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Rumination (halayyar mutum)

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Rumination
Description (en) Fassara
Iri cognition (en) Fassara
Effect (en) Fassara anxiety
Identifier (en) Fassara
MeSH D000074222
Tunani yana da alaƙa da damuwa .

Rumination shine mayar da hankali kan alamun damuwar kwakwalwa . A shekarar 1991, Susan Nolen-Hoeksema ta gabatar da Ka'idar Tsarin Amsawa, [1] [2] [3] wanda shine samfurin ra'ayi da aka fi amfani da shi wajen rumination. Duk da haka, wasu ka'idoji sun gabatar da ma'anoni daban-daban don rumination. Misali, a cikin Ka'idar Ci gaban Manufa, rumination ba a ɗauka a matsayin martani ga yanayin yanayi ba, amma a matsayin "martani ga gazawar ci gaba mai gamsarwa zuwa ga manufa". [4] A cewar bincike da yawa, rumination wata hanya ce da ke haɓakawa da kuma ci gaba da yanayin psychopathological kamar damuwa, baƙin ciki, da sauran cututtukan kwakwalwa marasa kyau . [5] Akwai wasu samfuran rumination da aka ayyana, galibi ana fassara su ta hanyar kayan aikin aunawa. [6] Akwai kayan aiki da yawa don auna tunanin rumination. Magunguna musamman magance yanayin tunanin rumination har yanzu suna cikin matakan farko na ci gaba. [7]

Ka'idoji

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Ka'idar salon amsawa

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Ka'idar salon amsawa (RST) da farko ta bayyana rumination a matsayin mai mai da hankali kan alamun baƙin ciki da kuma abubuwan da za su iya haifar da waɗannan alamomin da kuma sakamakonsu. A matsayin shaida ga wannan ma'anar, rumination yana da alaƙa da ci gaba, kulawa, da kuma ta'azzara alamun baƙin ciki, [8] [9] da kuma lokutan babban baƙin ciki . [10] Kwanan nan, RST ta faɗaɗa ma'anar rumination fiye da baƙin ciki don haɗawa da mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da, sakamakonsu, da kuma alamun baƙin cikin mutum gabaɗaya. An yi wannan canji ne saboda rumination yana da alaƙa da cututtuka da yawa, ba baƙin ciki kawai ba. [11] [2]

RST ta kuma yi iƙirarin cewa shagala mai kyau ita ce madadin lafiya ga tunani, inda aka mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da ke motsa rai masu kyau maimakon damuwa. [12] Duk da haka, wallafe-wallafen sun nuna cewa shagala mai kyau ba lallai ne ta zama kayan aiki mai ƙarfi kamar yadda aka taɓa tunani ba. [11] [2]

Musamman ma, tsarin S-REF ya bayyana tunani a matsayin "tunani mai maimaitawa da aka samar ta hanyar yunƙurin jure rashin jituwar kai wanda aka mayar da hankali kan sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin bayanan da aka yi amfani da su kai tsaye ba zuwa ga aikin da aka tsara nan take ba." A taƙaice, lokacin da mutum ya yi tunani, yana da niyyar amsa tambayoyi kamar:

  • Yaya nake ji game da wannan taron?
  • Ta yaya zan iya canza tunani da ji game da taron?
  • Ta yaya zan iya hana tunani da ji masu tayar da hankali a nan gaba?

Duk da haka, wajen amsa waɗannan tambayoyin, masu tunani suna mai da hankali kan motsin zuciyarsu (watau, "bayanin da ke nuna kansu") maimakon warware matsala (watau, "aikin da aka tsara bisa manufa").

Meta-cognition shima muhimmin bangare ne na tsarin S-REF kuma yana taimakawa wajen bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin tunani da damuwa. Musamman, waɗanda ke da "aminci mai kyau na meta-cognitive" game da tunani (don fahimtar tunani da motsin rai mara kyau ko tabbatar da hana hakan) [13] wataƙila da farko ana motsa su su shiga tunani mai zurfi da juriya mai yawa. [14] Duk da haka, mutanen da suka tsunduma cikin ayyukan tunani mai kyau sun fi son amfani da tunani mai zurfi a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin da suka shafi tunanin da ba su dace ba. Wannan yana sa mutum ya canza fahimtarsa na tunani a matsayin mara daɗi, wanda ba za a iya sarrafa shi ba kuma "mai cutarwa ga zamantakewa" gabaɗaya. [14] [15] Tunatarwa kuma tana da halin ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka motsin rai a cikin jiki, don haka yana fara jujjuyawar baƙin ciki mai raguwa. [16] Imani na "mara kyau na meta-cognitive" na mutum yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da kula da baƙin ciki. [14]

