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Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Laos

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Laos al'umma ce mai cike da ruwa da koguna masu faɗi, amma a waje da birane, tsabtace ruwa da kayan aikin samun dama ba su da yawa. An sami ci gaba kaɗan tun bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin basasar Laotian a 1975, musamman idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe masu zaman kansu kamar Thailand. A shekara ta 2015, an kiyasta kashi 76% na mutanen Laos a duk faɗin ƙasar suna da damar samun ruwa "mai kyau" (ruwa da ba a ɗauka kai tsaye daga kwararar halitta ba), yayin da aka kiyasta kashi 71% suna da damar " ingantaccen" tsabta (samun damar samun tsarin datti fiye da latrines masu sauƙi).

Taswirar Kogin Mekong - yana rufe yanki mai faɗi na Laos da yankin da ke kusa
Kogin Mekong yana samar da muhimmiyar tushen ruwa don samar da shinkafa a Laos
Ginin madatsar ruwa na Theun Hinboun. Dams kamar waɗannan suna samar da tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa ga Laos, amma suna iya yin mummunar tasiri ga yanayin halittu na Kogin Mekong

Matsakaicin lambobi na ƙasa don tsaftar muhalli suna ɓoye wasu mahimman bambance-bambancen ciki tsakanin saitunan birane da ƙauyuka. Yawancin 'yan kasar Laoti suna samun ruwansu daga magudanar ruwa kusa da gidajensu, don haka ababen more rayuwa kadan ne. A wajen birane, mata da yara kanana galibi ana ba su aikin daukar ruwan sha da hannu daga wuraren da ake tarawa a kauyuka, wanda ke yin tasiri ga samun ilimi, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da rayuwar karkara.

A babban birnin kasar, Vientiane, tsofaffin najasa najasa suna aiki mara kyau kuma sun makara don inganta ababen more rayuwa. Haka kuma, ana ci gaba da samun tazara tsakanin mazauna karkara da mazauna gari, inda kashi 60% na mutanen karkara ke samun tsaftar muhalli, sannan kashi 38% na samun ruwan sha. Kimanin kashi 23% na ƴan ƙasar Laoti a duk faɗin ƙasar har yanzu suna yin bayan gida a buɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa, [1] suna barin shararsu ta wanke cikin koguna da magudanan ruwa. Wannan gaskiyar ta ci gaba da shafar aikin noma da yanayin muhalli, da kuma lafiyar ɗan adam

Samun ruwa

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Dangane da bayanai daga bankin duniya da aka tattara a shekarar 2014, Laos ta cimma burin ci gaban karni (MDG) kan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli dangane da shirin sa ido na hadin gwiwa na UNICEF/WHO. Ko da yake, ya zuwa yau, kimanin mutane miliyan 1.9 na al'ummar Lao ba za su iya samun ingantacciyar hanyar samar da ruwan sha ba, kuma mutane miliyan 2.4 sun tafi ba tare da samun ingantacciyar tsafta ba saboda rashin daidaito tsakanin yankunan da ke da ko kuma ba tare da isassun kayayyakin sufuri ba.[1]

Rashin tsabtace muhalli yana shafar lafiyar mutane da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasa.[2] Kowace shekara, matsalolin tsabtace muhalli da tsabtace mujallu suna haifar da cututtukan cututtuka miliyan uku a Laos, gami da mutuwar da ba ta dace ba 6,000. Kashi 49 cikin 100 na yara a yankunan karkara suna fama da rashin tsabtace muhalli tun daga shekara ta 2011. Tare, samun ruwa da matsalolin tsaftacewa suna da alhakin dala miliyan 193 na asarar tattalin arzikin ƙasa a kowace shekara, daidai da 5.6% na GDP.[2] A Laos, cututtukan hanji da zawo sun zama ruwan dare, wanda ya haifar da wani bangare ta hanyar rashin tsabtace muhalli, samar da ruwa mara kyau, da kuma rashin isasshen wuraren kula da ruwa mai guba sakamakon saurin karuwar yawan jama'ar birane.[3] Mutanen Laos waɗanda za su iya samun damar samun tsabta a yankunan karkara suna da kashi 36 cikin 100 kawai a shekara ta 2004. Gwamnati a Laos ta karɓi Ci gaban Millennium kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Bankin Duniya da Asusun Mutual na Duniya suka shirya don inganta samar da ruwa da tsabta ga mutanenta don samun damar samun damar shan ruwa mai aminci da tsabta.[4]

