Duk da nasarorin da ya samu, tasirinsa ya ragu bayan da sojojin Belgium suka ci shi, wanda ya nuna raguwar mulkinsa a yankin. Ana tunawa da gadon Muhammad bin Khalfan al-Barwani saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga cinikin Afirka da rawar da ya taka wajen tsayayya da sojojin mulkin mallaka.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cinikin bayi daga Gabashin Afirka ya samo asali ne daga dubban shekaru. Mazaunan Yankin Larabawa an rubuta su ne a matsayin kasuwanci a cikin bayi daga gabar gabashin Afirka tun farkon karni na biyu AD.[1] Larabawa sun kafa jerin wuraren kasuwanci a bakin tekun wanda masu ilimin ƙasa suka kira zanj. Ta hanyar dogon hulɗa tare da Larabawa, al'adun Swahili ("gabar teku") na musamman sun bunkasa tsakanin mutanen Bantu na yankin kuma wasu sun tuba zuwa Islama.[1] Kodayake yaren Swahili yana da tushen Bantu, ya haɗa da kalmomi da yawa na asalin Larabci.[2] Shekaru da yawa, an dauki Zanzibar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Daular Oman.[1] 'Yan kasuwa na Swahili da Larabawa sun sami bayi a cikin Gabashin Afirka kuma sun sayar da su a manyan kasuwanni kamar Zanzibar a bakin tekun. Cinikin bayi na Larabawa ya kai kololuwa a karni na sha tara don mayar da martani ga karuwar buƙatun cikin gida da na duniya.[2]
Tarihin rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rayuwa ta farko da ayyukan kasuwanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Rumaliza a Lindi, a bakin tekun Indiya a kudancin Tanzania ta zamani, a cikin shekara ta 1855. Ya yi karatu a Zanzibar a lokacin mulkin Majid bin Sa'id (r. 1856-70). [3] Ya zama jagora a cikin ƙungiyar Qadiriyya ta Musulunci.[4] Dan kasuwa na Larabawa Tippu Tip daga Zanzibar ya kara turawa cikin gida zuwa Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ta zamani kuma ya kai yankin Luba a ƙarshen shekarun 1850 yana kasuwanci da bayi, hauren giwa, da jan ƙarfe. Da yake dogaro da karfi kamar yadda ake buƙata don kayar da shugabannin yankin da ba su da haɗin kai, ya ci gaba da fadada daular kasuwancinsa. A shekara ta 1875, ya kafa babban birninsa a matsayin Kasongo . [5] Rumaliza ya shafe wani lokaci tare da Tippu Tip a Tabora a yammacin Tanzania, kuma an ce ya sami sunansa daga ƙauyen da ke kusa da shi ko unguwar da ake kira Rumaliza ko Lumaliza.[3] Rumaliza ta kafa kawancen kasuwanci tare da Tippu Tip .
An kafa kasuwa inda za a iya musayar gishiri don wasu kayayyaki a Ujiji a kan Tafkin Tanganyika a cikin 1840. Tippu Tip da Ruwaliza sun kafa kansu a can a shekara ta 1881. [6] Daga 1883 Rumaliza shine shugaban al'ummar Swahili a Ujiji . [4] Rumaliza da mataimakansa na Magwangwara sun mamaye mukamai biyar a arewa maso gabashin Tekun Tanganyika tsakanin 1884 da 1894. Ya kaddamar da jerin hare-hare a cikin duwatsu da kwarin Kogin Rusizi har zuwa Tafkin Kivu.[6]
Kamfanin HM, ƙungiyar kasuwanci da Tippu Tip ke jagoranta, ta bayyana a cikin 1883. Sultan Barghash bin Said na Zanzibar da Taria Topan ne suka goyi bayan hakan.Ƙungiyar Afirka ta Duniya (IAA) ta ba da goyon bayansu idan Tippu Tip zai taimaka musu su sami iko da yankunan da ya kafa mahimman bayanai duk da cewa an yi niyyar kawar da cinikin bayi na Larabawa.[4] Tippu ya yi amfani da kayan kasuwanci da suka ci gaba zuwa kamfanin don kafa kawance tare da Rumaliza, wanda ke da mutane da yawa amma ba shi da kuɗi kuma ba zai iya samun rance ba. Sabuwar kamfanin tana aiki tsakanin Ujiji da Stanley Falls da kuma yankunan da ke kudu da wannan layin, wanda Abdullah ibn Suleiman ke sarrafawa a matsayin mataimakin Tippu Tip da Rumaliza.[4] Tsakanin 1885 da 1892, bayan mutuwar Mwenge Heri, Rumaliza ya karfafa ikonsa a kan mutanen Masanze, Ubvari, Umona da Ubembi. Ya so ya bude sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa Maniema zuwa yamma da Ituri zuwa arewa.[7]