Ka'idar ci gaban manufa

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Ka'idar ci gaban manufa (GPT), wacce wani lokacin ake kira da Ka'idar Kulawa, tana neman bayyana tunani a matsayin aikin ci gaban manufa. Musamman ma, GPT tana ɗaukar tunani a matsayin misali na Tasirin Zeigarnik, wanda ke nuna cewa mutane sun fi tunawa da bayanai daga ayyukan da ba a gama ba fiye da ayyukan da aka gama. [4] [11] Daga wannan fahimtar, GPT ta bayyana tunani a matsayin "halayyar tunani akai-akai game da muhimman manufofi masu girma waɗanda ba a cimma su ba tukuna" ko kuma waɗanda ba a sami ci gaba mai kyau ba. [11]

GPT ta annabta cewa mutanen da bayanai masu alaƙa da manufa suka fi isa gare su ya kamata su fi iya yin tunani. Nazarce-nazarce daban-daban sun ba da goyon baya ga wannan hasashen. [4] Duk da haka, tunanin da aka fuskanta ya fi mayar da hankali kan warware matsaloli fiye da tunanin da RST ta bayyana. [17]

Cututtuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bincike mai zurfi kan tasirin tunani, ko kuma yanayin tunani na kai, ya nuna cewa mummunan nau'in tunani (wanda ke da alaƙa da dysphoria ) yana tsoma baki ga ikon mutane na mai da hankali kan warware matsaloli kuma yana haifar da tunani mara kyau game da gazawar da ta gabata. [18] Shaidun da aka samu daga bincike sun nuna cewa mummunan tasirin tunani yana faruwa ne saboda son zuciya, kamar ƙwaƙwalwa da son zuciya, wanda ke sa masu tunani su mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da mummunan tunani. [19]

Ba a fahimci dalilan da ke haifar da rumination gaba ɗaya ba. Bincike ya gano kunna wasu yankuna a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar yanayin kwakwalwa a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da rumination, amma adadin nazarin hoton kwakwalwa akan rumination yana da iyaka. [20]

Halin yin tunani mara kyau yana da ƙarfi a tsawon lokaci kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da baƙin ciki na asibiti. Ba wai kawai masu shayarwa na yau da kullun suna iya fuskantar baƙin ciki ba, har ma da nazarin gwaji ya nuna cewa mutanen da aka sa su yi tunani suna fuskantar ƙarin yanayi na baƙin ciki. [8] Akwai kuma shaida cewa yin tunani yana da alaƙa da damuwa gabaɗaya, damuwa bayan rauni, shan giya mai yawa, matsalolin cin abinci, da halayen cutar da kai. [2] Bincike ya nuna cewa yin tunani yana da alaƙa da yawan raunin kai ba tare da kashe kai ba, kuma yana da alaƙa sosai da tarihin raunin kai ba tare da kashe kai ba. [21]

Da farko an yi imanin cewa jita-jita tana hasashen tsawon lokacin da alamun damuwa za su iya ɗauka. A wata ma'anar, ana ɗaukar cewa jita-jita game da matsaloli wani nau'i ne na gwaji na tunawa wanda aka yi imanin cewa yana ƙara tsawon lokacin da ake ji na baƙin ciki. Yanzu shaidun sun nuna cewa duk da cewa jita-jita tana haifar da baƙin ciki, ba lallai ba ne ta haɗu da tsawon lokacin alamun. [2]