Ma'adanai na ruwa

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Kogin Mekong

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Kogin Mekong yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin Laos. Kogin Mekong ya rufe kusan kashi 90 cikin dari na ƙasar Laos kuma yana gudana zuwa Vietnam.[5] Ikon kogin Mekong don ci gaba da tsaro na abinci da wadatar ruwa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Jama'ar Lao (PDR) ya fi hanawa ta hanyar gasa ta tattalin arziki, muhalli, da siyasa.[6] A Laos, gwamnati tana ƙarfafa saka hannun jari na hydro-power, wanda ke kara matsin lamba a kan barazanar ruwa da dabbobi na teku. Ci gaban wutar lantarki a Laos da fitarwa zuwa ƙasashe makwabta suna da mahimmanci ga kudaden shiga na gwamnati don rage talauci.[4] Kodayake wutar lantarki ba ta gurɓata ruwa ko iska kai tsaye, tafkunan wutar lantarki da madatsun ruwa na iya shafar yanayin Laos, amfani da ƙasa, da wuraren zama na halitta.[7] Akwai yiwuwar sakamakon muhalli na damming koguna, ciki har da samar da tafkuna, ambaliyar ruwa, toshe hanyar halitta ta kogin, da kuma tasiri ga gina layin wutar lantarki. Misali, tsarin madatsar ruwa da tafkin suna tsoma baki tare da ƙaurawar ruwa kuma suna canza zafin ruwa da kwararar kogin; a sakamakon haka, yana iya cutar da rayuwar ƙasa da da dabbobi da dabbobi.[8]

Kogin Mekong da rayuwar mutane

Mutane suna amfani da Kogin Mekong kai tsaye don sha, dafa abinci, wanka da wanka. Koyaya, yayin da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, hanyoyin ruwa da ake amfani da su a lokaci guda don zubar da ruwa da samar da ruwa suna haifar da matsalolin kiwon lafiya kamar zawo da typhoid.[9] A halin yanzu, mazauna yankin sun bayyana cewa kafin a gina madatsar ruwa, za su iya sha ruwan Kogin Mekong lafiya. Koyaya, bayan an gina madatsar ruwan Xayaburi a Laos, ingancin ruwa ya gurɓata. Ingancin ruwa a Laos ya zama mafi muni lokacin da aka gina sabon madatsar ruwa a Don Sahong, kasa da kilomita 2 daga garin, wanda ke haifar da yawan jama'a da zawo da numfashi tare da mummunan iska.[9] Bugu da ƙari, kamun kifi yana ba da gudummawa kusan kashi 13 cikin 100 na GDP na ƙasar Laos a kowace shekara.[4] Yawancin jama'a suna zaune kusa da kogin Mekong sun sami kifi da ya mutu yana iyo a cikin ruwa mai gurɓata a yankin tsakanin madatsar ruwan Don Sahong da Preah Rumkel (Cambodia) wanda ya sanya tushen ruwa kawai don sha, dafa abinci, kamun kifi da ayyukan yau da kullun a matsayin bala'i.[9]