A shekara ta 1886 Tippu Tip ya amince da Jihar Congo Free State, wanda ya maye gurbin IAA, kuma an sanya shi Gwamna na yankunan gabashin da cibiyar kasuwancinsa ta rufe. A cikin 1890 Rumaliza ya ba da hauren giwa mai yawa ga Kamfanin Lakes na Afirka don sufuri.[4] Taria Topan ta mutu a ƙarshen 1891. Tippu Tip ya sami wani ɓangare na dukiyar a matsayin biyan bashin da ya rage. Rumaliza ta kai karar don rabon a kotun Dar es Salaam a matsayin sabon mai aminci na Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka wanda ya karfafa iko a Tanzania ta zamani. An ba shi wasu kadarorin Tippu da ke cikin mulkin mallaka na Jamus.[4]
Labaran da aka fada a yankunan Uele, Aruwimi, Tshuapa, Maniema da Kisangani, yankuna masu nisa da juna, sun haɗa Rumaliza da jam'iyyunsa da satar mata, yanke al'aura na maza (da za a kama su kuma a sayar da su a matsayin bayi), yanke kafafu, makamai da hannu, fure hanci da kunnuwa, ƙauyuka masu ƙonewa da kashe-kashen.
Rikici da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Kirista
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masu wa'azi na Katolika White Fathers sun kafa mukamai a arewa maso yammacin Tanganyika wanda ya zama cikas ga hare-haren Larabawa a yankin Maniema, wanda Kyaftin Léopold Louis Joubert, tsohon Papal Zouave ya kare.[8] Rumaliza ya yarda da tushe na manufofi a Mulwewa a 1880 da Kibanga a 1883, amma ba zai ba da izinin kafa tashar a Ujiji ba. A shekara ta 1886, ya yi ƙoƙari ya ci Burundi amma sarki Mwezi Gisabo ya ci shi a Uzige da ke cikin ainihin birnin Bujumbura . A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1890 wani rukuni na Larabawa ya kusa kai hari kan aikin White Fathers a Mpala a yammacin Tekun Tanganyika, kuma kawai suka janye bayan guguwa ta lalata wasu jiragen ruwa. Kafin su tafi sun tabbatar da cewa Rumaliza ya ba su umarni kada su cutar da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje.[9] A watan Satumbar 1890 White Fathers Léonce Bridoux da Francois Coulbois sun ziyarci Ujiji, inda suka sami Rumaliza da Tippu Tip. Masu bautar biyu suna da abokantaka, kuma Rumaliza ya damu da cewa masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun ba da rahoto mai kyau game da shi ga Emin Pasha, wanda ake sa ran shi a Ujiji. Rumaliza ya nemi gafara saboda ƙiyayya da mutanensa suka nuna wa masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, yana mai cewa bai iya sarrafa su ba.[9]
Koyaya, Rumaliza ya ƙaddara ya kawar da Léopold Louis Joubert, kwamandan sojojin da ke kare White Fathers, wanda ke rushe cinikin bayi.[10] A shekara ta 1891 masu bautar suna da iko da duk yammacin bakin tafkin ban da Mpala da filin Mrumbi.[11] Matsayin Joubert ba shi da tabbas. 'Yan Belgium sun nada Tippu Tip a matsayin mataimakin su a yankin, amma Joubert ya ki amincewa da ikon mai bautar.[9] A lokacin kwanciyar hankali a watan Janairun 1891, Uba I. Moinet ya ziyarci Ujiji inda ya sami Rumaliza yana tashi da tutar Jamus kuma yana cewa yana jiran Jamusawa su isa don ya iya mika su. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Joubert a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1891, Rumaliza ya tambayi ko masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje ne suka yi masa aiki ko kuma gwamnatin Kongo. Joubert ya kauce wa amsarsa, yana nuna cewa Rumaliza wani lokacin yakan tashi da tutar Jamus, wani lokacin tutar Zanzibar kuma wani lokacin na Burtaniya.[9]