Bincike kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin ayyukan zartarwa da na tunani ya haifar da sakamako iri-iri. Wasu bincike sun lura da mummunan alaƙa da iyawar aiki guda biyu na zartarwa, canjin saiti da hanawa, amma girman waɗannan alaƙar ba a fayyace su ba. [1] [2] Wani bincike ya lura da alaƙa ɗaya kawai tsakanin tunani da aikin zartarwa ɗaya, musamman ikon yin watsi da bayanan da suka gabata daga ƙwaƙwalwar aiki . [3] Duk da haka, wasu nazarin ba su sami wata alaƙa tsakanin tunani da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki ba. [1] [2]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan (1991). "Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes". Journal of Abnormal Psychology (in Turanci). 100 (4): 569–582. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.569. PMID 1757671. Retrieved 2025-06-20.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Nolen-Hoeksema S, Wisco BE, Lyubomirsky S (September 2008). "Rethinking Rumination". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 3 (5): 400–424. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x. PMID 26158958. S2CID 6415609. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "rethinking" defined multiple times with different content.
  3. ↑ Nolan SA, Roberts JE, Gotlib IH (1998). "Neuroticism and ruminative response style as predictors of change in depressive symptomatology" (PDF). Cognitive Therapy and Research. 22 (5): 445–455. doi:10.1023/A:1018769531641. S2CID 15419457.
  4. 1 2 3 Watkins ER (March 2008). "Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought". Psychological Bulletin. 134 (2): 163–206. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163. PMC 2672052. PMID 18298268. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Watkins_2008" defined multiple times with different content.
  5. ↑ Li, Pan; Mao, Lingyun; Hu, Maorong; Lu, Zihang; Yuan, Xin; Zhang, Yanyan; Hu, Zhizhong (January 2022). "Mindfulness on Rumination in Patients with Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (in Turanci). 19 (23). doi:10.3390/ijerph192316101. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 9737922 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36498174 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Smith, Jeannette M.; Alloy, Lauren B. (2009-03-01). "A roadmap to rumination: A review of the definition, assessment, and conceptualization of this multifaceted construct". Clinical Psychology Review. 29 (2): 116–128. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.003. ISSN 0272-7358. PMC 2832862. PMID 19128864.
  7. ↑ Feldhaus, Claudia G.; Jacobs, Rachel H.; Watkins, Edward R.; Peters, Amy T.; Bessette, Katie L.; Langenecker, Scott A. (2020-04-28). "Rumination-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Decreases Anxiety and Increases Behavioral Activation Among Remitted Adolescents". Journal of Child and Family Studies. 29 (7): 1982–1991. doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01711-7. ISSN 1062-1024. PMC 7968389. PMID 33737799 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. 1 2 Nolen-Hoeksema S, Morrow J (1993). "Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood". Cognition and Emotion. 7 (6): 561–570. doi:10.1080/02699939308409206. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Nolen-Hoeksema_1993" defined multiple times with different content.
  9. ↑ Nolen-Hoeksema S, Parker LE, Larson J (July 1994). "Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 67 (1): 92–104. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.92. PMID 8046585.
  10. ↑ Nolen-Hoeksema S (August 2000). "The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 109 (3): 504–511. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.3.504. PMID 11016119. S2CID 43090073.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Smith JM, Alloy LB (March 2009). "A roadmap to rumination: a review of the definition, assessment, and conceptualization of this multifaceted construct". Clinical Psychology Review. 29 (2): 116–128. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.003. PMC 2832862. PMID 19128864. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Smith_2009" defined multiple times with different content.
  12. ↑ Nolen-Hoeksema S (November 1991). "Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 100 (4): 569–582. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.4.569. PMID 1757671.
  13. ↑ Papageorgiou C, Wells A (2001). "Positive beliefs about depressive rumination: Development and preliminary validation of a self-report scale". Behavior Therapy. 32 (1): 13–26. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80041-1.
  14. 1 2 3 Papageorgiou C, Wells A (2003). "An empirical test of a clinical meta-cognitive model of rumination and depression". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 27 (3): 261–273. doi:10.1023/A:1023962332399. S2CID 23020041.
  15. ↑ Papageorgiou C, Wells A (2001). "Meta-cognitive beliefs about rumination in recurrent major depression". Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 8 (2): 160–164. doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(01)80021-3.
  16. ↑ Nejad AB, Fossati P, Lemogne C (October 2013). "Self-referential processing, rumination, and cortical midline structures in major depression". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 7: 666. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00666. PMC 3794427. PMID 24124416.
  17. ↑ Roberts H, Watkins ER, Wills AJ (December 2013). "Cueing an unresolved personal goal causes persistent ruminative self-focus: an experimental evaluation of control theories of rumination". Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 44 (4): 449–455. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.05.004. PMID 23810947. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  18. ↑ Lyubomirsky S, Kasri F, Zehm K (2003). "Dysphoric rumination impairs concentration on academic tasks". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 27 (3): 309–330. doi:10.1023/A:1023918517378. S2CID 14204781.
  19. ↑ Joormann J, Dkane M, Gotlib IH (September 2006). "Adaptive and maladaptive components of rumination? Diagnostic specificity and relation to depressive biases" (PDF). Behavior Therapy. 37 (3): 269–280. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.01.002. PMID 16942978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-01.
  20. ↑ Zhou, Hui-Xia; Chen, Xiao; Shen, Yang-Qian; Li, Le; Chen, Ning-Xuan; Zhu, Zhi-Chen; Castellanos, Francisco Xavier; Yan, Chao-Gan (2020). "Rumination and the default mode network: Meta-analysis of brain imaging studies and implications for depression". NeuroImage. 206. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116287. ISSN 1053-8119. PMID 31655111. S2CID 204837753.
  21. ↑ Coleman, Sophie E.; Dunlop, Brendan J.; Hartley, Samantha; Taylor, Peter J. (2021-11-22). "The relationship between rumination and NSSI: A systematic review and meta-analysis". British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 61 (2): 405–443. doi:10.1111/bjc.12350. ISSN 0144-6657. PMID 34806214 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 244519847 Check |s2cid= value (help).
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