Ingancin ruwa

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Akwai babban damar samun zazzabin cizon sauro ga waɗanda ke zaune a kusa da ruwa wanda sauro ke kewaye da shi.[4] Ta hanyar shirin Millennium Development, an sami wasu ci gaba a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata wajen inganta tsarin lafiya a Laos. Adadin wuraren kiwon lafiya ya karu da kashi 75, mace-mace daga zazzabin cizon sauro ya ragu da kashi 60 cikin 100 a yankunan karkara.[4] Koyaya, yawan mutanen Lao sun haɗu da yanayin rayuwa mai kyau.[10] A wasu yankunan karkara, mutane ba su da ruwan sha mai kyau, sinadarai, datti da kuma iyakance damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya.[10] Misali, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, salon rayuwa mara tsabta, talauci ya haifar da rashin isasshen sabis na kiwon lafiya na jama'a.[11] Kodayake Lao tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Asiya, kashi 25 cikin 100 na mazaunan birane da kashi 40 cikin 100 na mutanen karkara na Lao ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau. A wasu wurare, mazauna ƙauyen dole ne su yi tafiya har zuwa kilomita 2 don samun damar samun ruwa.[4]

Ingancin muhalli na iya shafar jin daɗi da ingancin rayuwa. Rashin ingancin iska yana da alaƙa da mutuwar da ba ta dace ba, ciwon daji, da lahani na dogon lokaci ga tsarin numfashi da na zuciya.[12] Bugu da ƙari, gamuwa da lafiyar muhalli daga gurɓataccen iska na gida sun bayyana sun kasance masu yawa waɗanda ke shafar talakawa a Lao PDR.[13] Yawancin kashi 95 cikin dari na yawan mutanen Lao suna amfani da kwal da itace don dafa abinci na yau da kullun wanda zai iya haifar da gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida da matsalolin kiwon lafiya tare da tsammanin rayuwa na shekaru 56 a cikin 2008. [4] Da yake fahimtar wannan yiwuwar batun kiwon lafiyar muhalli, gwamnati ta fara mai da hankali sosai ga talauci ya rungumi muhimman sabis na muhalli kamar samun damar samun ruwa mai aminci da tsabta.[4]

Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da aka gurɓata da sunadarai masu cutarwa da sharar mutum na iya haifar da cututtuka a cikin yara kamar cututtukan gastrointestinal, da kuma tasirin ci gaba kamar cututattun ilmantarwa da ciwon daji.[14] UNICEF tana aiki a Lao PDR don taimakawa tabbatar da cewa yara da iyalai a gidaje da makarantu suna da damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da wuraren tsabtace muhalli.[15] Yawancin al'ummomin karkara ba su san yadda ya kamata na tsabtace muhalli da tsabtace mujallu ba.[15] Kimanin kashi 24% na yawan jama'a suna yin fitsari a buɗe, kuma kashi 28% ne kawai na turaren yara ake zubar da su lafiya.[16]

An haramta sunadarai masu haɗari waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarfe masu nauyi kamar su chromium, jan ƙarfe, zinc da masu gurɓataccen kwayoyin kamar su furans, dioxins da poly-chlorinated phenytoin a ko'ina yayin da yawan mutanen Lao ba su da cikakken sanin tasirin bala'i.[15] Yayin da yawan jama'a a Lao ke ci gaba da girma, gurɓataccen ƙwaƙwalwa daga ayyukan masana'antu yana ƙaruwa wanda ke haifar da damuwa game da wuraren narkewar ƙarfe a cikin ƙasar da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Sabili da haka, ingancin ruwa a cikin ruwa na hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan masana'antu sun zama matsala mai yuwuwa ga Laos.[15]

Ana iya kimanta ingancin Kogin Mekong ta hanyar sigogi daban-daban na sunadarai da na jiki.[17] Misali, poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) suna daya daga cikin mahimman nau'ikan gurɓataccen guba daga albarkatun ruwa da laka.[17] Dangane da Ka'idodin Ingancin Muhalli, rarraba muhalli na PAHs a cikin wurare masu zafi na Asiya ya zama damuwa ga wannan yankin yayin da ci gaban masana'antu da birni ke haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa wanda ke haifar da Asiya mai zafi wanda ke sauƙaƙa canja wurin man fetur da ya ɓace daga ƙasa zuwa koguna da ruwan bakin teku.[17]