Yaƙi da cin nasara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kasar Congo Free State ta zama mai ƙarfi kuma ba ta da haƙuri ga manyan Larabawa, ta ƙuduri aniyar kawar da su.[4] A shekara ta 1892 Rumaliza ya mamaye Tanganyika daga sansaninsa a Ujiji a kan tsohuwar hanyar bawa da ta kai daga Stanley Falls zuwa Kogin Lualaba zuwa Nyangwe, gabas zuwa Tafkin Tanganyika sannan ta hanyar Tabora zuwa Bagamoyo a gaban Zanzibar. Adadin mayakan Swahili a wannan babban yanki ya kai kusan dubu ɗari, amma kowane shugaban ya yi aiki da kansa. Ko da yake sun sami gogewa a yaƙi, ba su da makamai masu sauƙi. 'Yan Belgium suna da sojoji ɗari shida kawai da aka raba tsakanin sansanonin a Basoko da Lusambo, amma sun fi dacewa da makamai kuma suna da bindigogi shida da bindiga.[12] Wani balaguron Belgium a karkashin Kyaftin Jacques ya zo ga taimakon Joubert a cikin 1892, sannan ya kafa matsayi a Albertville inda aka ci sojojin Rumaliza ta hanyar taimakon agaji yayin da suke kewaye da gidan.[8]
Sojojin Belgium a karkashin Francis Dhanis sun kaddamar da kamfen akan masu sayar da bayi a cikin 1892, kuma Rumaliza na ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofi.[8] Dhanis ya ci gaba zuwa kogi. Ya isa Nyangwe a ranar 4 ga Maris 1893 da Kasongo a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1893, inda ya sami garuruwan biyu da aka watsar. Ya sami babban kantin sayar da kayayyaki a Kasongo ciki har da hauren giwa, harsashi, abinci da alatu kamar zinariya da kayan tebur. A cikin watanni shida masu zuwa Dhanis ya kasance ba ya aiki, yayin da mayakan Swahili da suka tsere bayan da Dhanis suka ci nasara.[12]
A cikin 1893 Tippu Tip ya shawarci Rumaliza ya yi ritaya daga kasuwanci, amma Rumaliza da farko ya kula da mutanensa a Tafkin Tanganyika.[4] Rumaliza ya tara karfi mai karfi, wanda ya yi karo da ginshiƙi na Dhanis a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1893 wanda ya haifar da mutuwar shugabannin Turai biyu da sojoji hamsin. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1893 Rumaliza ta kai hari kan wani matsayi na wata rana daga Kasongo.[8] Dhanis ya mayar da hankali ga sojojinsa kuma ya ci Rumaliza. Wani shafi a karkashin Kyaftin Hubert Lothaire ya bi shi zuwa arewacin Tafkin Tanganyika, ya lalata matsayinsa mai garu a kan hanya. A tafkin sun shiga cikin balaguron adawa da bautar da Kyaftin Alphonse Jacques ya jagoranta.[8]
A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba 1893 Dhanis ya sami ƙarfafawa kuma yana shirye ya sake ci gaba. Rumaliza ya kuma sami taimako. Dhanis ya aika da wani shafi a karkashin Gillain don hana Rumaliza daga komawa baya, kuma wani a karkashin De Wouters don ci gaba a kan sansanin Rumaliza kusa da Bena Kalunga. Wani rukuni na sabbin dakarun da ke zuwa taimakon Rumaliza daga Tanganyika sun tafi, kuma sojojin Dhanis sun rufe a kan bom biyu na Rumaliza. A ranar 9 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1894 sojojin Belgium sun isa karkashin Lothaire, kuma a wannan rana wani harsashi ya fashe kantin sayar da makamai na Rumaliza kuma ya ƙone sansanin da ke dauke da shi. Yawancin mazauna sun mutu yayin da suke ƙoƙarin tserewa. A cikin kwanaki uku sauran sansanonin, waɗanda aka yanke daga samar da ruwa, sun mika wuya. Fiye da fursunoni dubu biyu aka kama, kodayake Rumaliza da kansa ya tsere. Rumaliza ya nemi mafaka a yankin Jamus na Tanganyika .
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 Wink 2002.
- 1 2 Insoll 1997.
- 1 2 Martin 2003.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Oliver 1985.
- ↑ Simba 1997.
- 1 2 Chrétien 1993.
- ↑ Rumaliza 1975.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Ergo 2005.
- 1 2 3 4 Swann & Bennett 2012.
- ↑ Coosemans 1951.
- ↑ Shorter 2003.
- 1 2 Ndaywel è Nziem, Obenga & Salmon 1998.