A mafi yawan yankunan birane a Lao PDR, gurɓataccen abu daga kadarori masu zaman kansu suna wankewa zuwa magudanar ruwa. Kadan, datti da mahaɗan roba daga ƙarfe, gilashi da filastik daga kaddarorin suna ba da gudummawa ga sediments da abubuwan gina jiki.[18]

Manyan matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da manufar ƙasa a cikin ruwa da tsaftar Lao sun haɗa da rashin shirye-shiryen ƙasa don haɓaka ilimin tsaftar ƙauye, rashin ingantaccen kasafin kuɗin shekara a yankunan karkara, da raunin sa ido kan samar da ruwan sha a yankunan karkara da kuma tsaftar muhalli. Don haka, domin inganta ruwa da tsaftar mahalli a shekarar 2020, aiwatar da shirin zuba jari a bangaren samar da ruwan sha da shirin kasa na ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na karkara, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar muhalli; Ana buƙatar saka hannun jari musamman don samar da ayyukan.[1]

Dubi kuma

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  • Dams da tafkuna a Laos
  • Mekong
  • Lafiya a Laos

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. 1 2 "Water Supply and Sanitation in Lao PDR" (PDF). www.worldbank.org. Retrieved 10 December 2018. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content
  2. 1 2 Van Minh, Hoang; Nguyen-Viet, Hung (18 October 2011). "Economic Aspects of Sanitation in Developing Countries". Environmental Health Insights. 5: 63–70. doi:10.4137/EHI.S8199. ISSN 1178-6302. PMC 3212862. PMID 22084575.
  3. ↑ Ensure access to water and sanitation for all http://www.la.one.un.org/sdgs/sdg-6-water-and-sanitation Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Lao PDR Environment Monitor" (PDF). World Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2018. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Ensure access to water and sanitation for all http://www.la.one.un.org/sdgs/sdg-6-water-and-sanitation Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  6. ↑ Ensure access to water and sanitation for all http://www.la.one.un.org/sdgs/sdg-6-water-and-sanitation Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  7. ↑ Ensure access to water and sanitation for all http://www.la.one.un.org/sdgs/sdg-6-water-and-sanitation Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  9. 1 2 3 "Mekong River – Water Quality Woes – Scientists for the Mekong". www.scientists4mekong.com. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  10. 1 2 "LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC" (PDF). 2001–2010. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  11. ↑ Ensure access to water and sanitation for all http://www.la.one.un.org/sdgs/sdg-6-water-and-sanitation Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  12. ↑ Ensure access to water and sanitation for all http://www.la.one.un.org/sdgs/sdg-6-water-and-sanitation Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  13. ↑ Ensure access to water and sanitation for all http://www.la.one.un.org/sdgs/sdg-6-water-and-sanitation Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  14. ↑ Ensure access to water and sanitation for all http://www.la.one.un.org/sdgs/sdg-6-water-and-sanitation Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Lao PDR Environment Monitor" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 29 November 2018."Lao PDR Environment Monitor" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 29 November 2018. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ Ensure access to water and sanitation for all http://www.la.one.un.org/sdgs/sdg-6-water-and-sanitation Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
  17. 1 2 3 Keenan, Helen E.; Bangkedphol, Sornnarin; Sakultantimetha, Arthit; Songsasen, Apisit (November 2010). "The ecological complexity of the Thai-Laos Mekong River: II. Metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) monitoring, modelling and environmental fate". Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 45 (13): 1674–1680. doi:10.1080/10934529.2010.513208. ISSN 1532-4117. PMID 20853200. S2CID 37209481.
  18. ↑ Ensure access to water and sanitation for all http://www.la.one.un.org/sdgs/sdg-6-water-and-sanitation Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.
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